VirginiaVirginiaVirginiaVirginia

1606 - James I issues a charter to the 1606 - James I issues a charter to the Virginia Company a Virginia Company a joint-stock joint-stock companycompany::

Guaranteed to Guaranteed to colonists the same colonists the same rights as Englishmen rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England.in England.

Goal: Gold - profit for Goal: Gold - profit for investorsinvestors

Why were the first colonies run by Why were the first colonies run by private joint-stock companies and not private joint-stock companies and not the crown?the crown?

English ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish Colonization

Late 1606 Late 1606 VA Co. sends out 3 VA Co. sends out 3 ships 40 people died on the ships 40 people died on the voyagevoyage

Spring 1607 Spring 1607 land at mouth of land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.Chesapeake Bay.

Attacked by Indians and move on.Attacked by Indians and move on.

May 24, 1607 May 24, 1607 about 100 colonists about 100 colonists (all men) land at Jamestown, along (all men) land at Jamestown, along banks of James Riverbanks of James River

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Geographic/environmental Geographic/environmental problems??problems??

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

What early problems did the Jamestown What early problems did the Jamestown settlers face?settlers face?

Poor swampy location - dysentery & Poor swampy location - dysentery & malariamalaria

Settlers wasted time looking for gold Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming. instead of hunting or farming.

““Gentlemen” colonists would not work Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.themselves.

Conflict with the local Native American Conflict with the local Native American tribes.tribes.

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

Captain John SmithCaptain John SmithCaptain John SmithCaptain John Smith

““There was no talk…but dig There was no talk…but dig goldgold, , wash wash goldgold, refine , refine goldgold, load , load goldgold…”…”

““If you don’t work, you don’t eat!”If you don’t work, you don’t eat!”

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates

The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: Death of children before age 5: 80%80%

““Widowarchy”Widowarchy”““Widowarchy”Widowarchy”

High mortality High mortality among among husbands and husbands and fathers left fathers left many women many women in the in the Chesapeake Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual unusual autonomy and autonomy and wealth!wealth!

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

PocahontasPocahontasPocahontasPocahontas

A 1616 A 1616 engravingengraving

Pocahontas “saves” Pocahontas “saves” Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith

Chief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief Powhatan

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

Powhatan dominated a Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes few dozen small tribes in the James River in the James River area when the English area when the English arrived.arrived.

The English called allThe English called allIndians in the areaIndians in the areaPowhatans.Powhatans.

Initially Powhatan probably sawInitially Powhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the control other Indian tribes in the region.region.

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

Indian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian Foods

Relations between Indians & settlers Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.grew worse.

General mistrust because of different General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.cultures & languages.

English raided Indian food supplies English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.during the starving times.

1610-1614 1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan First Anglo-Powhatan WarWar

De La Warr had orders to make war De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.on the Indians.

Raided villages, burned houses, took Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields. supplies, burned cornfields.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

1614-1622 1614-1622 peace between peace between Powhatans and the English.Powhatans and the English.

1614 peace sealed by the marriage of 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

River Settlement River Settlement PatternPattern

River Settlement River Settlement PatternPattern

Large plantations [>100 acres].Large plantations [>100 acres].

Widely spread apart [>5 miles].Widely spread apart [>5 miles].

Social/EconomicSocial/EconomicPROBLEMS???PROBLEMS???

Jamestown Colonization Jamestown Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

Jamestown Colonization Jamestown Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe

What finally made the colony What finally made the colony prosperous??prosperous??

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver.. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

What is the impact of this massive expansion of this cash crop?

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:

Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.

Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.

Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Indentured Indentured

ServitudeServitude

Indentured Indentured

ServitudeServitude

HeadrightHeadrightSystemSystem

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeHeadright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage each person whose passage they paid.they paid.

Each immigrant got 50 acres for Each immigrant got 50 acres for paying their own passagepaying their own passage

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

4-7 years.4-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” [land, Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]£]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!their indentured contracts!

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses established in established in 16191619 & began to & began to assume the role of the House of assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England

Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was , H of B was able to initiate legislation.able to initiate legislation.

A Council appointed by royal A Council appointed by royal governorgovernor

Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.

Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.

High death rates ensured rapid High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.turnover of members.

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 16191619..

Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.

Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..

James I grew hostile to James I grew hostile to VirginiaVirginia

He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.

He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a ““seminary of seditionseminary of sedition.”.”

1624 1624 he revoked the charter of he revoked the charter of the bankrupt Virginia Company.the bankrupt Virginia Company.

Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct controlunder the king’s direct control

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Why was 1622 a turning point?Why was 1622 a turning point?

Indians attacked the English, killing Indians attacked the English, killing 347 including John Rolfe.347 including John Rolfe.

Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” until Native Americans were war” until Native Americans were eradicated.eradicated.

Raids reduced native population and Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.drove them further westward.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprisingof 1622of 1622

Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprisingof 1622of 1622

1644-1646 1644-1646 Second Anglo- Second Anglo-Powhatan WarPowhatan War

Last effort of natives to defeat Last effort of natives to defeat English.English.

Indians defeated again.Indians defeated again.

Peace Treaty of 1646Peace Treaty of 1646

Removed the Powhatans from their Removed the Powhatans from their original land.original land.

Formally separated Indian and Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!English settlement areas!

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.the Chesapeake area.

Little access to land or women for Little access to land or women for marriage.marriage.

1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless mendisenfranchised most landless men

Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

Led 1,000 Virginians Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley

Rebels resented his Rebels resented his favoring the large favoring the large planter elite & planter elite & dictatorial rule.dictatorial rule.

Berkeley Berkeley monopolized the fur monopolized the fur trade with the trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.

Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernoGovernorr

William William BerkeleyBerkeley

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Rebels attacked Indians, whether Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.they were friendly or not to whites.

Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.

They burned the capital.They burned the capital.

Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.

Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.

Berkeley brutally crushed the Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

1. It exposed class conflict 1. It exposed class conflict between poorer inland between poorer inland frontiersmen and landless former frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal servants against gentry on coastal plantations.plantations.

2. Early example of colonial 2. Early example of colonial resistance to Royal controlresistance to Royal control

3. Upper class planters searched for 3. Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel laborers less likely to rebel BLACK BLACK SLAVESSLAVES

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland

Charles I grants royal Charles I grants royal charter was to Georgecharter was to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Baltimore,Calvert, Lord Baltimore,in 1632.in 1632.

Cecil Calvert formed a Cecil Calvert formed a proprietary proprietary colony colony in 1634.in 1634.

A healthier locationA healthier locationthan Jamestown.than Jamestown.

Tobacco would be the Tobacco would be the main crop.main crop.

His plan was to govern as an absentee His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.proprietor in a feudal relationship.

Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.relatives.

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

Baltimore permitted high degree of Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.Protestants.

High number of Protestants threatened High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.Catholics.

Toleration Act of 1649 (or Toleration Act of 1649 (or Act Act Concerning ReligionConcerning Religion))

Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD.

Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.

But, it decreed death to those who But, it decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus, like Jews & denied the divinity of Jesus, like Jews & atheists.atheists.

In some ways it was less tolerant than In some ways it was less tolerant than before the law was passedbefore the law was passed

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

Lack of TolerationLack of Toleration Late 1600s Protestant majority repeals Late 1600s Protestant majority repeals

Act of Toleration small civil war breaks Act of Toleration small civil war breaks out in the colonyout in the colony

Catholics temporarily lose their right to Catholics temporarily lose their right to vote in Maryland assemblyvote in Maryland assembly

Still had more tolerance of religious Still had more tolerance of religious diversity among different Protestant diversity among different Protestant sects than Virginiasects than Virginia

A Haven for Catholics?A Haven for Catholics?A Haven for Catholics?A Haven for Catholics?