VIRGINIA CLEAN CITIES VIRGINIA Biodiesel Basics for the Beginner Chelsea Jenkins and Al Christopher...

VIRGINIA CLEAN CITIES

VIRGINIA

ABC Coalition 2004 Peer Review Report

Atlanta-Chicago Regional Peer Review MeetingIndianapolis, Indiana

August 30 – September 1, 2004

Biodiesel Basics for the Beginner

Chelsea Jenkins and Al Christopher

Virginia Clean Cities

Hampton Roads Clean Cities Coalition

Biodiesel Public Education Forum

May 30, 2007

Hollins University


VIRGINIAOverview

• Brief overview what is Clean Cities?

• Biodiesel Basics

• Advantages/disadvantages

• WVO, SVO, homebrew, commercial, ASTM

• Users, availability


VIRGINIAEnergy InSecurity

THE U.S. IMPORTS OVER ONE-HALF OF ITS PETROLEUM

Source: EIA AEO 2006

TRANSPORTATION PETROLEUM USE – 67% OF OVERALL USE

TRANSPORTATION IS 97% DEPENDENT ON PETROLEUM


VIRGINIA

Clean Cities

• National US DoE voluntary program to promote energy independence in transportation

• 80 Coalitions nationwide

• One designated Coalition in Virginia (Hampton Roads)

• Statewide effort ongoing

DoE Website:

http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/

Virginia Clean Cities:

http://www.hrccc.org


VIRGINIABiofuels

Fossil Fuel: a hydrocarbon fuel, such as petroleum, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time.

• Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

Biofuel: Any fuel that derives from biomass – recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts

• Biodiesel, Ethanol

Primary drivers behind introducing biofuels include:• Reduce dependency on fossil-fuels• Reduce GHG emissions (reduce impact on health, environment)• Improve energy security • Contribute to rural development through domestic production


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What is Biodiesel

1. Mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids (i.e. methyl or ethyl esters)

2. A diesel replacement fuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled cooking grease

• Physical properties very similar to conventional diesel

• Must meet the quality requirements of ASTM D6751

• Biodiesel Blend: mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel

• BXX = volume XX% biodiesel

• Most common blends are B5, B20


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• Biodiesel is NOT unrefined vegetable oil or used cooking oil

What Is Not Biodiesel?


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• SVO/WVO– Vegetable oil can be used in diesel engine– Much more viscous– Doesn’t burn the same– Many studies have found SVO can lead to engine carbon deposits, reducing engine life or increasing maintenance costs– Successful SVO use is documented, but use requires considerable modifications to diesel equipment

• SVO has strong following– Elsbett single and double tank SVO fuel systems from Germany– Single tank system seems to get best reviews: The kit includes modified injector nozzles, stronger glow plugs, dual fuel

heating, temperature controls and parallel fuel filters.

– ANTICIPATE PROBLEMS AND COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH CONVERSION



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• “Waste Oil”– Similar to confusion between biodiesel and WVO– Referred to as used motor oil or waste engine oil– Used oil can be re-refined into base stock for lubricting oil– If you recycle 2 gals of used oil, it can generate enough electricity

to run average household for almost 24 hours (API, http://www.recycleoil.org/)– Waste motor oil furnaces (UL listed, EPA approved)

• www.cleanburn.com



VIRGINIABiodiesel

Advantages:

• It’s Easy: Transparent to end-user, easy to implement

• LDV/HDV, marine, underground mining

• No increased vehicle equipment cost

• Minimal infrastructure impact (blending, storage, availability, vehicles)


VIRGINIABiodiesel

Advantages:

• It’s Domestic (or can be): MADE IN USA

• It Can Stimulate Local Economies and Support Farmers

• value added product, supports rural economies, protects farmland from development pressures

algae coconut hemp mustard seed pumpkin seedavocado coffee jatropha oats

rapeseedbrazil nuts coriander jojoba oil palm

safflowercalendula corn (maize) kenaf olives

sesame

cashew nut cotton linseed (flax) opium poppy soybean

castor beans euphorbia lupine peanutssunflowers

cocoa (cacao) hazelnutsmacadamia

nuts pecan nuts


VIRGINIABiodiesel

Advantages:

• It’s Renewable, Biodegradable, & Nontoxic

• It’s Efficient: Very favorable energy balance, ~3.2 to 1 (debatable, but most find more efficient than petroleum)

• It’s Engine Friendly: Superior engine performance

• High flash point: 260°F v 117°F

• Lubricity properties

• Higher cetane rating


VIRGINIABiodiesel

Advantages:

• It’s Healthier: Lower emissions (Example: DDC Series 50), US DoA, US DoE

• Carbon monoxide: 38% lower

• Unburned HC: 83% lower

• Oxides of Nitrogen: still debated

• Particulates: 49% lower

• Smoke and odor are much better

• PAH, nPAH, & air toxics lower

• It Contributes less to Greenhouse Gases

• “Closed carbon cycle” – in theory

• Still petroleum involved in agriculture process and transportation, so not entirely “closed”

BIODIESELDIESEL


VIRGINIA

Disadvantages:

• Increased price relative to diesel

• Petroleum displacement potential of B20 relatively limited

• Beginning of industry growth has caused some commodity price increases that are limiting

Biodiesel

Retail price calculator for biodiesel blends B2 B5 B10 B20gallons: 100 100 100 100petro gals: 98 95 90 80bio gals: 2 5 10 20petro price: 2.430 2.430 2.430 2.430petro total: 238.14 230.85 218.70 194.40bio price: 2.830 2.830 2.830 2.830bio total: 5.66 14.15 28.30 56.60total cost 243.80 245.00 247.00 251.00blend price 2.438 2.450 2.470 2.510 fed tax 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244va tax 0.160 0.160 0.160 0.160total 2.842 2.854 2.874 2.914


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Disadvantages:

• Cold handling and storage of B100

• soybean based biodiesel start to crystallize at 0C

• Oxidative stability

• old fuel can become acidic and form sediments and varnish

• Excellent solvent

• filter clogging during transition from petrol diesel

• replace natural rubber components

• Supply

Biodiesel


VIRGINIAMaking biodiesel

•The beauty of biodiesel is it can be made on any scale, and by any despite level of chemical processing experience

•For a great video tutorial on how biodiesel can be made from many feedstocks, check out the JMU biodiesel conference website for 2006, “view webcast” at top, and forward to “How Biodiesel is Made” by Chris Bachmann: http://www.cisat.jmu.edu/biodiesel/conference2006.html

Or visit the Collaborative Biodiesel Tutorial: http://www.biodieselcommunity.org/howitsmade/ (includes recipes for beginners with pictures and detailed instructions)

Make sure you understand the health and safety risks involved!!!


VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial Production

FuelMeister Biodieselgear 60


VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial Production

JMU Processor I

“Appleseed” (w/ standpipe wash tank)

www.biodieselcommunity.org


VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial

Source: www.jsonline.com/bym/news/j

an06/389013.asp

Source: http://www.mnsoy.com/biodiesel_

pricing.htm

MN Biodiesel Plants


VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial – Quality

• Industry organization that defines the consensus on fuels is the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

• ASTM fuel standards are the minimum accepted values for properties of the fuel to provide adequate customer satisfaction and/or protection.

• Dec 2001 -- ASTM approved the full standard for biodiesel, with the new designation of D-6751. Standard covers pure biodiesel (B100), for blending with petrodiesel in levels up to 20% by volume. Higher levels on case-by-case basis.

http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/standards_and_warranties.shtm


VIRGINIAHomebrew vs Commercial

• No matter how it’s made (backyard or in commercial plant), out-of-spec biodiesel can result

• NREL/NBB fuel quality testing project found at least one-third of commercial biodiesel samples pulled between November 2005 and July 2006 were out of spec for incomplete processing

• Many homebrewers/small scale coops are making high quality biodiesel all over the US, and some are struggling as well

• QC testing can be $1700 for full ASTM slate tests, and labs are ~$30,000 to install, and out of reach for many homebrewers

QUALITY IS IMPORTANT, SO ENSURE YOU ARE BUYING ASTM QUALITY FUEL OR IF PRODUCING FOR SALE THAT IT MEETS ASTM

SPECS


VIRGINIA

• Biodiesel production & use has grown dramatically – NBB estimates 75 million gallons in 2005– Current production capacity is more than 290 million annual gallons– More than 570 million annual gallons under construction or planned– Current U.S. avg. rack price $3.20/gal (vs. $2.40 for No. 2 diesel)

• Prices pre-tax, pre-tax credit

Who Uses Biodiesel?

Who’s using it?

U.S. Postal Service

U.S. DoD, DoE, and DoA

Countless school districts, transit authorities, national

parks, public utility companies, and garbage and recycling companies

Credit: Robert McCormick, NREL


VIRGINIACommercial Biodiesel Production Plants

Source: National Biodiesel Board


VIRGINIABiodiesel retail locations

Source: National Biodiesel Board (Retailers and Distributors map) http://www.biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/guide/default.shtm


VIRGINIAMarket Development in Virginia – B20 Fleets

VALLEY PROTEINS

US NAVY

Portsmouth

Yorktown

Westmoreland Schools

2004 Fleets

2005 Fleets

2006 Fleets


VIRGINIAIndustry Analyses

MORE INFORMATION

• National Biodiesel Board: www.biodiesel.org

• Virginia Clean Cities: www.hrccc.org

• US Department of Energy Clean Cities: http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/blends/biodiesel.html

Iowa State University’s Biomass Energy Conversion Center (BECON): Biodiesel Short Course -

http://www.me.iastate.edu/biodiesel/Pages/biodiesel1.html

RESOURCE CD: Included as part of workshop series


VIRGINIA

www.hrccc.org

Al Christopher

804-436-3867

[email protected]

Contact Information

Hampton Roads

Virginia

www.hrccc.org

Chelsea Jenkins

757-256-8528

[email protected]

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