Vikasana – Bridge Course · PDF fileSimple Present Tense Vikasana – Bridge Course...
Transcript of Vikasana – Bridge Course · PDF fileSimple Present Tense Vikasana – Bridge Course...
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
VOICEVOICE
Voice is the form of a verb.A verb has different forms. Passive form is A verb has different forms. Passive form is one of them. (‘be’ + Ven ) form of the verb is the passive form. All other forms of the the passive form. All other forms of the verbs are in active voice
Two type of voicesTwo type of voicesTwo type of voicesTwo type of voices
Active voice Passive voiceVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active Voice Form
If the subject is the doer of the
action action,
i.e. if the subject is active, then the
sentence is said to be in Active Voice.
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Subject Verb Object
The man is cutting the tree.
Subject is the doer of the action.
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Passive VoicePassive Voice
Wh th bj t i t d i th When the subject is not doing the
action, i.e. when the subject is act o , e e t e subject s
passive, then the sentence is said
to be in passive voice.
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Subject Verb ObjectSubject Verb Object
by the manis being cutThe tree
Subject is not the doer of the actionSubject is not the doer of the action.
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
The boyThe boy carriedcarried the girlthe girl Active VoiceActive VoiceThe boy The boy carriedcarried the girl.the girl. Active VoiceActive VoiceThe boy = subjectcarried = verbcarried = verbthe girl = object of the verb Who carried?Who carried? ‘The boy’ – subject of the sentence
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active ‐ Passive Voice – Example 2
Th i l i d b th b P i V iThe girl was carried by the boy. Passive VoiceThe girl = subjectwas carried = verb by = prepositionwas carried verb by prepositionthe boy = object of the preposition ‘by’Who carried? N t ‘Th i l’ th bj t= Not ‘The girl’, the subject, but ‘the boy’, the object
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Read the following sentences‐1 Varun tells a story 2 Krishna laughs 1. Varun tells a story. 2. Krishna laughs. 2. In sentence 1, the verb has an object .
It i t iti bIt is a transitive verb.In sentence 2, the verb has no object.
bIt is an intransitive verbAlways remember: Only transitive verbs havetwo voices. Intransitive verbs cannot be
Changed into passive voiceVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Subject ( Doer ) + Verb + Object
subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle) + by + object
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active-Passive Voice – change 1
The subject of the Active sentence becomes the object of sentence becomes the object of the preposition in the Passive sentencesentence
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active Passive Voice change 2The object of the verb in the
Active-Passive Voice – change 2
Active sentence becomes the
subject of the Passive sentence.
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active-Passive Voice – change 3Active-Passive Voice – change 3
The Active form of the verb in
Active sentence is changed into Active sentence is changed into
the Passive form of the verb in
Passive sentence.Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Form of Passive Voice VerbsForm of Passive Voice VerbsForm of Passive Voice VerbsForm of Passive Voice VerbsThe passive voice requires a "double verb"
I linking verbI. linking verb
Am is AreWWas were Be being been
II.The main verb in the form of past participle
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Often Passive Voice Sentences Often Passive Voice Sentences Often Passive Voice Sentences Often Passive Voice Sentences will contain a “by” phrase will contain a “by” phrase indicating who or what indicating who or what indicating who or what indicating who or what performed the actionperformed the action
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active - Passive Voice – Change 5Active Voice
IPassive Voice
By me
PronounsWeYou
yBy usBy you
HeShe
y yBy himBy her
ItThey
yBy itBy them
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012y y
Example‐1
Rajesh wrote a letterRajesh wrote a letter
RajeshA letter Was written by
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active‐Passive Voice – note 1
He cooks food Active VoiceHe cooks food. Active Voice‘food’ – object of the verb –singular
Food is cooked by him. Passive Voice‘Food’ – subject of the passive sentence j‘is cooked’ –verb-‘food’-singular - ‘is’- singular
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
When the subject of a When the subject of a
sentence is singular, g ,
the verb must also be in
singular
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
A i P i V i t 2Active‐Passive Voice – note 2
When the subject of a sentence is Plural,
the verb of that sentence must be Plural:
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
E.g. He carried some books. ‐Active voice ‘some books’ ‐ object of the verb in Active voice‐PluralPluralSome books were carried by him. Passive Voice ‘ i d’ bwere carried – verb–‘books’ –Plural ‘were’ plural
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active‐Passive Voice ‐ note 3
She has signed ten letters Active VoiceShe has signed ten letters. Active Voice‘She’ – subject; - singular‘has’–part of the verb –singularhas –part of the verb –singular‘ten letters’–object of the verb in Active – plural Ten letters havehave been signed by her- Passive e e e s a ea e bee s g ed by e ass e‘Ten letters’ – subject – plural; ‘have been signed’- verb –‘have’ -- plural
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Change of Voice According To TenseChange of Voice According To Tense
TenseTense Active Voice Active Voice Passive VoicePassive VoiceSi l Si l A /I /A /I / A A Simple Simple PresentPresent •• TakeTake/ / TakesTakes •• Am/Is/Am/Is/ Are Are
takentakenPresent Present Continuous Continuous
•• AmAm //Is /Are Is /Are takingtaking
•• Am/Is /Are Am/Is /Are being takenbeing taken
Present Present PerfectPerfect
•• Has/Have Has/Have takentaken
•• Has /Have Has /Have been takenbeen taken
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
TenseTense Active VoiceActive Voice Passive VoicePassive VoiceTenseTense Active VoiceActive Voice Passive VoicePassive Voice
Simple PastSimple Past •• TookTook •• Was /Were Was /Were kkSimple PastSimple Past TookTook takentaken
Past Past •• Was/Was/ Were Were •• Was/Were Was/Were Continuous Continuous takingtaking being takenbeing taken
Past Past •• Had been Had been Past Past PerfectPerfect •• Had takenHad taken Had been Had been
takentaken
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
T nsT ns Active VoiceActive Voice Passive VoicePassive VoiceTenseTense Active VoiceActive Voice Passive VoicePassive VoiceSimple Simple •• Will/Shall be Will/Shall be S p eS p eFuture Future (will/shall)(will/shall)
•• Will/Shall takeWill/Shall takeWill/Shall be Will/Shall be
takentaken
Future Future PerfectPerfect •• Will haveWill have takentaken
•• Will have been Will have been
t k t k PerfectPerfect taken taken
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Simple Present TenseSimple Present Tense
She bakes bread Active VoiceShe bakes bread. Active Voice‘bakes’– verb – Simple Present TenseBread is baked by herBread is baked by her.Passive Voice‘is baked’ – verb –is baked verb Simple Present Tense
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Present Continuous Tense He is building a sand castle.‘is building’ verb present continuous tenseis building –verb–present continuous tense ACTIVE VOICE FORMA sand castle is being built by himA sand castle is being built by him.‘is being built’ – verb –present continuous tensepresent continuous tensePASSIVE VOICE FORM
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Present Perfect Tense
He has drawn a picture.‘has drawn’– verb –present perfect tense ACTIVE VOICE
A picture has been drawn by him. ‘has been drawn’ verbhas been drawn – verb –present perfect tensePASSIVE VOICE
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012PASSIVE VOICE
Present Perfect Continuous TensePresent Perfect Continuous Tense
Note : Note : Sentences in Perfect C ti T & F t Continuous Tenses & Future Continuous Tense are not used in Passive Voice
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Simple Past Tense
She told a secret. Active Voice‘t ld’ b i l t t‘told’ – verb – simple past tense
A secret was told by herA secret was told by her. Passive Voice‘was told’ – verb – simple past tense
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012was told verb simple past tense
Past Continuous Tense
The postman was delivering the postThe postman was delivering the post. ‘was delivering’-verb-Past Continuous TenseACTIVE VOICE FORMACTIVE VOICE FORM
The post was being delivered by the postman. g y‘was being delivered’ – verb – Past continuousPASSIVE VOICE FORM
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Past Perfect Tense
She had eaten several peas before she offeredShe had eaten several peas before she offered him any.‘had eaten’–verb–past perfect tense– Activehad eaten verb past perfect tense Active
Several peas had been eaten by her before sheSeveral peas had been eaten by her before she offered him any. ‘had been eaten’–verb–past perfect tense – Passive Voice
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012p
Simple Future TenseSimple Future Tense
Th ill i th bThey will give the beggar some money. ‘will give’ -- verb -- simple future tense –Active VoiceActive Voice
The beggar will be given some money by them. ‘will be given’ -- verb --simple future tense – Passive Voice
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Future Perfect Tense
Sh ill h tit h d t d bSham will have stitched two dresses by 12 o’ clock. ‘will have stitched’ – verb –future perfect tense Active voicefuture perfect tense – Active voiceBy 12 o’ clock two dresses will have been stitched by Sham ‘will have beenstitched by Sham. will have been stitched’ – verb – future perfect tense –Passive voice
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Passive voice of modal verbsPassive voice of modal verbs
Construction of the passive voice:
Subject +modal verb +be+ main verb (past participle) + by + object
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Modal Verbs- Examples
eg.1. Suprita can speak English. Active VoiceEnglish can be spoken by Suprita. Passive voice
2. You should respect your parents. Active Voice Your parents should be respected by you. Passive Voice
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active Passive Voice note 1Active‐Passive Voice – note 1
We use ‘With’ (not ‘by’) to talkWe use ‘With’ (not ‘by’) to talk
about an instrument used by the about an instrument used by the agent
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
e.g. The hunter shot the deer with an arrow. Active VoiceActive Voice
The deer was shot with an arrow by the hunter. Passive VoicePassive Voice
‘an arrow’ – an instrument – preposition ‘with’‘a hunter’ -- an agent -- preposition ‘by’
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012a hunter an agent preposition by
Active-Passive Voice – note 2Active Passive Voice note 2
Wh th t bj t f th b iWhen there are two objects of the verb in the active voice sentence, we can change th t ti t i t i ithat active sentence into passive voice in two ways :
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
note 2 Examplenote 2 Examplepp
e.g. The teacher teaches you a lesson. Active g y‘you’ – object of the verb /
‘a lesson’ – object of the verb j(A) You are taught a lesson by the teacher.
passive Voicep(B) A lesson is taught to you by the teacher.
Passive VoiceVikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Active-Passive Voice -- note 3
When the doer of the action is either obvious e e doe o e ac o s e e ob ousor unknown or immaterial, it is often not mentioned in the passive voice.
e.g. The cook made me an omelette.Active VoiceAn omelette was made for me.Passive Voice
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Exercise Exercise –– 11Ten People____ (kill) and twenty ____ Ten People____ (kill) and twenty ____
(i j ) i h d lli i b (i j ) i h d lli i b (injure) in a head on collision between (injure) in a head on collision between
a van and a truck last Sunday The a van and a truck last Sunday The a van and a truck last Sunday. The a van and a truck last Sunday. The
driver of the truck____ (arrest) for driver of the truck____ (arrest) for
rash driving.rash driving.Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Exercise Exercise –– 11Ten People Ten People were killed were killed and twenty and twenty were were
injured injured in a head on collision between a in a head on collision between a
van and a truck last Sunday van and a truck last Sunday van and a truck last Sunday. van and a truck last Sunday.
The driver of the truck The driver of the truck was arrestedwas arrested
for rash driving. for rash driving.
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Exercise Exercise –– 22Exercise Exercise 22Do you know how coffee is made ?Do you know how coffee is made ?
First Milk____ (boil). Then First Milk____ (boil). Then
D ti ( i ) ith h t ilk D ti ( i ) ith h t ilk Decoction____ (mix) with hot milk. Decoction____ (mix) with hot milk.
Finally, sugar (add) to lessen the Finally, sugar (add) to lessen the F y, g ____ ( )F y, g ____ ( )
bitterness bitterness Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Exercise Exercise –– 22Exercise Exercise –– 22Do you know how coffee is made ?Do you know how coffee is made ?
First Milk First Milk is boiled.is boiled. Then Decoction Then Decoction
d d h h lk F ll h h lk F ll is mixedis mixed with hot milk. Finally, sugar with hot milk. Finally, sugar
is addedis added to lessen the bitterness to lessen the bitterness is addedis added to lessen the bitterness to lessen the bitterness
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
let + subject +be (not) +past participlelet + subject +be (not) +past participleActive : Shut the door.Passive : Let the door be shutPassive : Let the door be shut.
Active : Kindly help him.Passive : You are requested to help him.
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012
Passive Voice Interrogative Sentences
Who teaches you English?Active VoiceBy whom are you taught English?Passive VoiceDid they invite you? Active VoiceWere you invited by them?Passive voice
Vikasana – Bridge Course 2012