UTILIZATION OF CALAMANSI (CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA)

INTO HOMEMADE FOOTPOWDER

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A Research Paper

Presented to the

Science & Math Department

Integrated Developmental School

MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

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In Partial Fulfillment for the Course

Science Research

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ADECEL GRACE C. CALISO

KURT KEEVIN A. PATAGNAN

March 2011

APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled “UTILIZATION OF CALAMANSI (CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA) INTO HOMEMADE FOOT POWDER” prepared and submitted by ADECEL GRACE C. CALISO and KURT KEEVIN A. PATAGNAN is hereby recommended for approval.

MS. CHARITY I. MULIG_

Adviser

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Date

PROF. ALMA GLORIA SILVA PROF. VICTORIA TARRANZA

Panel Member Panel Member

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Date Date

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the Course in Science Research I.

PROF. VICTORIA TARRANZA

Chairperson, Science & Math

__________________

Date

PROF. LEILA V. BERNALDEZ

Principal, IDS

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Date

Abstract

Caliso, Adecel Grace C. and Patagnan, Kurt Keevin A. (2011) “Utilization of Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa into Homemade Foot Powder”. College of Education-Integrated Developmental School, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology.

Adviser: Prof. Charity I. Mulig

Adsorption is the act of absorbing a particle to a surface of another particle or medium. In

this research, adsorption of the calamansi peelings in powdered form will be studied. This will be

compared to a common type of foot powder. Foot powder is chosen because aside from

underarm sweat, foot sweat is also the main reason why body odors are released. Sweat, actually

is not the reason why odors are released but the bacteria living in it. So, the powdered form of

the peelings will serve as the product—the calamansi peel foot powder.

The methods of drying the peelings for pounding are Sun Dry Method, Air Dry Method,

and Air-Sun Dry Method. 300 calamansi peelings were used in this study. 100 of them will be

dried through SDM (Sun Dry Method), 100 will be through ADM (Air Dry Method), and the rest

were dried using the A-SDM (Air-Sun Dry Method). After days of drying, the peelings were

ground using food processor.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to thank the following for the help / making the research

study possible.

Before anyone else, they would like to thank the Almighty God for providing the

researchers their needs and for His guidance throughout the study.

To the research advisers, Ms. Alma Gloria L. Silva, Prof. Odyssa Natividad R. M.

Molo and Prof. Charity I. Mulig for guiding the researchers during the course of the study and

in writing their manuscripts.

To the researchers’ supportive parents, Mrs. Jocelyn and Mr. Nolan Caliso and to Mrs.

and Mr. Patagnan for their never ending love and support.

To Maristelle Regencia, Rodolfo Marba Jr., Irish Espejo, and to the whole class of

III-Neon ’12 for helping us in making our research paper possible.

To the teachers of MSU-IIT CED-Integrated Developmental School for their concern for

this field.

To the staff of I-School and Library for letting us use the facilities for us to finish our

research works even at school.

A.G.C.C. and K.K.A.P.

DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to everyone who made it possible—

The researchers, first and foremost, offer this research to God as a way to show their gratitude for everything He has given us.

To the researchers’ loving and caring parents who provided a place to work, encouragement and immeasurable support;

To their teachers who have given them guidance during the progress of the study, especially their research advisers, Ma’am Silva, Ma’am Molo and Ma’am Mulig, for their patience in correcting the researchers’ work and providing help in its completion;

To their friends, especially to their classmates in Neon ’11–'12, who are always there to make us laugh and together, help ourselves keep our sanity during the writing of the manuscript.

Adecel Grace C. CalisoKurt Keevin A. Patagnan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageTITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………….iAPPROVAL SHEET………………………………………………………………iiABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….iiiACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………………..ivDEDICATION……………………………………………………………………..vTABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….viLIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………..viiLIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the StudyB. Statement of the ProblemC. Objectives of the StudyD. Hypotheses of the StudyE. Significance of the StudyF. Scope and Limitations of the StudyG. Definition of Terms

1123355

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES 7 III. METHODOLOGY

A. Research DesignB. Materials and EquipmentC. General Procedure

i. Germination of Seedsii. Nutrient Solution Preparationiii. Preparation of Set-upsiv. Growing of Pechay

D. Instruments in Gathering DataE. Statistical Tool

1212

131414151717

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 25 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 VII. APPENDICES

Appendix A: 29 Appendix B: 31 Appendix C: 33 Appendix D: Curriculum Vitae 36

List of Tables

List of Figures

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Body odor (esp., foot odor) is the body’s unpleasant smell that is caused by bacteria. The

main cause of this is foot sweat. Actually, sweat itself is odorless, but it creates a beneficial

environment for certain bacteria to grow and produce bad-smelling substances. These bacteria

are naturally present on our skin as part of the human flora. More smell is created with factors

that cause more sweating such as wearing shoes and socks with inadequate air ventilation for

many hours. Hair on feet, especially on toes may contribute to the odors’ intensity by increasing

its surface area where bacteria can thrive. Foot powder is a type of sweat-absorbing powder that

helps prevent or remove foot odor. But some common foot powders aren’t as absorbent as the

ideal foot powder. Some irritates the skin and some are expensive enough for consumers to

reject. So therefore, the researchers thought of making such Calamansi Peel Foot Powder to

provide a cheaper and a skin-friendly prevention for foot odor.

Calamansi is a tropical fruit usually found at the Philippines. This is commonly made into

juice drinks, additive to common juice, native sauces such as toyo, and even as a body odor

repellent. This small circular fruit prevents body odor especially the underarm odor. So, if it can

prevent underarm odor, maybe it can help in foot odor too.

B. Statement of Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions:

Main Problem: Can foot powder from calamansi peelings be produced?

Sub Problems:

1. Is the product cheaper than the commercial powder?

2. Will the foot powder from calamansi peelings prevent foot odor due to

sweat?

3. Is there a significant difference between the commercial talc powder and

the Calamansi Peelings Foot Powder in terms of adsorbency?

C. Objectives of the Study

This research aims to:

1. provide consumers a cheaper and a more effective foot powder and help

them save their money by converting their calamansi wastes into foot powder

2. compare the difference between the commercial foot powder and the

calamansi foot powder;

3. use an equipment that will help in comparing two certain types of foot

powders; and to

4. determine which of the two foot powders that are compared is more

effective in terms of adsorbency.

D. Hypotheses of the Study

1. The Calamansi Foot Powder will absorb less liquid than the

commercial foot powder. Therefore, this product will not prevent

foot odor.

2. The equipment to be used is is inefficient enough in comparing the

two types of foot powders. So, the result will not be reliable.

E. Significance of The Study

This study may help in waste segregation and to save money. This is cheaper because

most of the time, people just throw away calamansi peelings. Calamansi consumers may

keep their wastes and put it into reusable garbage. This is cheaper because most of the time,

people just throw away calamansi peelings. Instead of letting the peelings rot, the consumers

may convert these peelings into powder. And this study may help calamansi consumers save

the calamansi peelings for future use.

F. Scope and Limitations

The product’s color will not be significant in this research study. If it rained during the

drying process, the calamansi peelings will be placed in a plastic bag and the number of

hours of drying will be paused depending on the number of hours it rained. The study is

limited only for school year 2011-2012.

G. Definition Of Terms

Foot Sweat- moisture that is released out of the foot

through the pores found at the skin when

temperature on foot is too high or when

there is not enough air ventilation in our

socks and shoes

Foot Powder- a product that prevents bad odor from foot

by absorbing sweat and killing bacteria.

Calamansi Peel- an outside layering of a circular fruit named

calamansi.

Foot Odor- an unpleasant odor produced by bacteria on

foot.

Absorption Tester- an improvised device used to compare two

different powders. This comes with an

amount of liquid and a 8.5x11in piece of

cloth.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Bromhidrosis, also known as foot odor is a painless and a non-contagious disorder. It is a

burden to someone with it because unlikeable smell is released. This is common on people with

sweaty feet. Normally, the feet produce half a pint of sweat through 2-5 million sweat glands. An

ordinary foot’s sweat evaporates easily. But for a person with bromhidrosis, the sweat that is

released evaporates slower and probably this is because more sweat is produced. And this

situation will result to odorous feet. The bacteria’s job on one’s foot is to break down this

liquid’s particles to simpler ones which commonly releases an awful smell. If one washes his feet

regularly and dries them up after washing, then, there would be reason for one to have this

ailment.

Aside from foot odor, drying and washing of foot also help in preventing mild cases of

athlete’s foot. Foot powder is a type of antiperspirant powder used to relieve itching and absorbs

sweat on feet. Applying foot powder will lessen the presence of bacteria by absorbing the sweat.

(Renner, 1993).

Foot odor is the term used for describing foot’s foul smell. This is generally caused by

bacteria. Moisture on feet serves as the breeding area for bacteria and fungi. This is commonly a

long term ailment which means, if one does not prevent it during the first signs, then this ailment

will hardly dwindle from one’s system. (Alengasa, 2009)

Citrofortunella Microcarpa belongs to the Rutaceae family and is locally known as

Calamansi or Calamondin. This Rutaceae family include itherother types of oranges, limes, and

citruses. Calamansi, or the Philippine Lemon is an important source of citrus for the Filipinos.

This is widely grown throughout Southern Asia specifically Malaysia. This fruit is thought to be

hybrid in nature because this was neither a lemon nor a lime. This is best used when its color is

greenish to yellow (mature yet unripe) or yellow to orange (ripe). This fruit’s juice is a common

ingredient in some common drinks, cakes, sauces, and marmalades. This fruit is juicy and acidic.

This can also help in enhancing iron absorption in the body. Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos

2000 developed by the Technical Working Group headed by the Food and Nutrition Research

Institute of the DOST(2000) once stated, “Aside from the food and medicinal uses of Calamansi,

the fruit juice is used to bleach ink stains from fabrics and serve as a body deodorant. (Sarasota,

1999).

Apocrine glands and Eccrine glands are the two main types of sweat glands in the human

body. The Apocrine glands releases sweat at the genital areas and armpits which produces strong

odor. The Eccrine glands are the glands which are responsible for thermoregulation. When

temperature rises, these sweat glands release water and oil. For some reasons, more eccrine

sweat glands are found at the feet. About 500,000 out of millions of sweat glands are on the feet.

This is the reason why the feet has the place of highest concentration of sweat.(Huyom, 2009)

The calamansi tree is usually cylindrical, erect, and commonly ranges from 6.5ft to 25ft high. The

upper surface of its leaves is glossy and is about 1.15in to 3in long. The fruits are round or elliptic and has

a diameter of 1.75 in. Its fruit peel is aromatic and glossy. It has 6 to 10 segments. Its pulp is juicy, and

usually have seeds in it. This fruit was said to be discovered in China and was soon brought to the

Philippines and Indonesia. It is a common ornamental tree in Hawaii. This was introduced in Florida by

Dr. David Fairchild in 1899. Calamansi is now used for greenhouse researches at the Agricultural

Experiment Station of the University of Florida in Gainesville. This can be planted through its seed or

bud cuttings. Its growth rate is 1ft per year. Drought and drhydrationdehydration may lead to its

mesophyll collapse. (Morton, 1987)

Calamansi is also a great snack time pal. One can squeeze a halved Calamansi to a cup then

honey and sugar can be added. Calamansi, as a member of Rutaceae family, is a great Vitamin C

provider. For tea, it is also great when added to ginger. At the bars, calamansi fruits are used to make

shots tastier. Its smell is a good air freshener and deodorizer too. This fruit is great for dark knees, elbows,

and armpits. It is used as a basic additive to a famous Filipino dip called toyo. This fruit is also great in

dandruff treatment and prevention. It was also proven to remove stains on clothes.

(Tips and Tricks, 2008)

Foot odor is one of the reasons why a person loses self confidence. One gets conscious if he or

she removes his foot wear, thinking that everybody would react negatively about the smell. There are a lot

of ways in preventing and reducing foot odor. The most common reason for foot odor is foot sweat. That

is why one must dry his feet before wearing any foot wear. Air drying is great after washing the feet too.

Moisture-smart socks are great for students and office men for a whole day comfort. Salt absorbs sweat

too. So, after a bath, one can place the feet to a basin of warm salt water. Try not to rinse it off instead,

wipe it off using a piece of cloth. Make sure that the feet are completely dry before wearing socks and

shoes. Vinegar can also help in this type of problem. Soak the feet in vinegar at least once a week. But to

prevent it from stinking, one can soak the feet at the end of the day, before sleeping. Because of the

annoying smell of vinegar, one can instead use black tea. Green tea can do the job too. Foot scrub can

also lessen the problem. Natural foot scrub acts best than artificial ones in reducing smell. If you dry your

feet and your foot wear is wet, that would give no effect on reducing foot odor. Instead, it helps in making

the feet smellier. Shoes should be aired outside the house to let it dry before using it again. Breathing

shoes are great to be used too. They aren’t actually breathing; they are shoes that have good air ventilation

to prevent sweat from staying on the feet. Shoes should be changed regularly so the shoes could at least

dry itself for a day or two. One can at least alternately use shoes to prevent same smelly shoes to be used

again. Shoes must only be worn when there are socks. If there is none, sweat would stick to the shoes and

would cause generation of an unlikeable smell. Some ladies who use nylon-made shoes may wear socks

to prevent sweat and odor. The only exceptions in wearing socks are shoes which are open toed. Aside

from socks, one can also use foot deodorizer too. Powder is the most common form of a foot deodorizer.

Underarm deodorants work well on foot odor too. This can fix the problem faster than the said steps but it

can only last for a few hours or a few minutes. But if you are in a hurry, you can use it anytime. There are

some other types of deodorizers such as shoe deodorizer. Corn starch and baking soda can be a temporary

shoe deodorizer when you can’t still buy one. Products that contain Benzoyl Peroxide can kill bacteria

and can lessen foot odor problem too. Determining the reason why your sweat is released can help too. If

you sweat because of stress, you can have some relaxation techniques for you to lessen the production of

sweat in your body. Some components of a regular diet can lessen or strengthen the odor of one’s foot. A

regular diet with zinc might help too. Almost everyone who suffers from foot odor lacks zinc in their

diets. Antibacterial soaps must also be used to wash the feet for at least once a day. Make sure not to use

inappropriate ______ to prevent making the problem bigger. If the problem is still there despite all the

steps said, one must consult a podiatrist for some information. You must make sure that you are not

undergoing a serious foot disease. Some strong solutions such as antibiotics, aluminium chloride and

ethyl alcohol, and Botox can also help. But in some cases, surgical operations are needed. (Vercillo,

2006)

The worst thing to have is smelly feet because of the embarrassment it brings to a person who has

it. There are some ways to lessen this problem.

In washing the feet, one must not just take it as a simple part of a daily shower. The main reason

why you should wash your feet is to remove the bacteria which caused bad odors to be released. Bacteria

could be in the dead skin cells found at your foot. A quick rub on foot with soapy water is not enough to

remove bacteria. So, it would be better if you use washcloth and antibacterial soap. In drying the feet, it

should be completely dry to avoid making a breeding area for bacteria. So, one must take his time drying

the feet.

In changing the socks, make sure to change it with laundered one. A white sock is less prone to

bacteria than a colored one. There are also some soaking solutions that dry feet or kill bacteria. So, one

can soak his feet in a bowl of commercial foot solutions to prevent and cure foot odor. Next is to dry the

feet as well as the shoes. It usually takes 24 hours before a pair of shoes dries completely. One can also

put a crumpled newspaper inside the shoes to make the drying process faster. Put antiperspirant on your

feet to reduce odor. Deodorants only cover up the ugly smell while antiperspirant creates “gel plugs” that

block sweat pores to prevent excess sweating. Also, remove the shoes while having a break. In this

process, the feet and shoes will stay dry. There are some cheap shoe dryers available too. So, after work,

one can dry the shoes in them to eliminate the moisture that serves as the breeding area of bacteria.

(McGimpsey, 2006)

Many people had have experienced embarrassment because of foot odor and to avoid these

incidents, one must really take care of his feet.

Regular washing of feet like twice a day can keep your feet dust-free and clean. Using socks, and

regular drying of feet can make the feet dry and moisture-free. Foot powders can help too. If no

commercial foot powder is available, one can use corn starch or any natural powder that absorb wetness.

Shoes should also be at least two pairs in all to avoid using the same shoes every day. One can also

undergo fungal treatments to remove fungi and sulfur soap to make the feet perfectly clean. One can give

the feet a tea bath using lemon grass. This method is relaxing and can reduce stress as well as it can clean

the foot. Coffee scrub can do the job too. The best way to cure foot odor is to use natural fungicidal

treatments. Yogurt can be spread to the feet to make the feet sweet smelling, moisturized, and soft. Garlic,

sage, and tea tree are great foot odor cures too.

When a person has smelly feet, one must not forget to change socks regularly. Avoid putting the

socks inside the shoes if it needs to be barefooted. Avoid borrowing of shoes to prevent contaminations.

Lastly, to avoid embarrassments, do not go barefoot if it is not necessary. (Cajuguiran, 2009)

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the testing of theof the product will take place. Here, the improvised

absorbent tester made from wheel and axle, funnel, and clips will be used. This “equipment” will

determine the amount of liquid absorbed by a certain type of powder used.

A. Research Design

In this experiment, Foot Powder will be used though these are different in nature . One is

the calamansi product and the other one is the commercial product. Therefore, Completely

Randomized Design or CRD will be used.

B. Materials and Equipments

Materials: Equipments:

8.5x11in Oxford Cloth 2 thin Metal bars Food Processor

Dried calamansi peelings Basin Beaker

Water Teaspoon

4 pieces 17x2x4in wood Talc Powder

Wheel and Axle

C. General Procedure

Gathering of Materials

The researchers need 100 calamansi pieces per type of drying process. So, 300

pieces will be used for there are 3 types of drying process namely, Sun Drying, Air

Drying, and the Air-Sun Drying method.

Drying the Calamansi Peelings

The calamansi peelings need to be dried so it would be possible for us to grind it.

These will be placed in trays and will be stored to different conditions.

Sun Dry Method

100 calamansi peelings will be sun dried for 48 hours.

Air Dry Method

100 calamansi peelings will be air dried for 72 hours.

Air-Sun Dry Method

100 calamansi peelings will be air dried for 24 hours and will be sun dried for 48

hours.

Pulverization of Peelings

The dried peelings will be ground using food processor for us to have the

expected result.

Preparation of Equipment

The next thing to do is to make the tester while the drying process is going on.

The clips will be attached to the pieces of wood first. Afterwards, two sides of the funnel

will be nailed to the pieces of wood. To keep the equipment balanced, a piece of plywood

will be nailed at its base.

Equipment Expectation:

Wet Cloth Preparation

20ml water will be poured in the 8.5x11in piece of Oxford Cloth. After this,

1teaspoon of foot powder will be sprinkled. This step and the following step will be

repeated thrice per type of foot powder.

Water Collection

Tie the cloth to the metal bars. Turn the axle for 15 times. The basin will catch the

water extracted.

D. Experimental Set-up

The following table represents the data gathered in the experimentation.

Type of Foot Powder Used Amount of Water Extracted(in mL)

Amount of Water Absorbed(in mL)

No Powder Used(Plain Cloth)Commercial Talc Powder

Calamansi Foot Powder: Air Dried

Sun Dried

Air-Sun Dried

Commercial Talc Powder with:Air Dried Calamansi Foot Powder

Sun Dried Calamansi Foot Powder

Air-Sun Dried Calamansi Foot Powder

E. Statistical Tool

Since data taken during the course of the study are numerical in nature, the ANOVA

(Analysis of Variance) Test will be used to determine if there is a significant difference

between the set-ups.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

Mabberley, D.J. (1987) The Plant Book: A portable dictionary and the higher plant.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge P 706

Renner, John H. (1993) The Home Remedies Handbook. Lincolnwood, Illinois; Louis Weber,

C.E.O. Publications International, Ltd. P.169-170

B. INTERNET ARTICLES

Cindy (2008) “Oil Extracted from Calamansi Peelings as Preservatives for Hair Oil” from

http://cindy07-08.blogspot.com/2008/03/chapter-i.html

Hoyum, Nils (2011) “How to Get Rid of Foot Odor” from

http://odors.getridofthings.com/get-rid-of-foot-odor.htm

Morton, Julia (1987). “Calamondin the Versatil Fruit” from

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/calamondin.html

Tips_tricks (2008) “13 Ways to Use Calamansi” from

http://www.tipsandtricks4me.com/2008/03/13-ways-to-use-calamansi.html

Vercillo, Kathryn (2009) “20 Tips for How to Get Rid of Foot Odor” from

http://kathrynvercillo.hubpages.com/hub/20-Tips-for-Reducing-Foot-Odor

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Adecel Grace C. Caliso Nickname: Adecel

Religion: Roman Catholic Gender: Female

Place of Birth: Iligan City, Lanao del Norte Date of Birth: July 19, 1997

Home Address: Zone Cancer Suarez, Iligan City

Father’s Name: Nolan C. Caliso

Mother’s Name: Jocelyn C. Caliso

Educational Background:

Elementary Name of School: South II Central School

Address: Zone Orchids Suarez, Iligan City

Date of Graduation:

Secondary Name of School: MSU – IIT – Integrated Developmental School_

Address: Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, Iligan City

Date of Graduation:

Honor and Awards Received:

Elementary Fourth Honor (Grade 1 – 2),

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Nickname:

Religion: Gender:

Place of Birth: Date of Birth:

Home Address:

Father’s Name:

Mother’s Name:

Educational Background:

Elementary Name of School:

Address:

Date of Graduation:

Secondary Name of School:

Address:

Date of Graduation:

Honor and Awards Received:

Secondary