UTILIZATION OF CALAMANSI (CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA)

INTO HOMEMADE FOOTPOWDER

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A Research Paper

Presented to the

Science & Math Department

Integrated Developmental School

MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology

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In Partial Fulfillment for the Course

Science Research

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ADECEL GRACE C. CALISO

KURT KEEVIN A. PATAGNAN

March 2011

APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled UTILIZATION OF CALAMANSI (CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA) INTO HOMEMADE FOOT POWDER prepared and submitted by ADECEL GRACE C. CALISO and KURT KEEVIN A. PATAGNAN is hereby recommended for approval.

MS. CHARITY I. MULIG_

Adviser

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Date

PROF. ALMA GLORIA SILVA PROF. VICTORIA TARRANZA

Panel Member Panel Member

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Date Date

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the Course in Science Research I.

PROF. VICTORIA TARRANZA

Chairperson, Science & Math

__________________

Date

PROF. LEILA V. BERNALDEZ

Principal, IDS

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Date

Abstract

Caliso, Adecel Grace C. and Patagnan, Kurt Keevin A. (2011) Utilization of Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa into Homemade Foot Powder. College of Education-Integrated Developmental School, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology.

Adviser: Prof. Charity I. Mulig

Adsorption is the act of absorbing a particle to a surface of another particle or medium. In this research, adsorption of the calamansi peelings in powdered form will be studied. This will be compared to a common type of foot powder. Foot powder is chosen because aside from underarm sweat, foot sweat is also the main reason why body odours are released. Sweat, actually is not the reason why odours are released but the bacteria living in it. So, the powdered form of the peelings will serve as the productthe calamansi peel foot powder.

The methods of drying the peelings for pounding are Sun Dry Method, Air Dry Method, and Air-Sun Dry Method. 300 calamansi peelings were used in this study. 100 of them will be dried through SDM (Sun Dry Method), 100 will be through ADM (Air Dry Method), and the rest were dried using the A-SDM (Air-Sun Dry Method). After days of drying, the peelings were ground using food processor.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to thank the following for the help / making the research study possible.

Before anyone else, they would like to thank the Almighty God for providing the researchers their needs and for His guidance throughout the study.

To the research advisers, Ms. Alma Gloria L. Silva, Prof. Odyssa Natividad R. M. Molo and Prof. Charity I. Mulig for guiding the researchers during the course of the study and in writing their manuscripts.

To the researchers supportive parents, Mrs. Jocelyn and Mr. Nolan Caliso and to Mrs. and Mr. Patagnan for their never ending love and support.

To Maristelle Regencia, Rodolfo Marba Jr., Irish Espejo, and to the whole class of III-Neon 12 for helping us in making our research paper possible.

To the teachers of MSU-IIT CED-Integrated Developmental School for their concern for this field.

To the staff of I-School and Library for letting us use the facilities for us to finish our research works even at school.

A.G.C.C. and K.K.A.P.

DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to everyone who made it possible

The researchers, first and foremost, offer this research to God as a way to show their gratitude for everything He has given us.

To the researchers loving and caring parents who provided a place to work, encouragement and immeasurable support;

To their teachers who have given them guidance during the progress of the study, especially their research advisers, Maam Silva, Maam Molo and Maam Mulig, for their patience in correcting the researchers work and providing help in its completion;

To their friends, especially to their classmates in Neon 11'12, who are always there to make us laugh and together, help ourselves keep our sanity during the writing of the manuscript.

Adecel Grace C. Caliso

Kurt Keevin A. Patagnan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE.i

APPROVAL SHEETii

ABSTRACT.iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT..iv

DEDICATION..v

TABLE OF CONTENTS.vi

LIST OF TABLES..vii

LIST OF FIGURESvii

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

B. Statement of the Problem

C. Objectives of the Study

D. Hypotheses of the Study

E. Significance of the Study

F. Scope and Limitations of the Study

G. Definition of Terms

1

1

2

3

3

5

5

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES

7

III. METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

B. Materials and Equipment

C. General Procedure

i. Germination of Seeds

ii. Nutrient Solution Preparation

iii. Preparation of Set-ups

iv. Growing of Pechay

D. Instruments in Gathering Data

E. Statistical Tool

12

12

13

14

14

15

17

17

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

18

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

25

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

27

VII. APPENDICES

Appendix A:

29

Appendix B:

31

Appendix C:

33

Appendix D: Curriculum Vitae

36

List of Tables

List of Figures

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Body odour (esp., foot odour) is the bodys unpleasant smell that is caused by bacteria. The main cause of this is foot sweat. Actually, sweat itself is odourless, but it creates a beneficial environment for certain bacteria to grow and produce bad-smelling substances. These bacteria are naturally present on our skin as part of the human flora. More smell is created with factors that cause more sweating such as wearing shoes and socks with inadequate air ventilation for many hours. Hair on feet, especially on toes may contribute to the odours intensity by increasing its surface area where bacteria can thrive. Foot powder is a type of sweat-absorbing powder that helps prevent or remove foot odour. But some common foot powders arent as absorbent as the ideal foot powder. Some irritates the skin and some are expensive enough for consumers to reject. So therefore, the researchers thought of making such Calamansi Peel Foot Powder to provide a cheaper and a skin-friendly prevention for foot odour.

Calamansi is a tropical fruit usually found at the Philippines. This is commonly made into juice drinks, additive to common juice, native sauces such as toyo, and even as a body odour repellent. This small circular fruit prevents body odour especially the underarm odour. So, if it can prevent underarm odour, maybe it can help in foot odour too.

B. Statement of Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions:

Main Problem: Can foot powder from calamansi peelings be produced?

Sub Problems:

1. Is the product cheaper than the commercial powder?

2. Will the foot powder from calamansi peelings prevent foot odour due to sweat?

3. Is there a significant difference between the commercial talc powder and the Calamansi Peelings Foot Powder in terms of adsorbency?

C. Objectives of the Study

This research aims to:

1. provide consumers a cheaper and a more effective foot powder and help them save their money by converting their calamansi wastes into foot powder

2. compare the difference between the commercial foot powder and the calamansi foot powder;

3. use an equipment that will help in comparing two certain types of foot powders; and to

4. determine which of the two foot powders that are compared is more effective in terms of adsorbency.

D. Hypotheses of the Study

1. The Calamansi Foot Powder will absorb less liquid than the commercial foot powder. Therefore, this product will not prevent foot odour.

2. The equipment to be used is is inefficient enough in comparing the two types of foot powders. So, the result will not be reliable.

E. Significance of The Study

This study may help in waste segregation and to save money. This is cheaper because most of the time, people just throw away calamansi peelings. Calamansi consumers may keep their wastes and put it into reusable garbage. This is cheaper because most of the time, people just throw away calamansi peelings. Instead of letting the peelings rot, the consumers may convert these peelings into powder. And this study may help calamansi consumers save the calamansi peelings for future use.

F. Scope and Limitations

The products color will not be significant in this research study. If it rained during the drying process, the calamansi peelings will be placed in a plastic bag and the number of hours of drying will be paused depending on the number of hours it rained. The study is limited only for school year 2011-2012.

G. Definition Of Terms

Foot Sweat- moisture that is released out of the foot through the pores found at the skin when temperature on foot is too high or when there is not enough air ventilation in our socks and shoes

Foot Powder- a product that prevents bad odour from foot by absorbing sweat and killing bacteria.

Calamansi Peel-an outside layering of a circular fruit named calamansi.

Foot Odour-an unpleasant odour produced by bacteria on foot.

Absorption Tester-an improvised device used to compare two different powders. This comes with an amount of liquid and a 8.5x11in piece of cloth.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Bromhidrosis, also known as foot odour is a painless and a non-contagious disorder. It is a burden to someone with it because unlikeable smell is released. This is common on people with sweaty feet. Normally, the feet produce half a pint of sweat through 2-5 million sweat glands. An ordinary foots sweat evaporates easily. But for a person with bromhidrosis, the sweat that is released evaporates slower and probably this is because more sweat is produced. And this situation will result to odorous feet. The bacterias job on ones foot is to break down this liquids particles to simpler ones which commonly releases an awful smell. If one washes his feet regularly and dries them up after washing, then, there would be reason for one to have this ailment.

Aside from foot odour, drying and washing of foot also help in preventing mild cases of athletes foot. Foot powder is a type of antiperspirant powder used to relieve itching and absorbs sweat on feet. Applying foot powder will lessen the presence of bacteria by absorbing the sweat. (Renner, 1993).

Foot odour is the term used for describing foots foul smell. This is generally caused by bacteria. Moisture on feet serves as the breeding area for bacteria and fungi. This is commonly a long term ailment which means, if one does not prevent it during the first signs, then this ailment will hardly dwindle from ones system. (Alengasa, 2009)

Citrofortunella Microcarpa belongs to the Rutaceae family and is locally known as Calamansi or Calamondin. This Rutaceae family include ither types of oranges, limes, and citruses. Calamansi, or the Philippine Lemon is an important source of citrus for the Filipinos. This is widely grown throughout Southern Asia specifically Malaysia. This fruit is thought to be hybrid in nature because this was neither a lemon nor a lime. This is best used when its color is greenish to yellow (mature yet unripe) or yellow to orange (ripe). This fruits juice is a common ingredient in some common drinks, cakes, sauces, and marmalades. This fruit is juicy and acidic. This can also help in enhancing iron absorption in the body. Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos 2000 developed by the Technical Working Group headed by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the DOST(2000) once stated, Aside from the food and medicinal uses of Calamansi, the fruit juice is used to bleach ink stains from fabrics and serve as a body deodourant. (Sarasota, 1999).

Apocrine glands and Eccrine glands are the two main types of sweat glands in the human body. The Apocrine glands releases sweat at the genital areas and armpits which produces strong odour. The Eccrine glands are the glands which are responsible for thermoregulation. When temperature rises, these sweat glands release water and oil. For some reasons, more eccrine sweat glands are found at the feet. About 500,000 out of millions of sweat glands are on the feet. This is the reason why the feet has the place of highest concentration of sweat.(Huyom, 2009)

The calamansi tree is usually cylindrical, erect, and commonly ranges from 6.5ft to 25ft high. The upper surface of its leaves is glossy and is about 1.15in to 3in long. The fruits are round or elliptic and has a diameter of 1.75 in. Its fruit peel is aromatic and glossy. It has 6 to 10 segments. Its pulp is juicy, and usually have seeds in it. This fruit was said to be discovered in China and was soon brought to the Philippines and Indonesia. It is a common ornamental tree in Hawaii. This was introduced in Florida by Dr. David Fairchild in 1899. Calamansi is now used for greenhouse researches at the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Florida in Gainesville. This can be planted through its seed or bu cuttings. Its growth rate is 1ft per year. Drought and drhydration may lead to its mesophyll collapse. (Morton, 1987)

Calamansi is also a great snack time pal. One can squeeze a halved Calamansi to a cup then honey and sugar can be added. Calamansi, as a member of Rutaceae family, is a great Vitamin C provider. For tea, it is also great when added to ginger. At the bars, calamansi fruits are used to make shots tastier. Its smell is a good air freshener and deodorizer too. This fruit is great for dark knees, elbows, and armpits. It is used as a basic additive to a famous Filipino dip called toyo. This fruit is also great in dandruff treatment and prevention. It was also proven to remove stains on clothes.(Tips and Tricks, 2008)

Foot odour is one of the reasons why a person loses self confidence. One gets conscious if he or she removes his foot wear, thinking that everybody would react negatively about the smell. There are a lot of ways in preventing and reducing foot odour. The most common reason for foot odour is foot sweat. That is why one must dry his feet before wearing any foot wear. Air drying is great after washing the feet too. Moisture-smart socks are great for students and office men for a whole day comfort. Salt absorbs sweat too. So, after a bath, one can place the feet to a basin of warm salt water. Try not to rinse it off instead, wipe it off using a piece of cloth. Make sure that the feet are completely dry before wearing socks and shoes. Vinegar can also help in this type of problem. Soak the feet in vinegar at least once a week. But to prevent it from stinking, one can soak the feet at the end of the day, before sleeping. Because of the annoying smell of vinegar, one can instead use black tea. Green tea can do the job too. Foot scrub can also lessen the problem. Natural foot scrub acts best than artificial ones in reducing smell. If you dry your feet and your foot wear is wet, that would give no effect on reducing foot odour. Instead, it helps in making the feet smellier. Shoes should be aired outside the house to let it dry before using it again. Breathing shoes are great to be used too. They arent actually breathing; they are shoes that have good air ventilation to prevent sweat from staying on the feet. Shoes should be changed regularly so the shoes could at least dry itself for a day or two. One can at least alternately use shoes to prevent same smelly shoes to be used again. Shoes must only be worn when there are socks. If there is none, sweat would stick to the shoes and would cause generation of an unlikeable smell. Some ladies who use nylon-made shoes may wear socks to prevent sweat and odour. The only exceptions in wearing socks are shoes which are open toed. Aside from socks, one can also use foot deodorizer too. Powder is the most common form of a foot deodorizer. Underarm deodorants work well on foot odour too. This can fix the problem faster than the said steps but it can only last for a few hours or a few minutes. But if you are in a hurry, you can use it anytime. There are some other types of deodorizers such as shoe deodorizer. Corn starch and baking soda can be a temporary shoe deodorizer when you cant still buy one. Products that contain Benzoyl Peroxide can kill bacteria and can lessen foot odour problem too. Determining the reason why your sweat is released can help too. If you sweat because of stress, you can have some relaxation techniques for you to lessen the production of sweat in your body. Some components of a regular diet can lessen or strengthen the odour of ones foot. A regular diet with zinc might help too. Almost everyone who suffers from foot odour lacks zinc in their diets. Antibacterial soaps must also be used to wash the feet for at least once a day. Make sure not to use inappropriate to prevent making the problem bigger. If the problem is still there despite all the steps said, one must consult a podiatrist for some information. You must make sure that you are not undergoing a serious foot disease. Some strong solutions such as antibiotics, aluminium chloride and ethyl alcohol, and Botox can also help. But in some cases, surgical operations are needed. (Vercillo, 2006)

The worst thing to have is smelly feet because of the embarrassment it brings to a person who has it. There are some ways to lessen this problem.

In washing the feet, one must not just take it as a simple part of a daily shower. The main reason why you should wash your feet is to remove the bacteria which caused bad odours to be released. Bacteria could be in the dead skin cells found at your foot. A quick rub on foot with soapy water is not enough to remove bacteria. So, it would be better if you use washcloth and antibacterial soap. In drying the feet, it should be completely dry to avoid making a breeding area for bacteria. So, one must take his time drying the feet.

In changing the socks, make sure to change it with laundered one. A white sock is less prone to bacteria than a colored one. (McGimpsey, 2006)

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the testing of the product will take place. Here, the improvised absorbent tester made from wheel and axle, funnel, and clips will be used. This equipment will determine the amount of liquid absorbed by a certain type of powder used.

A. Research Design

In this experiment, Foot Powder will be used though these are different in nature . One is the calamansi product and the other one is the commercial product. Therefore, Completely Randomized Design or CRD will be used.

B. Materials and Equipments

Materials:Equipments:

8.5x11in Oxford Cloth2 thin Metal barsFood Processor

Dried calamansi peelingsBasinBeaker

WaterTeaspoon

4 pieces 17x2x4in woodTalc Powder

Wheel and Axle

C. General Procedure

Gathering of Materials

The researchers need 100 calamansi pieces per type of drying process. So, 300 pieces will be used for there are 3 types of drying process namely, Sun Drying, Air Drying, and the Air-Sun Drying method.

Drying the Calamansi Peelings

The calamansi peelings need to be dried so it would be possible for us to grind it. These will be placed in trays and will be stored to different conditions.

Sun Dry Method

100 calamansi peelings will be sun dried for 48 hours.

Air Dry Method

100 calamansi peelings will be air dried for 72 hours.

Air-Sun Dry Method

100 calamansi peelings will be air dried for 24 hours and will be sun dried for 48 hours.

Pulverization of Peelings

The dried peelings will be ground using food processor for us to have the expected result.

Preparation of Equipment

The next thing to do is to make the tester while the drying process is going on. The clips will be attached to the pieces of wood first. Afterwards, two sides of the funnel will be nailed to the pieces of wood. To keep the equipment balanced, a piece of plywood will be nailed at its base.

Equipment Expectation:

Wet Cloth Preparation

20ml water will be poured in the 8.5x11in piece of Oxford Cloth. After this, 1teaspoon of foot powder will be sprinkled. This step and the following step will be repeated thrice per type of foot powder.

Water Collection

Tie the cloth to the metal bars. Turn the axle for 15 times. The basin will catch the water extracted.

D. Experimental Set-up

The following table represents the data gathered in the experimentation.

Type of Foot Powder Used

Amount of Water Extracted(in mL)

Amount of Water Absorbed

(in mL)

No Powder Used

(Plain Cloth)

Commercial Talc Powder

Calamansi Foot Powder:

Air Dried

Sun Dried

Air-Sun Dried

Commercial Talc Powder with:

Air Dried Calamansi Foot Powder

Sun Dried Calamansi Foot Powder

Air-Sun Dried Calamansi Foot Powder

E. Statistical Tool

Since data taken during the course of the study are numerical in nature, the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) Test will be used to determine if there is a significant difference between the set-ups.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. BOOKS

Mabberley, D.J. (1987) The Plant Book: A portable dictionary and the higher plant.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge P 706

Renner, John H. (1993) The Home Remedies Handbook. Lincolnwood, Illinois; Louis Weber,

C.E.O. Publications International, Ltd. P.169-170

B. INTERNET ARTICLES

Cindy (2008) Oil Extracted from Calamansi Peelings as Preservatives for Hair Oil from

http://cindy07-08.blogspot.com/2008/03/chapter-i.html

Hoyum, Nils (2011) How to Get Rid of Foot Odour from

http://odours.getridofthings.com/get-rid-of-foot-odour.htm

Morton, Julia (1987). Calamondin the Versatil Fruit from

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/calamondin.html

Tips_tricks (2008) 13 Ways to Use Calamansi from

http://www.tipsandtricks4me.com/2008/03/13-ways-to-use-calamansi.html

Vercillo, Kathryn (2009) 20 Tips for How to Get Rid of Foot Odour from

http://kathrynvercillo.hubpages.com/hub/20-Tips-for-Reducing-Foot-Odour

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Adecel Grace C. CalisoNickname: Adecel

Religion: Roman Catholic Gender: Female

Place of Birth: Iligan City, Lanao del Norte Date of Birth: July 19, 1997

Home Address: Zone Cancer Suarez, Iligan City

Fathers Name: Nolan C. Caliso

Mothers Name: Jocelyn C. Caliso

Educational Background:

ElementaryName of School: South II Central School

Address: Zone Orchids Suarez, Iligan City

Date of Graduation:

SecondaryName of School: MSU IIT Integrated Developmental School_

Address: Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, Iligan City

Date of Graduation:

Honor and Awards Received:

ElementaryFourth Honor (Grade 1 2),

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Nickname:

Religion: Gender:

Place of Birth: Date of Birth:

Home Address:

Fathers Name:

Mothers Name:

Educational Background:

ElementaryName of School:

Address:

Date of Graduation:

SecondaryName of School:

Address:

Date of Graduation:

Honor and Awards Received:

Secondary