VIATOR MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE STUDIES

Volume 39, No. 2 (2008)

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF

THE CENTER FOR MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

BREPOLS

The Orsini: A Family of Roman Baroni in COIJ/L. 'T!

The Orsini Family Papers at the University of California, Los Angeles: Property Administration, Political Strategy, and Architectural Legacy

GUENDALINA AJELLO MAHLER 297

Fideicommisstun and Family: The Orsini di Bracciano THOMAS KUEIIN 323

The Exemplary Career of a Rogue Elephant: Napoleone Orsini, Abate di Farfa CHRISTINE SHAW 343

When a Woman "Takes" Charge: Marie-Anne de Ia Tremoille and the End of the Patrimony of the Dukes of Bracciano

CAROLINE CASTIGLIONE 363

The Orsini and the Aesthetics of Everyday Life RENATA AGO 381

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS: A NEW EDITION OF THE Episcoporunr de poerritentia, quarr Hludowicus imperator professes est,

relatio Compendiensis (833)

0

by Courtney M. Booker'

Abstract: This article offers a new critical edition of the narrative that recounts, justifies, solemnizes, and defines the consequences of the public penance of Emperor Louis the Pious in October, 833. Composed by an anonymous bishop on behalf of his episcopal peers as their collective account and decree of the pro- ceedings, the narrative, known since the late nineteenth century by the title Episcoponrnr de poenitentia, quain Hludon"icus impcrator profcssus est, rclato Compendiensis, has long been believed to be extant only by way of its first printed edition from 158S. The recent discovery of three early sixteenth-century manu- script witnesses allows for a new edition of the text, and provides evidence that suggests a number of edito- rial interventions during the ninth century, accounting for its unlikely preservation. These interventions refine our understanding of the Carolingian polemics and intcrtextual dialogues that treat the nature of Louis the Pious's reign and inform its remembrance. Keywords: Louis the Pious, Thegan of Trier, Ebbo of Reims, Walafrid Strabo, Reginbert of Reichenau, Konrad Peutineer, Pierre Pithou, Relatio episcoporum, penance, intertextuality, compilation

For centuries, the reign of Charlemagne's son and sole heir, Louis the Pious (r. 814- 840), has largely been remembered and understood as one marked by controversy. Yet, among the many events during his controversial career, none has proven more emblematic of Louis's problems than the affairs of 833. In June of that year, on a fer- rous plain in Alsace ominously known as the Rotfeld, the three sons from his first marriage met Louis not amicably, but as foes allied against him in open revolt. Charges and recriminations of misrule, insolence, and spite flew from both camps. A series of colloquies and negotiations soon followed, but failed to defuse the hostilities between the two parties. With their forces tensed for battle, it appeared that the Gor- dian knot separating father and sons would be untangled only by means of the sword. Unfortunately for Louis, the crisis was resolved neither by battle nor by diplomacy, but by treachery. Abandoned by most of his men on a site later stigmatized by his steadfast supporters as the "Field of Lies, " the forlorn emperor fell into the hands of his rebellious sons and their circle of courtiers, counts, and bishops, a coalition that included even Pope Gregory IV, who had come ostensibly to broker a peace between father and sons. '- Three months later, Louis appeared before a great crowd in the

'Dept. of history, University of British Columbia, 1297-1873 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T I ZI, Canada The standard narrative of Louis's "error-ridden reign" can be found in almost any general survey of

Carolingian history, the two most frequently consulted in English being Louis lialphen, Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire. trans. Giselle dc Nic (1947; Amsterdam 1977); and Pierre Riche, The Carolin- giars: d Famil; ' 111o Forged Europe. trans. Michael 1. Allen (1983; Philadelphia 1993). Over the past half century, there has been a sustained effort to correct this narrative; sec Francois L. Ganshof, "Charlemagne's Failure. " and "Louis the Pious Reconsidered, " in idcm. The Carolingians and the Frankis/r lfon arclrt', trans. Janet Sondheimcr (1947; 1957; London 1971) 256-260,261-272; Thomas F. X. Noble, "Louis the Pious and His Piety Re-Reconsidered, " Revue Belge dephilologie et d'histoire 58 (1980) 297-316; Peter Godman, Roger Collins, eds., Char/cnragne'c Heir New Perspectives on the Reign ojLouis the Pious (814-840) (Oxford 1990); and Philippe Depreux. "Louis le Picux reconsidcni? A propos des travaux rccents consacres 517u'ritier de Charlemagne et s son rs gne, " Francia 21,1 (1994) 181-212.

2 Many contemporary sources provide an account of this event. See the surveys by Bernhard von Sim-

liaror 39 No. 2 (2005) 1-20.10.1484/j. \'iATOR . 1.100203.

2 COURTNEY N1. BOOKER

church of Saint-Medard in Soissons. He announced to the ecclesiastics overseeing the ceremony that, with their assistance, he wished to undertake a penance by which he might humble himself, quell the divine anger provoked by his recent crimes, and merit reconciliation with God. Confessing to a whole host of misdeeds, the contrite emperor placed his sword-belt upon the altar, exchanged his royal attire for the sackcloth of a penitent, and welcomed the healing hands and prayers of the attendant bishops. The kingdom once entrusted to him by God had been revoked. It was now placed in the care of his eldest son, Lothar, whose responsibilities-and whose potential punish- ments, warned the bishops-were every bit as grave. 3

The details of this infamous penance-its infamy due largely to the great skepti- cism long expressed over Louis's apparent free will in the proceedings4-are known chiefly from an anonymous narrative written by one of the bishops present at the ritual and signed by his peers as their collective account and decree .5 It has been edited in

son, Jahrbicher des fränkischen Reiches tatter Ludwig dent Frommen (Leipzig 1876) 2.45-54; X. Boyer, "Le Champ du Mensonge: An 833, " Revue d Alsace, 2nd series, 13 (1862) 49-108; and Camille Oberreiner, "Le Champ du Mensonge, " Revue d'Alsace, 2nd series, 56 (1905) 345-349. The best modem discussion

remains Thomas F. X. Noble, "Louis the Pious and the Papacy: Law, Politics and the Theory of Empire in the Early Ninth Century" (Ph. D. diss., Michigan State University 1974) 321-352; supplemented by Egon Boshof, Ludwig der Fromme (Darmstadt 1996) 182-198. On the pope's presence, see Wilhelm Ohr, "Zwvci Fragen zur tilteren Papstgeschichte, " Zeitschrifi ttr Kirchengeschichte 24 (1903) 333-352; and Johannes Fried, "Ludwig der Fromme, das Papsttum and die fränkische Kirche, " in Peter Godman, Roger Collins,

eds., C/tarlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814-840) (Oxford 1990) 267-273.

3 On the penance of Louis the Pious in 833 and its immediate aftermath, see Mayke do Jong, "Power and Humility in Carolingian Society: The Public Penance of Louis the Pious, " Early', %fedieval Europe 1 (1992) 29-52; and Ludgcr Rid, "Die \Viedereinsetzung Kaiser Ludwigs des Frommen zu St. Denis (l. März 834)

and ihre Wiederholung zu Metz (28. Februar 835), " in Heinrich M. Gietl, Georg Pfeilschifer, eds., Fest-

gabe Alois Knöpfler zur Vollendung des 70. Lebensjahres (Freiburg im Breisgau 1917) 265-275. Louis had

performed penance twice before-once in 822 and again in 830-but in each instance did so without the

consequence of forfeiting the throne. See Olivier Guillot, "Autour de la penitence publique do Louis Ic Pieux (822), " Caliiers de l'Institut dAnthropologie Juridique 3 (1999) 281-313; Boshof, Ludwig der

Frornme (n. 2 above) 148-150,184; Noble, "Louis the Pious and His Piety" (n. I above) 312-313; Rudolf Schieffcr, "Von Mailand nach Canossa: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der christlichen Herrscherbusse von Theodosius der Grosse bis zu Heinrich IV, " Deutsches Archis' ur Erforschung des Mittelalters 28 (1972) 354-355; Simson, Jahrbücher des fränkischen Reichs (n. 2 above) 1.177-182,352-354. On the rather ob- scure penance of 830, note also the remarks of the bishops themselves in the Relatio below, 15 I. 16-22; 16 1.1-2.

Louis Ilalphen, "La penitence dc Louis le Picux a Saint Medard dc Soissons, " Bibliotheque de la Fa- culte des Leltres de Paris ß'1'111, troisictnes melanges d'lristoire du , lfoven Age (Paris 1904) 177-185; repr. in idem, A travers l'hisloire du Moyer Age (Paris 1950) 58-66. Cf. Charles Barthelemy, "La deposition do Louis Ic Debonnairc, " in idem, Erreurs et mensonges historiques, 4th series (Paris 1873) 110-148; Mayke dc Jong, "Monastic Prisoners or Opting Out? Political Coercion and Honour in the Frankish Kingdoms, " in Mayke do Jong, Frans Thcuws, Carine Van Rhijn, eds., Topographies of Power in the Ear/v I fiddle Ages (Leiden 2001) 293,315-316; eadcm, "Sacrum palatium et ecclesia: L'autorite rcligicuse royale sous les Carolingiens (790-840), " Annales: Hisloire, Sciences Sociales 58 (2003) 1266.

s The terminus ante queer for the composition of the episcopal Relatio is likely I March 834, when Louis the Pious was released by Lothar at Saint-Denis and subsequently reinvested with his regalia. In his prologue to the text, appended in the early 840s (on which, see Courtney M. Booker, "A New Prologue of Walafrid Strabo, " Viator 36 [2005] 83-105), Walafrid Strabo states that Archbishop Ebbo of Reims was the "author of this evil"; however, it is unclear whether Walafrid means that Ebbo authored the plot against Louis, or the narrative that documents it, or both. Jane S. Ourand, "Louis the Pious and Judith Augusta: In Defense of Sacral Kingship in the Imperium Christianum of the Early Ninth Century" (Ph. D. diss., Univer- sity of Massachusetts Amherst 1998) 161,168, names Ebbo as author of the text. On the other hand, Michel Rubcllin, "Le Pape et I'cglise do Rome vus do Lyon dans la premiere moitie du IX` siccle, " Cahiers d'histoire 30 (1985) 229, identifies Archbishop Agobard of Lyons as its author. Unfortunately, neither

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS 3

print six times and has appeared in no fewer than fifteen additional reprintings, be- ginning with the editio princeps of Pierre Pithou in 1588 and ending in 1897 with the work of Alfred Boretius and Victor Krause for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica- this last being the most meticulous edition to date 6 However, all editions and reprint- ings of the episcopal text ultimately derive solely from the editio princeps of Pithou (= Pi). 7 The particular manuscript that Pithou perhaps took from his personal library8- what he described in the introduction to his edition as a "chartaceum exemplar, " a pa- per, hence late medieval, manuscript9-was lost shortly after he employed it for his edition in 1588; since that time, no other witnesses of the Relatio apart from Pithou's printed text were acknowledged to be extant by later editors. 1° This paucity of textual

scholar provides any evidence to support their claim. On stylistic grounds alone, I would suggest that Ebbo was not the author of the account; cf. the Latinity of the Relatio with that of Ebbo's extant texts, listed in Maric-Helene Jullien, Francoisc Perelman, eds., Claris scriptonun Latinonun medii acvi: Arrctores Galliae 735-987 (Turnhout 1994) 327-333.

6 For the editions, sec Pierre Pithou, Annalium et historiae Franconrm ab anno Christi DCCVIII. ad ann. DCCCCVC scriptures coaetanei , 171. (Paris 1588) 2.136-148; and Alfred Boretius, Victor Krause, NIGH. Capindaria regunt Franconmt (Hannover 1897) 2.51-55. See the Conspectus siglorum for other editions and the Appendix for a list of reprints.

Note, however, that the edition of Boretius and Krause is explicitly based on the text of the 1629 edi- tion of Jacques Sirmond, without acknowledgment of the editio princeps by Pithou in 1588 (likely because they followed the earlier NIGH edition of 1835 by Georg Pertz, who had relied on Sirmond's edition). Cf. Borctius, Krause, MGH, Capitularia (n. 6 above) 2.51, "Repetimus ipsam relationem, cum codices manu- scripti haud amplius cxstarc vidcantur, sccundum Sirmondi editioncm. " For biographical studies on Pithou, see Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 93 n. 50; to which should be added Klaus Malettke, "Pierre Pithou als Historiker, " in August Buck, cd., Humanismus und Historiographic (Weinheim 1991) 89-103. See also Anthony Graflon, Joseph Scaliger. " A Sturh' in the History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford 1993) 2.532, for Pithou's editorial method.

" The title page of Pithou's work, Annalium c1 historiae Franconrm (n. 6 above), notes that the texts contained therein are "ex bibliothcca P. Pithoci. " However, not all the texts in his source collection were derived from manuscripts belonging to his library. For a study of Pithou's library and its fate, see Franpoise Bibolct, "Les Pithou ct l'amour des livres, " in Marie-Madeleine Fragonard, Pierre-Etienne Leroy, eds., Les Pithou: Les lettres ei la paix du royaunre: Acres du colloque de Troyes, 13-15 avril 1998 (Paris 2003) 295- 303; cadcm, "Bibliotheca Pithoeana: Les manuscrits des Pithou: Une histoire do fratemitc et d'amitie, " in Donatella Nebbiai-Dalla Guarda, Jean-Francois Genest, eds., Du copiste art collectionneur: hfelanges d'histoire des tortes ci des bibliotheques en 1'hanneur d'Andre Verner (Turnhout 1998) 497-521.

Pithou, Annaliunr ct historiae Franconrm (n. 6 above) praefatio (a preface which, according to Louis de Rosanbo, "Pierre Pithou, " Revue du seizieme siecle 16 [1929] 306, was written in 1581, seven years earlier than its publication date), where Pithou notes that he took at least the texts of Thegan and the Divisio regnonmt of 806-the latter of which was written in a later hand-from a paper manuscript: "partitio ... regnorum Karoli imperatoris ... in chartacco cxcmplari Thegani vcrc Franci hominis opcri rccentiore manu subiuncta fuit. " Ernst Tremp, Studien zu den Gesta Hhtdowici imperatoris des Trierer Chorbischofs Thegan (Hannover 1988) 172, suggests that Pithou's source for the episcopal account was also this "chartaccum exemplar. " The argument that it came from the region of Chartres, advanced by Hans-Gert Oomen, Ingelore Oomen, "Zur Uberlieferungsgeschichte von Thegans Vita Hludowici imperatoris, " in Karl Hauk, Hubert Mordek, eds., Geschichtsschreibung undgeistiges Leben in: Afittelalter: Festschrift ftir Heinz Löwe zrnn 65. Geburtstag (Cologne 1978) 163-164, was shown to be erroneous by Tremp, Studien zu den Gesta, 169-170. However, Tremp's comments on this paper manuscript have now been superseded by the work of Matthias M. Tischler, Einharts Vita Karoli: Studien zur Entstelmng, Überlieferung und Rezeption (Hannover 2001) 1.874-877, on which sec below.

10 Although cf. the comments of Claude Fauchet, Fleur de la maison de Charlemaigne, qui est la continuation des Antiquitc francoises, contenant les fails de Pepin et ses successcurs depuis l'an 751 jusques ez Van 840, ... (Paris 1601) 232 (lib. 3, c. I I); and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Amtales imperil occi- dentis Brrncsvicenses, ann. 833, c. 28; cd. Georg H. Pertz, Gottfried 1171hehn Leibniz: Gesammelte Werke, vol. 1/1 (Hannover 1843; repr. Hildesheim 1966) 428. Sec Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 87 nn. 25-26.

4 COURTNEY M. BOOKER

witnesses is unsurprising, given the great infamy long attached to the events. " Indeed, when one considers that Louis was rescued by his supporters in March 834, ceremoni- ously restored to the throne in February 835, and the rebel bishops formally con- demned and exiled in quick succession, it is a wonder that any witnesses of the bish- ops' account survive at all. 12

In an earlier article, I demonstrated the reasons for the preservation of the bishops' damning narrative, revealed the existence of three additional manuscript witnesses of the text, and underscored the need for a new critical edition that takes these witnesses into account. 13 The aim of the present study is to supply that critical edition. To this end, it will be useful to summarize my earlier conclusions, which in many ways serve as a prolegomenon to the present edition. In 2001, following a lead provided by Ernst Tremp, Matthias Tischler noted the presence of the bishops' Relatio in an early six- teenth-century manuscript, Wroclaw, Biblioteka Uniwersytecka Akc. 1949/397 (olim Steinw. II Fol. 3) (= IV). '4 Thanks to some remarkable detective work, Tischler deter-

11 For instance, between the late 9th and the early 12th c., numerous annals, which record little else of Louis the Pious's reign, placed just two synoptic, striking words beside the year DCCCXXXIII- fran-

cortun dedectts, " the shame of the Franks. See the Annales Alantannici. cd. Walter Lendi, Untersuchungen

zur friihalenrannischen Annalistik (Freiburg 1971) 176. The entries in this work for the years 802-856, which are very sparse, were likely recorded at one go by a single annalist working at Reichenau in the third quarter of the 9th c.; for the manuscript, Stiftsarchiv St. Gallen, Ztlrcher Abt. X. Nr. 1, fols. 90v-91r, sec Lendi, Untersrtchungen, 83-84, and for a 10th-c. copy, 134-135. The Annales Alannannici are the source for the 833 entry in the Annales WPeingarlenses, cd. Pertz, NIGH, SS, 1.65; Annales Einsidlenses. cd. Pcrtz, MGI-1, SS, 3.139; and Annales Forntoseletues, ed. Pertz, MGH, SS, 5.35. Such ill feelings towards the events of that year are still evident in the title given to the bishops' account by Pithou in his editio princeps: "Proceedings of Emperor Louis the Pious's shameful and impious deposition" (Acta impiae et nefandae exauctorationis Ludovicii Pii imperatoris). Moreover, legends of the Rotfeld as an accursed place were reported as late as the 19th c.; see Auguste-Marie-Pierre Ingold, "L'Ochsenfeld: Scs antiquites, ses traditions, " Bulletin: de la societe pour la conservaliot: des n: ot: untents historiques d 'Alsace, second series, I (1863) 138-143; Gabriel Gravier, Legendes d'Alsacc (Belfort 1986) 1.69-72. For a survey of the remem- brance of the events of 833, see Courtney Ni. Booker, "Histrionic History, Demanding Drama: The Penance of Louis the Pious in 833, Memory, and Emplotment, " in Helmut Reimitz, Bernhard Zeller, eds., Vergan- genheit and Vergegenurürtigung: Frithes tlillelaller turd Europäische Erinnerungskultur. Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 14 (Vienna, forthcoming).

12 See Rid, "Die Wiedereinsetzung Kaiser Ludwigs des Frommen" (n. 3 above) 265-275; Bosltof, Ludwig der Fronune (n. 2 above) 203-212; and Booker, "A New Prologue" In. 5 above) 87 n. 22. Of the ecclesiastics known to have participated in the rebellion-Agobard of Lyons, Bartholomew of Narbonne, Bernard of Vienne, Ebbo of Reims, Hclias of Troyes, Heribald of Auxerre, Hilduin of Saint-Denis, Jesse of Amiens, and \Vala of Corbic-several were later allowed to return to their o(lices. Agobard and Bernard re- turned in 838/839 (Philippe Depreux, Prosopographie de 1'entourage de Louis le Pieter [781-840] [Sig- maringen 1997] 406-408; Astronomer, cap. 57; Ado of Vienne, PL 123, col. 135), Heribald in 838 (Dc- preux, Prosopographie 241-242), and Hilduin perhaps as early as 834 (Deprcux, Prosopographie 250-256). Jesse, Hclias, and Willa (who was formally pardoned by Louis) all died from a plague in Italy late in 836 (Dcpreux, Prosopographie 408-409; Astronomer, cap. 56). Bartholomew and Ebbo were both utterly banned from office (Depreux, Prosopographie 169-174; Simson, Jahrbircher des fränkischen Reichs [n. 2 above] 2.138 n. 3), though after Louis's death Ebbo persisted in his attempts to regain his see, acquiring it again briefly in 840. In 835, Hildemann of Beauvais cleared himself of accusations alleging his disloyalty to the emperor during the days of the rebellion (Simson, Jahrbütcl: er des frdnkischen: Reichs [n. 2 above] 2.137 n. 3). Among those bishops remaining loyal to Louis, Noble, "Louis the Pious and the Papacy" (n. 2 above) 329 n. 17, has identified Drogo of Metz, Modoin of Autun, Willeric of Bremen, Aldric of Lc Mans, Otgar of Mainz, Hildi of Verdun, Bernold of Strasbourg, Verendarius of Chur, Ileriric of Saint-Latimer do Blois, Christian of Saint-Germain d'Auxerre, Hrabanus Maurus, and Jonas of Orleans.

13 Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 83-105, and 88 n. 27 for the call for a new edition. 14 Tischler, Ei nharts Vita Karoli (n. 9 above) 1.873-883; Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 88 n.

27. In his description of the Wroclaw manuscript's contents, Gabriel G. Brcdow, Karl der Grosse, wie Eginhart ihn beschreiben, die Legende ihn dargestellt. Neuere bettrtheill laben (Altona 1814) 178-186,

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS 5

mined that this manuscript, which contains a number of texts on the history of the Franks, " was copied by the German humanist Konrad Peutinger (1465-1546) in 1508.16 Pursuing this lead further, Tischler ascertained that Peutinger's source for his manuscript copy (li') was likely a late medieval copy of a ninth-century manuscript from the library of the learned Carolingian monk Reginbert of Reichenau. '7 Reginbert preserved the rebel bishops' text probably because he considered it, together with Thegan's Gesta Hhidoii'ici imperaloris (composed in 836/837), relevant source mate- rial for a history book he was compiling sometime between 841 and 842. Following Tischler's lead, and using some new manuscript evidence, I argued that, prior to their inclusion in his compilation, Reginbert had found these two texts already collected together in another, small compilation, one only recently assembled by a friend, the scholar and poet Walafrid Strabo. While at Reichenau, Walafrid, a loyal courtier of Louis the Pious, had edited the two texts between late 840 and early 841, giving pro- logues to each, dividing and enumerating Thegan's text into chapters, and providing the chapters with descriptive titles. As part of this didactic dossier, Walafrid preserved the bishops' inimical narrative in order to expose its fraudulence, to support the claims made by Thegan about the iniquity of those responsible for it, and to serve as a re- minder of the cunning and malevolence of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims, the alleged architect of the plot-18

This was as far as i went with Tischler's lead and its implications with respect to \Valafrid and the rebel bishops' Relatio. Now, however, i would emend this position and allow for the possibility that, even prior to \Valafrid's editorial interventions (which seem to have been made in response to the release and reinstatement of Ebbo in late 840), Tliegan himself may have first paired the bishops' text together with his own work (as evidence to support his strident claims about the iniquity of lowborn bishops), and it was this initial collection that Walafrid would come to edit and re-is- sue as a reminder of Ebbo's guile and deceit. 19 Certainly my prior claims in support of

silently passed over the episcopal text, making no mention of its presence. 13 Grouped together are a series of annals running from the beginning of the world to the year 818 (the

Chronicon de ser aetatibus nrundi, Annales Laurerhan: enses 703-770, Annales regni Franconun 771-818), followed by Thegan's Gesta Hludoirici iniperatoris bearing 1Valafrid Strabo's chapter divisions, and then the episcopal narrative of Louis's penance with a prologue by Walafrid Strabo. See Tischler, Einharls Vila Karoli (n. 9 above) 1.870-883; Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 88 n. 30.

16 Tischler, Einharts Vita Karoli (n. 9 above) 1.873-883; Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 88 n. 28.

"Tischler, Einbarts Vita Karoli (n. 9 above) 1.428-429,431 n. 603,874-877; Booker, "A New Pro- logue" (n. 5 above) 89 n. 31.

" Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 91-98. 19 This hypothesis extends the previous claims made in Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 94-97.

Johannes Fried, "Mandlichkcit, Erinnerung and Herrschaft: Zugleich zum Modus 'Dc Heinrico, "' in Joseph Canning, Otto Gerhard Ocxle, eds., Political Thought and the Realities of Power in the Middle Ages (G6t- tingen 1998) 16-17, stated that Thegan possessed a copy of Louis's confession from the 833 penance, and with his biography was attempting to mitigate its charges; unfortunately, Fried provided no support for this claim. On Thcgan's text, see Trcmp, Studien --it den Gesia (n. 9 above); and Thegan, Gesta Hludowici im- peratoris. cd. Ernst Trcmp, Thegan: Die Taten Kaiser Ludwigs; Astrononrus: Das Leben Kaiser Ludwigs, NIGH, SRG. scparatinr editi 64 (Hannover 1995). Note that the hypothesis of Thegan as compiler of the Gesta lludowici and the Rclatio has the corollary that several (lost) 9th-c. manuscript witnesses of Thegan's text, as identified by Ernst Tremp, 77regmt: Die Taten Kaiser Ludwigs, 52, may also have con- tained the compilation, which was then selectively copied and re-compiled in later manuscripts without the bishops' "fraudulent" Rclatio. On Ebbo, see: Peter R. McKeon, "Archbishop Ebbo of Reims (816-835): A

6 COURTNEY M. BOOKER

Walafrid as the compiler of the two texts-a compilation made in order to provide a loyalist rebuttal to the numerous charges of Louis's iniquity in the Relatio-can just as easily apply to the fiercely loyal Thegan. It was Thegan who has Louis explain, using vivid, direct speech, that he did not assemble his people together on the Field of Lies for the purpose of their mutual destruction-an act which the bishops claimed in the Relatio to have been the emperor's greatest sin-but rather sent his own faithful men away out of concern that they not lose their lives or limbs on his account. 20 Moreover, Thegan may have attached the Relatio to his biographical work on Louis as textual evidence to support his famous ad hominem attack on Ebbo for the many cruelties that the lowborn bishop had inflicted upon the emperor. ' Another intertextual dialogue between the two works seems to suggest as much. In the Gesta Hludowici imperatoris, when Thegan says to Ebbo, "Unless I had an iron tongue and bronze lips, I could not enumerate (enwnerare) or explain all your wrongs, " he may be laying emphasis on the word "your, " responding to and refuting the accusations made and similar language of enumeration used by Ebbo and the other bishops in their Relatio of Louis's wrongs: "Indeed, many things were enumerated (enumerare) which happened in this empire through [Louis's] negligence"; "That so many evils and disgraces, which are not able to be enumerated (enwnerare), were not enough for [Louis]

...... "

In sum, while the Relatio has been edited six times in print since Pithou's editio princeps in 1588, it had already been edited perhaps as many as three times in manu- script just in the ninth century alone. To what extent these three early medieval edi- tors-Thegan, Walafrid Strabo, and Reginbert-modified the rebel bishops' text as it has come down to us is uncertain, other than that Walafrid added an inimical, didactic prologue, and that the signatures of the attendant bishops attesting to the text were missing by the time of Peutinger's copies in the early sixteenth century. '

Study in the Carolingian Empire and Church, " Church Ilistor}' 43 (1974) 437-447; and Stuart Airlic, "Bonds of Power and Bonds of Association in the Court Circle of Louis the Pious, " in Peter Godman, Roger Collins, eds., Charlemagne's Heir: Nen' Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814-840) (Oxford 1990)191-193,200-204.

20 Cf. Rclatio, 18 I. 25-26; 19 I. 1-3; and Thegan, Gesta Hiudon"ici imperatoris (n. 19 above) cap. 42, cd. Tromp 228-230. See Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 94. Note that the bishops make this same claim-"novissime omnem populem ... ad communem interitum contraxcrit"-earlier in the Relatio, 14 I. 4-5.

21 Thegan, Gesta Hludowici iniperatoris (n. 19 above) cap. 44, cd. Trcmp, 232-238; Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 95 and nn. 58-60.

22 Thegan, Gesta Illudowici irnperatoris (n. 19 above) cap. 44, cd. Tremp, 236 (alluding to Virgil, Aeneid VI, 625-627), "Nisi linguam habuisse ferream ct labia aenca, omnis ncquicias tugs cxplanarc nee enumerarc potuisse. " Cf. Rclatio, 13 I. 7-8, "Enumerate quippc sunt multa, quac per ncgligentiam in hoc imperio contigcrunt"; Relatio, 18 I. 23-24, "Quod non suffecerint ci tot mala et tlagitia per suam ncgligen- tiam ct improuidentiam in regno sibi commisso perpctrata, quac enumcrari non possent.... " 23 In addition to placing their signatures at the end of the Relatio (cf. 19 I. 16-21), the bishops each dray up individual attestations of their presence at, participation in, and endorsement of Louis's penance in 833. These attestations were then appended to (and perhaps bound with) the Rclatio; unfortunately, only a copy of one (by Archbishop Agobard of Lyons, in a late 9th-c. manuscript of his collected works) is extant. See Agobard of Lyons, Cartula de Ludovici imperaloris poenitentia. cd. Licvcn Van Acker, CCCA1 52 (Turn- hout 1981) XLVI, 323-324; Egon Boshof, ErzbischofAgobard von Lyon: Leben and ll'erke (Cologne 1969) 247-251; and Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 96. For still another contemporary compilation of texts regarding the events of 833, one comprised largely of works by Agobard, see the remarks of Van Acker, XXI.

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS 7

PRINCIPLES OF THE EDITION

Although both the ninth-century Reginbert manuscript and its late medieval copy are now lost-Reginbert's manuscript was last noted in a late seventeenth-century library

catalog24-Tischler suggested that the late medieval copy used by Konrad Peutinger in 1508 was employed subsequently by Pierre Pithou for his published source collection in 1588 (i. e., that it was Pithou's mysterious cltarlacetun exemplar). 25 Moreover,

nearly a century prior to Tischler's observations, Paul Joachimsen pointed out that the rebel bishops' narrative is also extant in two other manuscripts of assorted historical

material compiled by Peutinger. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. F 243, fols. 17r-21v (= S); and Augsburg, Staats- and Stadtbibliothek, 2' Cod. 145, fols. 28r-33r (= A). 26 While it is unclear when Peutinger made these two copies, the text of the bishops' narrative preserved within them appears to be independent of that found in the Peutinger Wroclaw manuscript (Jr); i. e., the S and A witnesses of the text were not simply copied verbatim from iI , nor IV from S or A (S and A provide text that is frequently absent from IV and vice versa). ̀ In other words, it appears that all three of Peutinger's copies most likely derive not from one another, but from a mutual source-the lost late medieval copy of the Reginbert manuscript. And if Tischler is

right, Pithou's editio princeps of the bishops' text is based on this lost late medieval copy as well. (Ernst Tremp had previously shown that Pithou did not use Peutinger's Wroclaw copy as the basis for his printed text's) As R. H. C. Davis and Francoise Bibolet noted, several unidentified manuscripts from Pithou's library were sold from-while others yet remain in-the private collection of Pithou's descendants, the de Rosanbos. 29 Perhaps the lost late medieval paper copy of Reginbert's manuscript was once, and is still, part of Pithou's remarkable bequest to his heirs.

The following edition of the episcopal narrative is based on the text as published by Pierre Pithou in his editio pri zceps of 1588 (Pi), which, despite a number of misprints,

:' It was mentioned in a library catalog from the monastery of Engclbcrg, 100 kilometers south of Reichenau. See Tischler, Einlarts Vita Karoli (n. 9 above) 1.429,876-877; Albert Bruckner, Scriptoria medii aevi hehetica: Denknldlerscinrei: erischerSchreibkunst des Mittelalters (Genf 1950) 8.99; and above all, J. \\'crner, "Die Reichcnaucr Reginbcrthandschrift XXXVI war in Engelberg, " Zentralblatt fuir Biblio- thekswesen 37 (1920) 84, who made the discovery. On the same page, \Verner also observes that the Rcgin- bcrt codex does not appear in an Engclbcrg library catalog from 1891.

Peutingcr discovered the late medieval copy of Rcginbert's "codex 36" in the monastery of Peters- hausen near Constance (as he notes at the end of his copy of Thegan's text in both Stuttgart, \Vürttembcr- gischc Landcsbibliothck, Cod. Kist. F 243, fol. 17r, and Augsburg, Staats- and Stadtbibliothek, 2' Cod. 145, fol. 28r. "Ex Historia Thegani Corcpiscopi Trcvercnsis apud Monasterium Domus Sancti Petri prope Con- stanciam comperta"). For its resemblance to the "chartaccum exemplar" later used by Pithou, sec Tischler, Einbarts Vita Karolt (n. 9 above) 1.871-877. Tischler makes a convincing argument that Peutingcr's Peters- hausen codex and Pithou's "chartaccum exemplar' were the same late medieval manuscript, but is careful to note that this identification cannot be determined with absolute certainty (although he ignores his own ca- veat at 431 n. 603). The fate of this lost Petcrshauscn codex is unknown.

26 Paul Joachimsen, Geschiehtsm ffassung and Geschichischreibung in Deutschland unter dem Einfluss des Humanismus (Leipzig 1910) 292 n. 46.

: 'This observation revises the previous claim made in Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 88 n. 28, that S and .4 are merely copies of 11.

Tremp, Studien at den Gesta (n. 9 above) 172,199. See R. 11. C. Davis. -William of Poitiers and His History of William the Conqueror, " in R. H. C.

Davis, John Michael Wallace-Hadrill, eds., The 11 siting of History in the at fiddle Ages (Oxford 1981) 95-98; Bibolet, "Bibliotheca Pithocana: Les manuscrits des Pithou" (n. 8 above) 510-512,519-520. The private library of the dc Rosanbos remains uncataloged.

$ COURTNEY M. BOOKER

contains fewer errors and is in general still more reliable than Konrad Peutinger's

three early sixteenth-century witnesses (IV S, A). However, I have also made use of Pithou's Handexemplar (= Pill) of his published edition, which contains many corri- genda entered by his own hand at some time between the book's publication in 1588

and his death on 1 November 1596 30 This is not to say that the present edition is sim- ply a corrected version of Pithou's published text, for I have frequently adopted read- ings found only in the new manuscript witnesses (examples worthy of special mention being "correctione, " 12 1.9; "sub imperio, i31 12 I. 13; "adiuimus, " 12 1.17; "enume-

rata, " 13 1.7; "mulieris, " 18 1.5). In addition to presenting the text for the first time with a critical apparatus, I have included several source identifications that were not provided in the previous editions (e. g., the references to Paul's Second Epistle to Timothy, Pope Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, and a decretal of Pope Leo the Great).

Finally, for the sake of comparison, and where appropriate, I have noted in the ap- paratus criticus the emendations offered by the text's six later editors, Caesar Baronio (= P1ja), Melchior Goldast (= Pie, ), Jacques Sirmond (= Pis; ), Georg Pertz (= Pip-),

and Alfred Boretius and Victor Krause (= PiB. K). Where all these editors follow the text of Pithou, I supply the siglum Pi et al.

30 Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Reserve des Livres rares, Res. L45.1: Pierre Pithou, Anna- lium ei hisloriae Franconia ab anno Christi DCCVII! ad annum DCCCC, I'C scriplores coaelanei XII

... (Paris 1588). The book was later owned in succession by Pithou's nephew Charles Labbe, Etienne Baluze,

and Abbe Louis de Targny, according to a note on the title page; see Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5

above) 91 n. 40. 31 On this reading, see Booker, "A New Prologue" (n. 5 above) 92-93 nn. 45-47.

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS 9

APPENDIX REPRINTS OF PITHOU'S TEXT NOT INCLUDED IN THE APPARATUS CRITICUS

1. Pithou, P. A11,1a/iunn e1 historiae Francorum ab anno Christi DCCVIIL ad ann. DCCCC, I'C. scriplores coaelanei , 17I. Nunc prinlun! in hlcem editi er bibliotheca P. Pitlloei... (Frankfurt 1594) 322-330.

2. Binius, S. Co, lciliage, lera/ia et provnlcialia (Cologne 1606) I11/1.573-575. 3. Baronio, C. Anna/es ecclesiastici (Rome 1624) 9.871-875 (ann. 833). 4. Duchesne, A. Hlstorlae Fra, lcorllnl seriptores coaeta�ei: ab Ipsllls genus orlgme,

ad Pipinum usque regem (Paris 1636) 2.331-334. 5. Conciliorunn omnilun genera/ium et provincialiwn col/ectio regia (Paris 1644)

21.278-285. 6. Vorburg, J. P. Historia, 7un vo/lmlen ... historiae Ronlano-Geinlanicae (Frankfurt

1660) 11.251-255. 7. Labbe, P. and Cossart, G. Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionent exacta (Paris

1671) 7.1686-1691. 8. Hardouin, J. Acta concilionnn et epistolae decretales, ac constittdiones sununorum

po� 1if, cum (Paris 1714) 4.1377-1382. 9. Lünig, J. C. Reichsarchiv (Leipzig 1716) 15.111-114. 10. Labbe, P., Cossart, G., and Coleti, N. Sacrosancta cancilia ad regiann editionem

exacta (Venice 1729) 9.801-806. 11. Baronio, C., and Pagi, A. Amlales ecclesiastici (Lucca 1743) 14.186-191 (ann.

833). 12. Bouquet, N-1. Reclleil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (Paris 1749) 6.243-

246. 13. Mansi, J. D. Sacra-inn conciliorum nova et anlplissima collectio (Venice 1769)

14.647-651. 14. Migne, J: P. Pan"o/ogia Latina (Paris 1851) 97.659-664. 15. Baronio, C. and Theiner, A. A, nlales ecclesiastici (Paris 1868) 14.179-182 (ann.

833).

10 COURTNEY M. BOOKER

EDITION

CONSPECTUS SIGLORUM:

W= Wroclaw, Biblioteka Uniwersytecka Akc. 1949/397 (olim Stein w. II Fol. 3) fols. 8r-9v (c. E. 1508).

S= Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. hist. F 243, fols. 17r-21v (Saec. XVI'"*).

A= Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek, 2° Cod. 145, fols. 28r-33r (Saec. XVI'"-).

Pi = PITI-IOU, P. Annalizun et historiae Francortun ab anno Christi DCCVIII. ad ann. DCCCCXC. scriptores coaetanei XII. Nunc prinnun in lucem editi er bibliotheca P. Pithoei ... (Paris 1588) 2.136-148.

Pils = Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Reserve des Livres rares, Res. L45.1: PITHOU, P. Annalium et historiae Francorwn ab anno Christi DCCVIII. ad ann. DCCCCXC. scriptores coaetanei XII. Nunc prinuun in lucem editi ar bibliotheca P. Pithoei

... (Paris 1588) 2.136-148.

PiQ� = BARONIO, C. Annales ecclesiastici (Mainz 1601) 9.997-1001 (ann. 833).

PiG, = GOLDAST, M. DD. NN. imperatorum Caesarum augustommi, regum, et principum electorum s. Romani imperü, recessus, carstitutiones, ordinationes, ei rescripta, in publicis comitüs promulgata (Hannover 1609) 2.16-18.

Pisi = SIRMOND, J. Concilia antiqua Galliae, cum epistolis poniifrcum, principcun conslilutionibus, et aliis Gallicanae rei ecclesiasticae monumentis (Paris 1629) 2.560- 564.

Pip. = PERTZ, G. H. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Leges, in quarto (Hannover 1835) 1.366-369.

Pip. K = BORETIUS, A. and KRAUSE, V. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Capitnrlaria region Francorum (Hannover 1897) 2.51-55.

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS 11

Omnibus in Christiana religione constitutis scire conuenit, quale sit ministerium

episcoporum qualisque uigilantia atque sollicitudo eis circa salutem cunctorum

adhibenda sit, qui constant esse uicarios Christi et clauigeros regni caelorum. Quibus a

Christo tanta collata est potestas, ut, quodcunque ligauerint super terrain, sit ligatum

5 et in caelo, e1 quodcunque soluerint super terrain, sit solutunr et in caelo. Et in quanto

sint ipsi periculo constituti, si ouibus Christi pabulum uitae /Pi 137/ ministrare

neglexerint, et errantes ad uiam ueritatis at-gttendo obsecrando reducere pro uiribus

non studuerint, iuxta illud propheticum: Si non annwrtiaueris, inquit, iniquo

iniquilalern suam, et ipse in impielate szia mot-tints fiterit, sanguinem eizis de inanu ttta

10 regrtiranr, et multa his similia ad magisterium pastorale pertinentia, quae in diuinis

sparsim continentur libris. Qua/A28'/propter eisdem pastoribus Christi summopere

studendum est, ut erga errata delinquentium moderationem discretissimam teneant, ut

sint iuxta beati Gregorii doctrinam bene agentibus per htunilitatem socii, contra

4/5 . tlattlr. 18.18-19. 7 cf2 Run. 4,2.

8110 Cf Eeclt. 3, Is. 13 Greg. . tlag., Regula past.. 11. c. 1, c. 6 (ed. F. Ro. tutEG); Registnun epist., 1, ep. 24 (ed. D. NORIIERG).

Tirrdus: Acta impiac et ncfandac exauctorationis Ludouicii PH imperatoris Pi Lothario 1. imperatore

augusto conuocantc, episcoporum s. Romani imperii, edictum de exauctomtione domini Ludeuuici PH impcratoris PiG, Exauctoratio Ludouici PH Pis, Episcoporum dc cxauctorationc Hludouuici impemtoris

rclatio Pil. Episcoporum de pocnitentia, quam Hludouuicus imperator professus est, rclatio Compendiensis Pis. ir Lemma: [11'alafridus Strabo add. Pill] Quac sequuntur gesta sunt apud Compendium palatium contra Christianissimum imperatorem Ludouicum, postquam regno ad tempus priuatus est. Acta sunt autem [autem om. 11I studio non imitandac deiectionis cius ab Hebone auctorc ciusdem mali, et cactcris episcopis, ucl errore annitentibus [admittcntibus Pis,, ], uel timorc consentientibus. Non sunt autcm haec ut salubris concilii dccre: ta amplectenda, sed ut exitialis commenti molimina respucnda [respuenda o»,. Ill. 11'M Pisa Pis, Lemma: Ex historia Thcgani Corcpiscopi Treucrensis apud monasterium domus Sancti Petri prope Constanciam comperta. Exemplum commenti execrandi quo Ebonis Remcnsis et aliorum episcoporunt iudicio Cacs. Hluduuicus Pius Aug. impcrio ad tempus abdicatus crat. SA

2 atque] ct I1'SA 3 quos constat SA Pi eta!. 4 sit ligatum] crunt ligata 11' Grit ligatum SA 5 caclo prices caclis 1I'SA soluerint] solutum I1'SA supra SA sit solutum ct in caclo on:. jr sit] crit SA caclo all. caclis SA 6 Sint] sunt SA 7 rcduccrc om. SA 8 studucrunt SA Pie,, 9 et] quia SA 10/11 quac in diuinis sparsim onr. A quac in diuinis ont. S 11 libris om. Pie/ al. ciusdcm SA 13 doctrinam om. SA dc!. Pict : doctrinac Pisi Pir, PiB. t; post doctrinam add. documents II'SA documentum Piet a!. post contra add ucro 11'

12 COURTNEY Ni. BOOKER

delinquentium uero uitia per zeltun iustitiae erecti: quatinus, posthabito torpore aut

segnitie, uel humano fauore aut mundiali timore, sic exerceant ministerium suum, ut et

praesentibus salubriter consulant et futuris sint exemplum salutis.

Verum quia in agro Dei, qui est ecclesia Christi, noxia quaeque instinctu hostis

5 anti/S17"/qui pullulare non cessant, quae necesse est, ut adhibito sarculo pastorali

radicitus extirpentur, et propter maleuolos quosque, qui bene acta aut intelligere nolunt

aut maleuola intentione potius intelligere, quam ipsam ueritatem delectantur amplecti,

/Pi138/ oportet cosdem pastores, ut, quandocumque de generali utilitate uel publica

correctione quippiam in conuentibus suis decreuerint, id iuxta morem ecclesiasticum

10 scriptis committant: uidelicet ut posteris omnem ambiguitatem et occasionem iuste

detrahendi uel reprehendendi penitus amputent. Proinde notum esse necessarium duximus omnibus filiis sanctae Dei ecclesiae,

praesentibus scilicet et futuris, qualiter nos episcopi, sub imperio domini et

gloriosissimi Lotharii imperatoris constituti anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri lesu

15 Christi octingentesimo tricesimo tertio, indictione XI1, anno siquidem eiusdem /1129`/

principis primo, in mense uidelicet Octobri, apud Compendium palatium generaliter

conuenimus, et memoratum principem humiliter adiuimus. Et hoc quidem illi, siue

I Greg. h1ag., Regula past., II, c. 1, c. 6 (ed. F. RO. ll41EL); Registnon epist., 1, ep. 24 (ed. D. A'ORBERG).

I delinquentum 1V Pis, Pir: PiB. K iustitiae zelum 11' quatenus 1VSA PiB,, Pic, habito 11' aut] atque Pis, Pi,,: PiB. K 2 exerceat Pi Pic, et om. SA 3 et om. SA 4 qui] quc S post ecclesia ras. Dci 1I' 5 surculo Pi Pic, 6 aut onr. 11'SA 7 intcntionem 11' 9 correctionem iVSA coercitionc Pi et al. decrcucrunt SA 12 sanctae ecclesiae Dci 1I'S ecclcsiac sanctae Dci A 13 scilicet] sacculis AS sub iVSA corr. Pi� Pi,:. : subtcr dubitanter Pic, : super Pi PiB, PiS, PiB-K 13/14 ct gloriosissimi om. ii'SA 14 impcratoris constituti om, 11' ab incarnatione] incarnationis Pi et a!. nostri onr. 11'Pi et a!. 15 octingentesimo tricesimo tcrtio] 833 IV Pi,, DCCCXXXIII SA Pis, PiB. K add. Pill indictionern 11' XVI I Pi : XiI Pis, PiB. K corr. PiB, dubitanterPic, : 12 ll'Pip_. ante anno add. -ma imperatoris constitutis 11' 16 primo] est IV in onr. SA Octobris SA 17 adiuimus A corr. Pi� audiuimus IVSPi et a!. et hoc quidem] quac siquidem SA

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS 13

optimatibus illius seu omni generalitati populi, quac undique illuc confluxerat,

manifestare iuxta iniunctum nobis ministerium curauimus, qualis sit uigor et potestas

siue ministerium sacerdotale, et quali meretur damnationis sententia, qui monitis

sacerdotalibus obedire renuerit.

5 Deinde tam memorato principi quam cuncto /JV8/ eius populo denuntiare

studuimus, ut Domino /Pi139/ deuotissime placere studerent, et, in quibuscunque eum

offenderant, satisfactione placere non differrent. Enumerata quippe /S18`/ sunt multa,

quae per negligentiam in hoc imperio contigerunt, quae ad scandalum ecclesiae et

ruinam populi uel regni interitum manifestis indiciis pertinebant: quae necesse erat, ut

10 cito corrigerentur et in futuro omnibus modis uitarentur. Inter caetera etiam commemoratum est a nobis, et omnibus ad memoriam

reductum, qualiter a Deo regnum istud per administrationem bonae memoriae Karoli

praestantissimi imperatoris et per praedecessorum suorum laborem pacificum et

unitum atque mirabiliter dilatatum fuerit, et domino Ludeuuico imperatori a Deo ad

15 regendum sub magna pace commissum Dominoque protegente sub eadem pace,

quamdiu /A29ý/ idem princeps Deo placere studuit et paternis exemplis uti ac bonorum

hominum consiliis acquiescere curauit, conseruatum manserit; et quomodo in processu

temporis, sicut omnibus manifestum erat, per eius inprouidentiam uel negligentiam in

tantam uenerit ignominiam et uilitatem, ut non solum amicis in moesticiam, sed etiam

20 inimicis uenerit in derisionem. Sed quia idem princeps ministerium sub summo sibi

I optimatibus] oportunitatibus SA 3 mereretur ! i'SA mereatur PiPtPie-r damnari Pis, Pipz PiB-A corr. Pill damnationis damnari Pie,, 4 renuerit] nolucrit Pi et a!. 6 placare corr. Pill quibus Piet a!. 7 satisfactione om. Pi et a!. satisfactionem ii' placare PiB, Pis, Pip: Pie-ti dubitanterPic, Enumerata II'SA : Etuimanta Pi : Examinata corr. PiBaPis, PiP, PiB. Adubitanter Pic, 9 crant IVSAPiB, 10 modis omnibus II'SA uitarcnt A 11 memoratum SA 12 a Deo corr. PiB, PiB., r : Deus iV SA Pi Pic, Pis, Pip. 13 per oni. WS A PlB, suorum] eius Ii'SA pacificatum dubitanter PiB. K 14 mirabiliter] nobiliter Piet a!. a Deo onr. SA 16 placere onr. Piet al. ac] ad ii'SA 20 ucncrat {VSA isdem iVSA sub summo orrr. SA Pi et a!.

14 COURTNEY M. BOOKER

commissurn negli/Pi 140/genter tractauerit, et multa, quae Deo et hominibus

displicebant, et fecerit et facere compulerit uel fieri permiserit, et in multis nefandis

consiliis Deum irritauerit, et sanctam ecclesiam scandalizauerit, et, ut caetera, quae

innumera sunt, ornittamus, nouissime omnem populum sibi subiectum ad communern

5 interitum contraxerit, et ab eo diuino iustoque iudicio subito imperialis sit subtracta

potestas, nos tarnen memores praeceptorurn Dei ministeriique nostri atque

beneficiorum /S18`'/ eius dignum duximus, ut, per licentiam memorati principis Lotharii, legationem ad ilium ex auctoritate sacri conuentus mitteremus, quae cum de

suis reatibus admoneat, quatenus certum consilium suae salutis caperet, ut, quia 10 potestate priuatus erat terrena iuxta diuinum consilium et ecclesiasticam auctoritatem,

ne suam animam perderet, elaborare in extremis positus totis uiribus studeret.

Quorum legatorum consiliis et saluberrimis admonitionibus libenter assensum prae/A 30`/buit, spacium poposcit diemque constituit, qua de salubribus eorum monitis

certum eis responsum redderet. Cum autem suprascriptus instaret dies, sacer idem

15 conuentus unanimiter ad eundem uenerabilem uirum per/Pi141/rexit eumque diligenter, de quibus Deum offenderat et sanctam ecclesiam scandalizauerat ac populum sibi commissum perturbauerat, admonere et cuncta illi ad memoriam reducere curauit. Ille uero eorum salutiferam admonitionem, et dignam congruamque exaggerationem libenter amplectens promisit se in omnibus illis acquieturum salutari

20 consilio et subiturum remediale iudicium. Porro, de tanta sublimi ac salubri

admonitione hilaris, ilico dilectum filium suum Lotharium augustum sibi festinato

affuturum supplicauit, ut ille ruptis quibuslibet morulis cum suis primatibus ueniret,

quatinus primum inter cos mutua reconciliatio secundum Christianam doctrinam

fieret, ut, si quid in cordibus corum naeui aut discordiae inerat, pura humilisque

2 compulit SA in om. SA nepbandissimus SA 3 Dcum] Dominum SA 4 communem] gcncralcm Pi et a!. 6 ministeriiqui A7 cius] Dci S. 1 8 quac] qua II'S A9 ammonet IVSA 10 post ecclesiasticam add per 11' 11 suam corp. Pi,, l'i,,., : secundam 1I'SA Pi Pie� Pic, Pisr animam] nempe rationalem Pie,, : animalem (sc. potcstatcm) dhrbitanterPiG, pcrdcret] pcriret 11'SA positis 11' 14 suprascriptus] in pracscriptis Pie� corr. Pic, 16 Dcum] Dominum SA 17 cuncti SA 18 ammonitione 11' dignum S condignamquc SA 19 post se add illorum II'SA illis orn. II'SA 19/20 salutari consilio et subiturum om. II' 20 sublimi ac om. Pi et a!. 21 ammonitionent fi' 23 quatcnus 1VSAPie�Pic, 24 nacui] inuidiac SA

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS 15

postulatio ueniae expiaret, ac deinde coram omni multitudine iudicium sacerdotale /S19`/ more poenitentis susciperet, quod et non multo post hoc factum est.

Ueniens igitur idem dominus Lodeuuicus in basilicam sanctae Dei genetricis

Mariae, ubi sanctorum corpora requiescunt, Medardi uidelicet confessoris Christi

5 atque pontificis /A 30V nec non Sebastiani praestantissimi martyris, astantibus

episcopis, presbyteris, diaconibus, et non parua mul/Pi142/titudine clericorum,

praesente etiam praefato domino Lothario filio eins eiusque proceribus atque totius

populi generalitate, quotquot uidelicet intra sui septum eadem continere potuit basilica, et prostratus in terram super cilicium ante sacrosanctum altare confessus est

10 coram omnibus: ministerium sibi commissum satis indigne tractasse, et in co multis

modis Deum offendisse, et ecclesiam Christi scandalizasse populumque per suam

negligentiam multifarie in perturbationem induxisse. Et ideo ob tantorum reatuum

expiationem publicam et ecclesiasticam se expetere uelle dixit poenitentiam, quo

miserante domino per eorum ministerium et adiutorium percipere mereretur

15 absolutionem tantorum criminum, quibus Deus ligandi ac soluendi intulerat

potestatem. Quem etiam idem pontifices, /11197 utpote medici spiritales, salubriter

admonuerunt asserentes ei quod puram et simplicem confessionem sequeretur uera

remissio peccatorum, ut aperte confiteretur errata sua, in quibus maxime se Deum

offendisse profitebatur, ne forte interius aliquid tegeret aut in conspectu Dei quippiam

20 dolose ageret, sicut lam pridem in Compendio palatio ab alio sacro /S19"/ conuentu

publice cor/Pi 143/reptus coram omni ecclesia cum fecisse omnibus notum erat, ne

sicut tune, ita et nunc, per si/A31 ̀/mulationem et calliditatem duplici ad Deum corde

2 hoc onr. Pi e1 aL 3 ucniens igitur idem dominus] ucnicns ergo isdem imperator S ucro isdem impcrator A igitur] ergo 11' dominus] imperator 11' 5 nec non] nccquc IV 6 cpiscopis 0171. Pie/ aL multitudine om. IV SA 7 pracscntc - cius] turba presentc etiam (ctiam orn. A) Ludouuico imperatore ac filio cius Lothario IVSA 8 quotquot] quodquod 11' quicquid SA 9 basilica) ccclesia Pi er al. 11 Christi] Dci Ii' suam per 11' 14 corumque 11' 15 absolutionum II' tantorum ann. 1VSA Deus om. IVSA ac] et 11'S atquc A PiB,, 16 utputc SA spirituales salutariter SA 17 et simpliccm] simplicemquc 11'SA confessionem om. Pi add. Pill 18 se Deum maxime IV se Dominum masime SA 20 ageretur 11' conuentum 11' 21 publics om. Pie/ al. 22 et prius orrr. IVSA dissimulationcm SA et aft. orrr. A Dcum] Dominum SA

16 COURTNEY NI. BOOKER

accedendo, ad iram potius quam ad ueniam suorum peccatorum prouocaret, quoniam

scriptura testante simulatores et callidi prouocant rain Dei. Uerum post huiusmodi

admonitionem professus est se in omnibus iis praecipue deliquisse, unde a memoratis

sacerdotibus fuerat familiariter siue uerbis siue scriptis admonitus et digna

5 increpatione correptus; super quibus cartulam summam reatuum suorum, unde ilium

specialiter redarguerent, continentem ei dederunt, quam ille in manibus gestabat.

Capital I. Uidelicet, sicut in eadem cartula plenius continetur, reatum sacrilegii incurrendo et homicidii, eo quod paternam admonitionem et terribilem contestationem

10 sub diuina inuocatione ante sacrum altare in praesentia sacerdotum et maxima populi

multitudine sibi factam secundum suam promissionem non conseruauerit; co quod fratribus et propinquis uiolentiam intulerit et nepotem suum, quern ipse liberare

potuerat, interfici permiserit; et quod immemor uoti sui signum sanctae religionis

propter /Pi144/ uindictam suae indignationis fieri postea iusserit.

15

H. Quod auctor scandali et perturbator pacis ac uiolator sacramentorum existendo pactum, quod propter pacem et unanimitatem imperii ecclesiaeque tranquilitatem communi consilio et consensu cunctorum fidelium suorum fuerat inter filios suos factum IS 20`/ et per sacra/A 31'/mentum confirmatum, super illicita

20 potestate corruperit; et in eo quod fideles suos in contrarietatem eiusdem primi pacti

et iuramenti aliud sacramentum iurare compulerit, in periurii reatum pro tantorum

2 lob 36,13.

I peccaminum II'S peccaminam A2 huiusccmodi II'SA 3 his omnibus IVSA 4 siuc prius onr. A ct] ut Pi PiBa Pic, aut corr. Pill 5 illum) illud Pi Pic, 6 illc] iliac 11' gestabant IV 8 Capital I om. SA sacrilegum 11' 9 et homicidii incurrendo JVSA 10 inuocationcm IV sanctum PisrPir: Pie. x maxime SA 11 sccundam S conscrvarit IV co] et A 13 intcrficcrc Pi ci aL 16 II] 2 11' on:. SA 18 communi] omnium SA 19 super] nuper corr. Pia. A 21 compuliter 11' attic in add. et II'SA reatum periurii II' SA pro tantorum] pracstatorum Pi ei aL

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS 17

uiolatione sacramentorum procul dubio inciderit: et quantum hoc factum Deo

displicuerit, liquido claret, quia postea nec ipse nec populus sibi subiectus pacem habere meruit, sed omnes in perturbationem poenam peccati sustinendo iusto Dei

iudicio inducti sunt. 5

III. Quia contra Christianam religionem et contra uotum suum sine ulla utilitate

publica aut certa necessitate prauorum consilio delusus in diebus quadragesimae

expeditionem generalem fieri iussit, et in extremis imperii sui finibus in coena

Domini, quando paschalia sacramenta ab omnibus Christianis rite sunt celebranda,

10 placi/Pi145/tum generale se habiturum constituit; in qua expeditione, quantum in ipso

fuit, et populum in magnam murmurationem protraxit, et sacerdotes Domini a suis

officiis contra fas amouit, et pauperibus grauissimam oppressionem irrogauit.

IIII. Quod nonnullis ex suis fidelibus, qui pro cius suorumque filiorum fidelitate et

15 saluatione regnique nutantis recuperatione humiliter eum adierant et de insidiis

inimicorum sibi praeparatis certum reddiderant, uiolentiam intulerit; et quod contra

omnem legem, diuinam uidelicet et humanam, eos et rebus propriis priuauerit, et in

exilio tradi iusserit, atque absentes morti adiudicari fecerit, et iudicantes procul dubio

ad falsum iudicium induxerit: et sacerdotibus /S20"/ Domini ac monachis con/A32`/tra

20 diuinam et canonicam auctoritatem praeiudicium irrogauit, et absentes damnauit, et in

hoc reatum homicidii incurrendo diuinarum seu humanarum legum uiolator extitisset.

I sacramentorum uiolationem 1I'SA procul dubio our. Pi et a!. incident onr. A incidit S quantumque SA hoc om. SA factum ont. Pi et a!. 2 nec alt. ncquc 11' 3 poena HIS 4 ante inducti add. postca Pl et a!. 6 111] 3 11' on1. SA ulla onr. IVSA 8 iussit] permisit SA imperii] regni II'SA 10 segcncrale II'SA cxpeditionem 11' 11 murmuratione 11' 14 1111] 4 1I' oin. SA cx 0111. SA 15 saluationcm 11' recuperationcm 11' audicrant 11' de our. SA 16 intuliter 11' intulit SA 17 scilicet 11'SA 18 exilium SA trudi corr. PirdubitaiuerPis. A; atque - fecerit ont. SA 20 et prim. ac II'SA

18 COURTNEY M. BOOKER

V. De diuersis sacramentis sibique contrariis atque perniciosis a fills siue a

populo, co praecipiente et compellente, irrationabiliter saepe factis, pro quibus non

modicam in populo sibi commisso peccati ma/Pi146/culam induxit, reatum periurii

nihilominus incurrisse; quoniam haec procul dubio in auctorem, per quem fieri

5 compulsa sunt, iure retorquentur. Sed in mulieris purgatione, in iniustis iudiciis, in

falsis testimoniis atque periuriis, quae eo permittente coram se perpetrata sunt,

quantum Deum offenderit, ipse nouit.

VI. De diuersis expeditionibus, quas in regno sibi commisso non solum inutiliter,

10 sed etiam noxie sine consilio et utilitate fecit, in quibus nimirum multa et innumerabilia sunt in populo Christiano flagitia perpetrata, in homicidiis /! V9`/

uidelicet et periuriis, in sacrilegiis, in adulteriis, in rapinis, in incendiis, siue in

ecclesiis Dei siue in aliis diuersis locis factis, in direptionibus et oppressionibus

pauperum miserabili et pene apud Christianos inaudito more patratis: quae omnia ad

15 auctorem, sicut praemissum est, reflectuntur.

VII. In diuisionibus imperii ab co contra communem pacem et totius imperii

salutem ad libitum suum temere factis, et in sacramento etiam, quod iurare compulit

omnem populum, ut contra filios /S21`/ suos, sicut contra inimicos suos agerent, cum 20 ipse cos paterna auctori/A32"/tate consultuque fidelium suorum pacificare potuisset.

lPi 147/

VIII. Quod non suffecerint ei tot mala et flagitia per suam negligentiam et improuidentiam in regno sibi commisso perpetrata, quae enumerari non possent, pro

25 quibus et regni periclitatio et regis dehonestatio euidenter prouenerat: sed insuper ad

cumulum miseriarum nouissime omnem populum suac potestatis ad communem

1 V] 5 IV om. SA sacramentis diucrsis Ii'SA 3 macula SA 4 hic IVSA 5 post sed add. ct SA mulicrum PiPio, PisnPi, : mulicrem PiB,, : mulicris fI'SAdubilarttcrPiB. x purgationem IV in sec. om. 11' in iniustis] et iniustis S et in austis A7 Dcum] Dominum SA noucrit SA 9 VI] 6 11'ann. SA 11 sunt] sibi SA 12 uidclicct onn. Pi et at pcriuriis onn. IV pcriuriis in ont. SA in tcrt. cl SA in quint. at. 11' 14 more onr. Pi et at patratu Pi et at 17 V11] 7 II'om. SA contra] circa II'SA 18 post tcmcrc add ab co IV tcmcreas ct factis A 19 contra prius circa IVSA sicut contra inimicos suos o»r. ! I' 20 paternia 11' 23 VIII] 8 IVom. SA suffecerunt IVSA tot] tota IV 24 in rcgno om. 11' possunt IVSA 25 post pcriclitatio add. scd 11'

THE PUBLIC PENANCE OF LOUIS THE PIOUS 19

interitum contraxerit, cum debuisset esse eidem populo dux salutis et pacis, cum diuina pietas inaudito et inuisibili modo ac nostris seculis praedicando populo suo

misereri decreuisset.

s Igitur pro his uel in his omnibus, quae supra memorata sunt, reum se coram Deo

et coram sacerdotibus uel omni populo esse cum lachrymis confessus et in cunctis se

deliquisse protestatus est, et poenitentiam publicam expetiit, quatinus ecclesiae, quam

peccando scandalizauerat, poenitendo satisfaceret, et sicut fucrat scandalum multa

negligendo, ita nimirum se uelle professus est esse exemplum dignam poenitentiam

10 subeundo. Post hanc uero confessionem, cartulam suorum reatuum et confessionis ob futuram memoriam sacerdotibus tradidit, quam ipsi super altare posuerunt; ac deinde

cingulum militiae deposuit, et super altare collocauit, et habitu se/Pi148/culi se exuens habitum poenitentis per impositionem manuum episcoporum suscepit: ut, post tantam

talemque poenitentiam, nemo ultra ad militiam secularem redeat. /S21 "/

15

His itaque gestis, placuit, ut unusquisque episcoporum, qualiter haec res acta fuerit, in propriis car/, 133`/tulis insereret eamque sua scriptione roboraret et roboratam

memorato principi Lothario ob memoriam huius facti offerret. Ad extremum omnibus

nobis, qui interfuimus, uisum est omnium cartularum immo tanti negotii summam in

20 unum breuiter strictimque congerere et congesta propriis manuum nostrarum

subscriptionibus roborare, sicut sequentia factum esse demonstrant.

13/14 Lco. %fag.. Epist. 167 (ed. J. -P. . 11IG. VE, PL 54, col. 1206-7); Dionysius Eng., Colleceio decree.: Decree. Lconis papae, c. 24 (ed. J. -P. , %fIG. VE, PL 67, col. 290). Cf. 2 Tim. 2,4.

I traxerit Pi et a!. cum alt. nisi IVSA 5 ante Igitur add. 9 IV 6 esse onr. Piet al. confcssus] conucrsus IVSA quatenus II'SAPiBPiG, 9 nimirum] iniuriam A post esse add. sc IVSA 10 cartula S 11 futurum Pift 13 episcoporum manuum fi'Sel susccpit] accepts 11' acccpit SA ut] ct A 14 militiam] pcnitcntiam A sccularcm militiam ll' 16 ita IVSA uiuiquisquc A acta] gesta IV 17 roborata IVSA Pi : roboratam corr. Piy Pil. PiB. A 18 omnes SA 19 qui intcrfuimus nobis IV SA 20 strictumque 11'A manibus 1VSA 21 post demonstrant add. Idcm Thcgani liacc non ut imitanda sed tanquam impia cxitialia prorsusquc rcspucnda et abicienda se referre pro[itetur SA