6. COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN FARM ANIMALS

All farm animals naturally carry a wide range of diseases, some of which can also

affect humans. These diseases are known as zoonoses, and anybody in contact with infected

animals or contaminated animal products may be at risk from them. Moreover, profits are

reduced when illnesses and parasites affect the animals.

Thus, certain precautions to maintain healthy livestock are very important. Farmers

should cooperate with a veterinarian and consult on how to control the disease in the flock

or herd, follow good feeding and husbandry practices to help prevent animals carrying or

excreting large numbers of the disease-causing organisms, and keep all records of the herd.

Buying animals from disease-free herds and isolating new animals reduces the risk of

infectious outbreak as well. In some cases it is possible to lower the risk of contracting a

zoonosis by controlling the disease in the animal, for example, vaccinating cattle or using

wholesome feed. Although it is not possible to eliminate the risk of contracting a zoonosis

completely, the principles of good occupational hygiene to protect against the remaining risk

should be observed. These comprise three main points: following safe working practices,

using personal protective equipment and keeping good personal hygiene.

Monitoring the vital signs i.e. temperature, pulse and respiration rate in an animal

can lead to early detection of a disease. It is always better to prevent health problems than

to try to treat them once they have occurred. Still, if the animal contracts a disease, it must

be diagnosed correctly and cured with appropriate drugs.

Main zoonoses transmitted by livestock in the Czech Republic

Zoonoses represent a major portion of the reported infectious diseases in the Czech

Republic. They may be of viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal etiology and the transmission is

either via direct contact with the infected animal (e.g. blood or saliva in case of rabies) or,

more frequently, via indirect contact (food borne or water borne diseases in case of

salmonella and campylobacteriosis). Among the most common zoonoses transmitted by

sheep, horses, cows and swines are listeriosis, brucellosis, Q fever, mycobacteriosis and

yersiniosis; typical zoonotic diseases associated with poultry are salmonellosis, avian

influenza, and campylobacteriosis.

Zoonoses are of great concern because they are still frequent, some of them tend to

appear suddenly and be particularly virulent and particular infections e.g. avian flu continue

to find new ways to move from organism to organism. In many cases the course of the

disease in people (mainly immunocompromised) may be complicated. Thus awareness of

and following strict precautions can significantly reduce the risk of contracting these

infections.

Task. Read the following article and decide whether the following statements are true or

false.

1) Salmonella bacteria can cause serious infections in people who are

immunocomprised.

2) Infection of people via contact with an infected animal is impossible.

3) Salmonella can influence mortality of poultry embryos.

4) Via vertical transmission the bacterium gets into the egg.

5) Salmonella might be eradicated if all precautions were followed strictly.

Salmonella in poultry production

Salmonella species are gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, zoonotic bacteria that

can be transmitted by all animals, including humans. The incidence of various Salmonella

species seems to vary depending on geographic location and the types of food consumed.

Imported birds and animals may help to introduce different Salmonella species to the local

area which can lead to new and devastating outbreaks. Basically, the degree of illness

depends on factors of both the bacteria and the host. The bacterium’s serotype and phage

type is of significance but also the type of animal, age and general health status.

Salmonella in poultry can be regarded as two types of infection; the first group of

serotypes (e.g. Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum) can cause severe clinical

disease in poultry but are rare in humans. It is mainly in very young chickens aged up to two

weeks that salmonella can cause disease and death. The symptoms may vary and include

weakness, loss of appetite, poor growth, malaise and watery diarrhoea. In adult poultry,

disease is rarely seen even if they have bacteria in the blood.

The second group (currently about 200 Salmonella serotypes associated with food-

borne infections in humans in the EU) is primarily important for public health, since these

bacteria very often cause illness in humans, although normally do not cause clinical disease

in poultry.

Horizontal transmission (from contamination in the environment to the birds) is

frequent. Key routes of infection remain contaminated feed, contamination of hatchery

equipment and poultry houses, farm pests between flocks, staff movements and other

contaminated equipment. Infected poultry can clear themselves of infection after some

time; nevertheless some may excrete bacteria in droppings for several months and it is

practically impossible to rid a salmonella infected flock from the infection when kept on

permanent bedding. If Salmonella is present in chickens reared for meat it increases the risk

that the poultry meat produced from these chickens will be contaminated with these

bacteria. The disease in people may also frequently result from the contact with farm animal

dung (putting hands contaminated with dung in or close to the mouth, especially during

eating, drinking or smoking).

Vertical transmission (transmission of the bacteria from parent flocks to progeny) can

occur, subsequently chicks hatch and spread salmonella by direct contact or the infected

hatching eggs lead to low hatchability with increased embryo mortality and increased

mortality among newly hatched chickens. Via this route infection can be passed on to

humans via consumption of infected eggs. The disease has a greater chance of spreading in

overcrowded conditions, stale air environments, nest-boxes, and brooders.

In most cases, the birds are not sick and the production is not affected. The

incubation period of salmonella in people usually ranges from several hours to two days.

Possible signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever,

chills, headache, muscle pains, and blood in the stool. They generally last four to seven days,

although it may take several months for the bowels to return to normal. A few varieties of

salmonella bacteria result in typhoid fever, a sometimes deadly disease that is more

common in developing countries.

Salmonella is widespread and its complete elimination from the environment is

unlikely to be economically feasible and possible in most countries. Nevertheless, if many of

the hygiene practice principles and biosecurity procedures are applied and followed as far as

possible, the risk of introduction and persistence of the infection may be reduced to minimal

levels.

Useful Phrases and Expressions - Disease Types and Descriptiondisease /dɪˈziːz/ nemoc

catch a disease /kætʃ.../ dostat nemoc, onemocnět

get a disease /ɡet.../ dostat nemoc, onemocnět

combat a disease /ˈkɒmbæt.../ bojovat s nemocí

fight a disease /faɪt.../ bojovat s nemocí

control a disease /kənˈtrəʊl.../ tlumit nákazu

suffer from a disease /ˈsʌfə(r).../ trpět nemocí

illness /ˈɪlnəs/ nemoc

disorder /dɪsˈɔː(r)də(r)/ nemoc

ailment /ˈeɪlmənt/ nemoc (obvykle ne vážná)

complaint /kəmˈpleɪnt/ nemoc, neduh; symptom

non-communicable disease /nɒn kəˈmjuːnɪkəb(ə)l.../ neinfekční nemoc

non-infectious disease /nɒn ɪnˈfekʃəs.../ neinfekční nemoc

communicable disease /kəˈmjuːnɪkəb(ə)l.../ infekční nemoc

infectious disease /ɪnˈfekʃəs.../ infekční nemoc

contagious disease /kənˈteɪdʒəs.../ nakažlivá nemoc

transmissible disease /trænzˈmɪsəb(ə)l.../ přenosná nemoc

contagion/infection /kənˈteɪdʒ(ə)n/ /ɪnˈfekʃ(ə)n/ infekce, nákaza

endogenous infection /enˈdɒdʒɪnəs.../ infekce vnitřního původu

exogenous infection /ekˈsɒdʒɪnəs.../ infekce vnějšího původu

foodborne disease /fuːdbɔː(r)n.../ nemoc přenášená potravinami

waterborne disease /ˈwɔːtə(r)bɔː(r)n.../ nemoc přenášená vodou

airborne disease /eə(r)bɔː(r)n.../ nemoc přenášená vzduchem

vector borne disease /ˈvektə(r)bɔː(r)n.../ nemoc přenášená vektory

zoonosis /zəʊˈɒnəsɪs/ or /ˌzəʊəˈnəʊsɪs/ zoonóza

congenital disease /kənˈdʒenɪtəl.../ vrozené onemocnění

hereditary disease /həˈredət(ə)ri.../ dědičné onemocnění

autoimmune disease /ˌɔːtəʊɪˈmjuːn.../ autoimunitní onemocnění

notifiable disease /ˈnəʊtɪˌfaɪəbəl.../ povinně hlášená nemoc

occupational disease /ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)nəl.../ nemoc z povolání

disease of affluence /...ˈæflʊəns/ civilizační choroba

disease of civilization /...ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ civilizační choroba

curable/incurable disease /ˈkjʊərəb(ə)l.../ /ɪnˈkjʊər.../ vyléčitelná/nevyléčitelná nemoc

deadly/fatal disease /ˈdedli.../ /ˈfeɪt(ə)l.../ smrtelné onemocnění

acute disease /əˈkjuːt.../ akutní/náhlé onemocnění

chronic disease /ˈkrɒnɪk.../ chronické onemocnění

d. of environmental origin /...ɪnˌvaɪrənˈment(ə)l ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ nem. závislá na prostředí

d. preventable by vaccination /...prɪˈventəb(ə)l.../ nem., jíž lze předcházet očkováním

d. transmitted by non-conventional agents nem. přenášená nekonvenčními původci

epidemic /ˌepɪˈdemɪk/ epidemie

pandemic /pænˈdemɪk/ pandemie

endemic /enˈdemɪk/ endemická choroba

mortality rate /mɔː(r)ˈtæləti reɪt/ úmrtnost

morbidity rate /ˌmɔː(r)ˈbɪdətiː reɪt/ nemocnost

infestation /ˌɪnfeˈsteɪʃ(ə)n/ napadení (parazitem)

Disease description Popis nemoci

carrier/vector /ˈkæriə(r)/ /ˈvektə(r)/ přenašeč

cause /kɔːz/ příčina

course /kɔː(r)s/ průběh

history /ˈhɪst(ə)ri/ anamnéza

incidence /ˈɪnsɪd(ə)ns/ četnost, výskyt

incubation period /ˌɪŋkjʊˈbeɪʃ(ə)n ˈpɪəriəd / inkubační doba

occurrence /əˈkʌrəns/ výskyt

onset /ˈɒnˌset/ nástup, začátek

outbreak /ˈaʊtˌbreɪk/ propuknutí

prevalence /ˈprevələns/ prevalence

prevention /prɪˈvenʃ(ə)n/ prevence

prognosis /prɒɡˈnəʊsɪs/ prognóza

recognition /ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən/ rozpoznání

resistance /rɪˈzɪst(ə)ns/ odolnost vůči nemoci/-em

surveillance /sə(r)ˈveɪləns/ dozor nad nákazou

symptom/sign /ˈsɪmptəm//saɪn/ symptom/příznak

treatment/therapy /ˈtriːtmənt/ /ˈθerəpi/ léčba nemoci

Vocabulary part1. Fill in the gaps with the “disease terms” described below. The first letters have been

given.

a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically H…………………… D………………….

any disease producing agent P……………………

an animal or plant that lives in or on a host P……………………

the cause of a disease E……………………

a prediction of the course of a disease P……………………

extreme harmfulness V……………………

an animal that nourishes and supports a parasite H……………………

any disease easily transmitted by contact C…………………… D…………………

arising from an unknown cause I……………………

not presently active L……………………

having a rapid onset and short but severe course A……………………

a branch of medicine studying causes, nature and effects of diseases P……………………

recognition of a disease by symptoms D……………………

less than acute S……………………

when referring to an onset of a disease O……………………

an epidemic that is geographically widespread P……………………

2. Fill in the gaps with the “symptom words” below and translate them into Czech.

aggression, anorexia, apathy, bleeding, blister, bloating, chills, constipation, convulsions,

cough, diarrhoea, difficulty swallowing, discharge, drooling , fatigue, fever, incoordination,

infertility, itching, malaise, miscarriage, nausea, paralysis, rash, respiratory arrest, stillbirth,

stomach ache, sweating, swelling, vomiting, weight gain, weight loss

Symptom Meaning Czech translation

decrease in weight

a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness

passing solid waste from the body too often and in a

liquid form

inability to move solid waste out of the body easily

the feeling that you are going to vomit

decrease in weight

forceful expulsion of the contents of an animal’s

stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose

a feeling of having no interest in anything

pain in the stomach

a feeling of being extremely tired, either physically or

mentally

violent movements of the body that cannot be

controlled

a liquid coming out from a part of the body when being

ill

the process of losing blood from the body

a feeling of coldness occurring during a high fever

the temperature of the body is very high

production of liquid on the surface of the skin when

hot, nervous, or ill

the increase in size of an area of the body caused by an

injury or an illness

any abnormal general swelling, or increase in diameter

of the abdominal area

a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which

helps to clear the large breathing passages from

secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes

very poor appetite whatever the cause

a change of the skin which affects its colour,

appearance or texture

a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch

a swollen area on the skin that is full of a clear liquid

lack of the physical ability to have offspring

the spontaneous end of a pregnancy before foetal

viability

when a foetus has died in the uterus

an angry feeling that makes you want to attack or

defeat someone else

to let saliva (=the liquid in your mouth) come out of

your mouth

lack of coordination or organization

difficulty controlling food in the mouth, inability to

control food or saliva in the mouth

the cessation of normal respiration due to failure of the

lungs to function effectively

loss of muscle function for one or more muscles

inability to walk well due to damaged limbs, hooves or

feet

3. Discussion. Read the following description of the horse health condition and decide on

what further examination or investigation is appropriate.

The horse feels out of sorts during the whole week. It has already lost almost 5 kilos. It suffers from diarrhoea and anorexia; and there was blood in the stools. Yesterday strange scattered spots appeared behind the ears and on the forehead. The rash spreads rapidly, first to the head and then to the neck. The horse presents shortness of breath and loses of coordination. The pulse is regular in force as well as in time; blood pressure seems to be normal. ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Translate into English.

1) silné krvácení z nozder ………………………………………………………….

2) vysoká horečka klesající za 2 dny ………………………………………………………….

3) některá zvířata jsou bez příznaků ………………………………………………………….

4) bolest kloubů a svalů ………………………………………………………….

5) problémy s dýcháním ………………………………………………………….

6) bolesti v horní části břicha ………………………………………………………….

7) napadený kus musí být v karanténě ………………………………………………………….

8) pozorujte životně důležité funkce ………………………………………………………….

9) nemoc ohlaste při prvních příznacích ………………………………………………………….

10) průběh onemocnění může být komplikovaný………………………………………………………….

11) tyto viry jsou obzvláště nakažlivé ………………………………………………………….

12) uchovávejte záznamy o stádu ………………………………………………………….

13) průběh nemoci je rozdělen do několika fází ………………………………………………………….

14) nemoc nelze vyléčit jen zpomalit ………………………………………………………….

15) zvýšená nemocnost v hejnu hus ………………………………………………………….

16) návrat k normálnímu stavu ………………………………………………………….

17) nemoc běžná pro rozvojové země ………………………………………………………….

18) bakterie v těle přežívají dlouho po uzdravení………………………………………………………….

19) přímý kontakt s přenašečem ………………………………………………………….

20) zbavit se nakažených kusů ………………………………………………………….

5. Match the following diseases with their descriptions.

avian influenza campylobacteriosis Q fever

avian mycobacteriosis listeriosis yersiniosis

brucellosis E. coli Mycotoxicosis

1…………………………………………………………. In animals it is generally typified by late-term

abortions and inflammatory lesions in the male reproductive tract, less commonly

arthritis, and other reproductive disorders; also called e.g. Bang's disease, Crimean

fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Maltese fever, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, or

undulant; feverGram-negative, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria

2…………………………………………………………. Of greatest clinical significance in ruminants,

but monogastrics can also be affected; usually occurs via ingestion of the organism

from feed/environment; can also enter through the nasal mucosa, conjunctiva and

wounds; Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium

3…………………………………………………………. Typical respiratory disease (lethargy,

inappetence, nasal discharge, sneezing) characterised by reductions in egg

production; sometimes fatal, systemic disease ("fowl plague") characterized by

oedema, haemorrhages, and infection of the CNS; viral

4…………………………………………………………. Disease of unknown etiology, first recognized

in Queensland, Australia in 1935; cattle, goats and sheep are most commonly

infected and can serve as a reservoir for the bacteria; a well-recognized cause of

abortions in ruminants; bacterial

5…………………………………………………………. An important disease which affects

companion, captive, exotic, wild and domestic birds; lesions are typically found in the

liver and gastrointestinal tract, although many other organ systems can potentially be

affected; rod-shaped and non-motile bacteria

6…………………………………………………………. Animals farmed for meat are the main source

of the disease; mainly poultry including chickens, turkeys, and waterfowl; having

asymptomatic infections in their intestinal tracts; spiral-shaped bacteria

7…………………………………………………………. The most common source of this infection in

humans is pork (raw or undercooked) and pigs are considered the main carrier; other

bacterial strains are also found in many other animals including rodents, rabbits,

sheep, cattle, horses, dogs and cats; rod-shaped bacteria Coxiella burnetii

8…………………………………………………………. The bacteria are part of the normal flora of

the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals so many strains are

harmless; however, some cause gastroenteritis or more serious forms of illness; its

presence in food or water is generally an indication of faecal contamination; a Gram-

negative rod-shaped bacterium

…………………………………………………………. Quite stable chemical compounds produced by

moulds can enter the food chain through meat, eggs, milk, dairy products if animals

have eaten contaminated animal feed; have the potential for both acute and chronic

health effects via ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation

Grammar partKey points:

Past ability :

talking about general past ability

could (mohl jsem/uměl jsem)

couldn’t (nemohl jsem/neuměl jsem)

talking about one specific past action

was/were able to (byl jsem schopen/byli jsme schopni)

wasn’t/weren’t able to (nebyl jsem schopen/nebyli jsme schopni)

Past obligation:

expressing that something was or was not obligatory

had to + infinitive (must has no past form) (musel jsem to udělat)

didn’t have to + infinitive (nemusel jsem to udělat a neudělal)

didn’t need to + infinitive (nemusel jsem něco udělat a neudělal)

was/were supposed to + infinitive (měl jsem/měli jsme)

was/wasn’t supposed to + infinitive (neměl jsem/neměli jsme)

expressing the feeling that a mistake was made, expressing sorrow

needn't have done + past participle (nemusel jsem něco udělat, ale udělal)

should have/ ought to have + past participle (měl jsem něco udělat, ale neudělal)

shouldn’t have/ oughtn’t have + past participle (neměl jsem něco udělat, ale udělal)

Past certainty and uncertainty:

making logical deductions about past actions

must have + past participle (určitě to tak bylo)

can’t have/couldn’t have + past participle (určitě to tak nebylo)

expressing possibility or uncertainty about past actions

may have/might have/could have (možná to tak bylo)

may not have/might not have (možná o tak nebylo)

1. Change the following sentences into the past.

The chickens can be ill so we must slaughter them to prevent further spread.

___________________________________________________________________________

The pigs in the repopulated herd shall be subjected to a serological examination.

___________________________________________________________________________

We need to ask for a regular full blood count.

___________________________________________________________________________

The milk in question must not be used for the production of heat-treated drinking milk.

___________________________________________________________________________

Must swine for breeding and production come from brucellosis-free stock?

___________________________________________________________________________

My colleague can treat grazes and other superficial injuries very well.

___________________________________________________________________________

Such results of the laboratory test can’t be within normal limits!

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Form the negative or positive verb forms from the underlined verbs.

You should have asked the employer about existing health hazards.

___________________________________________________________________________

We had to reduce the risk of zoonotic diseases last year.

___________________________________________________________________________

Anthrax must have been a notifiable disease 50 years ago.

___________________________________________________________________________

The rest of the herd could have been in contact.

___________________________________________________________________________

They didn’t need to reduce the dose of the antibiotics.

___________________________________________________________________________

The painkillers might have been contraindicated.

___________________________________________________________________________

The infected poultry can’t have recovered after 5 days therapy.

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Choose the most suitable response to each comment or question.

1) What did I do wrong?

You shouldn’t have forgotten to check the heart rate.

You mustn’t have forgotten to check the heart rate.

2) Why was the horse whining?

It should have felt nervous.

It might have felt nervous.

3) You forgot to give the daily injection of insulin to the dog.

Sorry, I had to look in the logbook.

Sorry, I should have looked in the logbook.

4) What did you think about the body condition of the cattle?

The animals should have been ready for slaughter.

The animals didn’t have to be ready for slaughter.

5) What do you think has affected the cows’ nervous system?

I don’t know. They might have been poisoned.

I don’t know. They must have been poisoned.

6) Many food-borne diseases have been observed to be highly temperature sensitive.

Thus increased annual average temperatures could have important effects on food

safety.

Thus increased annual average temperatures should have important effects on food

safety.

7) Different laboratories are used for Campylobacter and Salmonella testing.

Then the laboratory testing Campylobacter may take preference in receipt of the

sample.

Then the laboratory testing Campylobacter should take preference in receipt of the

sample.

8) Each time an epidemic breaks out, from avian flu to mad cow disease, you have to wait a

long time to understand its origins.

Then you can overcome them.

Then you must overcome them.

4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Všechny nemocné kusy musely být utraceny.

_____________________________________________________________________

2) Takové reakce musely způsobit příliš velké dávky léků.

_____________________________________________________________________

3) Popisované příznaky nemohly poukazovat na slintavku a kulhavku.

_____________________________________________________________________

4) Neobvyklými příznaky prasečí červenky mohly být nevolnost a zvracení.

_____________________________________________________________________

5) Lidé, kteří byli v minulosti pravděpodobně vystaveni vzteklině, nevyhnutelně

kontaktují lékaře.

_____________________________________________________________________

6) Testy na brucelózu byly u stáda určitě provedeny včas.

_____________________________________________________________________

7) Oděrky na kůži jsme museli bezprostředně ošetřit kvůli možné infekci.

_____________________________________________________________________

8) Kdo se nemohl dostavit na školení včas, bude poučen příští týden.

_____________________________________________________________________

9) Museli jste provádět testování náhodných vzorků zvířat týden po vakcinaci?

_____________________________________________________________________

10) Kdo z vás mohl potvrdit přímý přenos BSE z dobytka na člověka?

_____________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary

abortion (n) /əˈbɔː(r)ʃ(ə)n/ přerušení březosti

affect (v) /əˈfekt/ postihnout, zachvátit

arthritis (n) /ɑː(r)ˈθraɪtɪs/ artritida

bacterial (adj) /bækˈtɪəriəl/ bakteriální

bedding (n) /ˈbedɪŋ/ podestýlka, stelivo

brooder (n) /bruːd ə(r)/ umělá líheň v drůbežárně

brucellosis (n) /ˌbruːsɪˈləʊsɪs/ brucelóza

contract (v) /kənˈtrækt/ onemocnět

cure (v) /kjʊə(r)/ vyléčit, zahojit

detection (n) /dɪˈtekʃ(ə)n/ odhalení

diarrhoea (n) /ˌdaɪəˈriːə/ průjem

discharge (n) /dɪsˈtʃɑː(r)dʒ/ výtok

dropping (n) /drɒpɪŋ / trus

dung (n) /dʌŋ/ hnůj, trus

eradicate (v) /ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/ vymýtit, vyhladit

Escherichia coli (n) /ˌeʃəˈrɪkɪə ˈkoʊlaɪ/ Escherichia coli

flock (n) /flɒk/ hejno (ptáků), stádo (ovcí)

fungal (adj) /ˈfʌŋɡ(ə)l/ houbový, plísňový

haemorrhage (n) /ˈhem(ə)rɪdʒ/ krvácení, krevní výron

hatchability (n) /hætʃəˈbɪləti / líhnivost

hatchery (n) /ˈhætʃəri/ (umělá) líheň

herd (n) /hɜː(r)d/ stádo (dobytka)

husbandry (n) /ˈhʌzbəndri/ zemědělství

chills (n) /tʃɪls/ třesavka

immunocompromised /injʊnəʊˈˈkɒmprəmaɪzt/ imunokompromitovaný

lesion (n) /ˈliːʒ(ə)n/ poškození, zranění

listeriosis (n) /lɪˌstɪərɪˈəʊsɪs/ listerióza

malaise (n) /məˈleɪz/ malátnost, nevolnost

mycobacteriosis (n) /maɪkəʊˌbæktɪərɪˈəʊsɪs/ mykobakterióza

mycotoxin (n) /ˌmaɪkəˈtɒksɪn/ mykotoxin

nausea (n) /ˈnɔːziə/ žaludeční nevolnost

nest-box (n) /nest bɒks/ kukaň (pro slepice)

occupational (adj) /ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)nəl/ pracovní

oedema (n) /ɪˈdiːmə/ otok

parasitic (adj) /ˌpærəˈsɪtɪk/ parazitární

pest (n) /pest/ (drobný) škůdce

phage (n) /feɪdʒ/ (bakterio)fág

precaution (n) /prɪˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/ preventivní opatření

Q fever (n) /kjuːˈ fiːvə(r)/ Q horečka

rare (adj) /reə(r)/ vzácný

rear (v) /rɪə(r)/ chovat, pěstovat

regard (v) /rɪˈɡɑː(r)d/ týkat se, vztahovat se

reservoir (n) /ˈrezə(r)ˌvwɑː(r)/ zásobárna, ložisko

rid (v) /rɪd/ zbavit se, vymýtit

rod-shaped (adj) /rɒd ʃeɪpt/ tyčinkovitý

route (n) /ruːt/ cesta, trasa

saliva (n) /səˈlaɪvə/ slina, sliny

salmonella (n) /ˌsælməˈnelə/ salmonela, salmonelóza

sneeze (v) /sniːz/ kýchat

stale (adj) /steɪl/ zatuchlý, vyčpělý

status (n) /ˈsteɪtəs/ stav

stool (n) /stuːl/ stolice, výkaly

strain (n) /streɪn/ kmen (bakterií); druh

typhoid (adj) /ˈtaɪfɔɪd/ tyfus

typify (v) /ˈtɪpɪfaɪ/ být typickým příkladem

viral (adj) /ˈvaɪrəl/ virový

virulent (adj) /ˈvɪrʊlənt/ prudcenakažlivý

waterfowl (n) /ˈwɔːtə(r)ˌfaʊl/ vodní ptactvo

wholesome (adj) /ˈhəʊls(ə)m/ zdravý, prospěšný

yersiniosis (n) /jɜː(r)siːnɪˈəʊsɪs/ yersinióza