Metabolic diseases in reptiles - VFU · anorexia (reptiles : birds : mammals) x postprandial values...

Metabolic diseases in reptilesMetabolic diseases in reptiles

univ. prof. univ. prof. ZZdenek denek KnotekKnotek, DVM, PhD, DVM, PhDUniversity of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno

Czech Republic

Common diseasesCommon diseases

3.3. disorders related to disorders related to managementmanagement

5.5. disorders related to disorders related to nutritionnutrition

Selected diseasesSelected diseases

Physiology - metabolism

Energypoikilotherms (fishes, amphibians)ectotherms (reptiles)homeotherms (birds, mammals)

reptilesPOTZenergy 1/8 (of mammals), anaerobic glycolysisperiferal gluconeogenesis

Metabolisms – body weight

Stevens a Hume (1995)

Metabolism – body weight


Metabolism – body temperature


Metabolizmus – potřeba kyslíku


Physiology

herbivors, insectivors, carnivors (specialists)

GIT motility

Transit time


Temperature ( °C) Transit time Reference

Reptilian physiologyEnergy

ektotherm speciesprefered optimum for temperaturehyperthemia and behavioral hyperthermiaenergy - 1/8 (in comparison with mammals), anaerobic glycolysisperipheral gluconeogenesis

Respiration and oxygen consumptionlungs, skin, special organs (turtles)tolerance to limited oxygen in tissues

Food, nutrition, metabolismherbivores, insectivores, carnivores

Excretionurea, amonium, uric acidkidney x urinary bladder

Reproductionoviparous reptiles, viviparous reptiles

Blood biochemistry Plasma x serum ???

Biochemistry of urinepH, SG, minerals, proteins

Biochemistry of different tissues enzymes – liver, kidney,muscles

Blood biochemistry Plasma x serum

Plasma- volume of the fluid for analyses- short time, quicker – no time necessary for clothing- in comparison with the serum the concentration of

plasma proteins could be higher (fibrinogen)

Plasma biochemistry – external and internal factors venipuncturehemolysis, low K concentration, high concentration of heparinanorexia (reptiles : birds : mammals) x postprandial valuesuric acid, bile acidscircadian x circanual differencesgender (hormones, reproduction)CB, cholesterol, TAG, Camethods used in the laboratoryTP: biurett method x refractometry

standards used (specific for human medicine)electrophoresis (albumin, α,β,γ globulins)

clinical use of results obtained – only very different values

Plasma biochemistry

TP(CREA) (UREA) Uric acid

Plasma biochemistry

GLUCOSE

Plasma biochemistry

ALPALTAST

bile acids

Plasma biochemistry

Ca P

HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING CROCODILES IN CAPTIVITY

Caiman spp., Crocodylus spp., Tomistoma schlegelii, insufficient nutrition overfeeding

chronic metabolic problems

renal disease traumatic lesions poor husbandry

Symptoms limited movement, general weakness, lethargy, anorexiahind legs paresis

Laboratory TP, BUN, uric acid, ALT, AST Ca, P,

Metabolic diseases

Young crocodiles

hypovitaminosesvit A, vit B, vit D3

mineral deficit - Ca

Adult crocodilesobesitas

bad nutrition, overfeeding !!!!hypovitaminoses of the vit B complex

suboptimal feeding, diseases of the GIT

HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING CHELONIANS IN CAPTIVITY

Testudo spp., Agrionemys spp., Trachemys scripta elegansinsufficient nutrition poor husbandry

chronic metabolic problems PHA syndrome

hibernation POFS POES pre-ovulatory follicle stasis post-ovulatory egg stasis

Symptoms limited movement, general weakness, lethargy, anorexiacolon constipation, runny nose syndrome,hind legs paresis

Laboratory TP, uric acid, ALT, AST, BA, Ca, P,

Metabolic diseases Young tortoises

hypovitaminosisvit A, vit B, vit D3

Calcium defficiency

Adult tortoisesobesitas, bad nutritionPHA syndromhypovitaminoses of the vit B complexsuboptimal feeding, diseases of the GIT complications related to reproduction – egg retention SGS syndrom (after ATB treatment ?)

MANAGEMENT nad TREATMENT of METABOLIC PROBLEMSMANAGEMENT nad TREATMENT of METABOLIC PROBLEMS

Management– temperature– air humidity– fotoperiode– internal architecture– type and form of feeding

Rehydratation (minimum 20 ml/kg )Energy

– per os– probe– parenteral forms

• SC• IPP

9 year old female Marginated tortoise (T. marginata)

HistoryProblem - blepharospasmTreatment - vitamin B12 - antibiotics (amoxycillin) 5 days

Tortoise presented to AEAC - anorexia - upper respiratory tract disease - lethargy

Skin - neck, front legs, hind legs moist and red

Eyelids – oedematous

Mouth cavity mucose – pale

The blood profile was characterised by extremely low values for TP, haemoglobin concentration, PCV and total number of RBCs and WBCs.

Ref.UnitsValues

30 - 604.8g/lTP6 - 162.00G/lWBCs

0.50 – 1.300.16T/lRBCs0.25 – 0.400. 07l/lPCV

40 - 8015g/lHaemoglobin

Radiography revealed area of gas in GIT and grey-white pattern of the shell skeleton.

Intensive treatment

antibiotics (cephalosporin)tube feeding – powder (Milupa) + water + vitaminsvitamin C, calcium inj.Duphalyte inj.

The tortoise died after nine days.

Post mortem examination

parathyroid gland

enlargement

bleeding on

the hearth

muscle

small liver


yellowish-green kidneys

the shell extremely soft

colon distension

Conclusion

chronic metabolic bone disease (MBD) breakdown of the liver and kidneys function secondary inflammation with hemorrhages in the skin.

HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING LIZARDS IN CAPTIVITY

Iguana iguanainsufficient nutrition poor husbandry

chronic metabolic problems secondary hyperparathyroidism

renal disease POFS POES pre-ovulatory follicle stasis post-ovulatory egg stasis

Symptoms limited movement, general weakness, lethargy, anorexialarge swelling of the hind legs, colon constipationtremor and hind legs paresis

Laboratory TP, Ca, P, uric acid, ALT, AST

Metabolic diseases

Carnivoresobesitasnon-optimal dietoverfeedingbiotin defficiency

1.5 year old male bearded dragon (P. vitticeps)

Patient presented to AEAC

-green spots on the dorsal part of the body (+ head, legs)

-lethargy, anorexia

Radiography revealed area of gas in the colon and foreignbody in the stomach.

Bacteriology (skin sample)

Anaerobic bacteria – 0

Fungi - 0

Aerobic bacteria Enterococcus faecalis

Enterobacter aerogenes

Parasitology (faeces sample)Oxyurids - ++++

Haematology

II.I.UnitsValues

1.271.20G/lLymphocytes1.270.20G/lAzurophils1.210.10G/lMonocytes0.060.20G/lBasophils

00G/lEosinophils1.710.30G/lHeterophils5.522.00G/lWBCs1.061.25T/lRBCs0.330.37l/lPCV97115g/lHaemoglobin

Plasma chemistry

II.I.UnitsValues

1.61.3mmol/lP2.72.6mmol/lCa78.3125.8μmol/lUric acid

742.934.11μkat/lCK2.950.15μkat/lAST3.290.92μkat/lALT4.435.21μkat/lALP22.1312.64mmol/lGlucose50.245.1g/lTP

Intensive treatment

antibiotics (enrofloxacin inj.)tube feeding (Feline Concentration Instant Diet)Duphalac p.o.

The lizard was euthanasied after 14 days (T61 – i.v.)


obesitas


distension of the stomach (foreign body – stone)


enteritis pale brown liver

Conclusion

obesitas

foreign body in the stomach

enteritis

secondary inflammation of the skin

Metabolic diseases

InsectivoresCa and vitamin D3 deficitrachitis, osteodystrophy

Metabolic diseases

Herbivorous reptiles

MBD - Ca and vitamin D3

rachitis, osteodystrophy, X acute hypocalcemia

complications related to reproduction – egg retention

SGS syndrom

Nutrition

Young leavesflowers insects (worms, crickets ……)?

Adult leavesflowersfruit (insects, small vertebrates ?)

Iguana iguana (MBD) calcium - problems

Anorexiapain - distension urinary bladder

caecum, colon

paralysis – hind legs + anorexia

Anorexia

GIT obstipation

Gout + nephromegaly + CRF

Iguanas – renal disease Healthy iguanasBoyer et al. (1996) Knotek et al.

(2002)Knotek et al. (1999)

TP g/l 63,00 53,51 22,0 – 78,2

Gluco mmol/l

9,55 10,07 8,3 – 16,5

Uricacid

µmol/l

428,26 306,70 70,2 – 145,3

Creat µmol/l

52,20 61,07 8,8 – 66,3ALT µkat/l 3,52 0,74 0,1 – 1,2AST µkat/l 3,11 5,02 0,1 – 1,6K mmol

/l6,10 4,18 1,3 – 5,2

Ca mmol/l

1,95 2,06 2,2 – 3,5

P mmol/l

7,69 5,95 1,4 – 3,1

POOS x POFS

Clinical examination, RTG - USG, biochemistry - Ca

Females (POFS + POOS) Healthy iguanasKnotek et al.

(2003)Knotek et al.

(1999)

TP g/l 38,2 - 72,2 22,0 – 78,2

Gluk mmol/l

6,2 - 24,6 8,3 – 16,5

UA µmol/l

61,4 - 815,6 70,2 – 145,3

ALT µkat/l 0,5 - 4,5 0,1 – 1,2AST µkat/l 0,8 - 17,8 0,1 – 1,6ALP µkat/l 0,0 - 0,3 0,7 – 4,9

Ca mmol/l

2,1 - 7,1 2,2 – 3,5

P mmol/l

1,6 - 11,9 1,4 – 3,1

FEMALES

POOS

TP g/l 59,3

Gluco mmol/l

12,7

Uric acid

µmol/l

151,1

CHOL µmol/l

8,2ALT µkat/l 0,4AST µkat/l 0,8

Ca mmol/l 2,1

P mmol/l 3,7

FEMALES

POOS

MALES

TP g/l 59,3 49,3

Gluko mmol/l

12,7 12,7

Uric acid

µmol/l

151,1 90,5

CHOL µmol/l

8,2 5,1ALT µkat/l 0,4 0,5AST µkat/l 0,8 0,3

Ca mmol/l 2,1 2,8

P mmol/l 3,7 2,1

FEMALES

POFS

MALES

TP g/l 56,8 49,3

Gluko mmol/l

12,3 12,7

Uric acid

µmol/l

320,6 90,5

CHOL µmol/l

9,1 5,1ALT µkat/l 0,3 0,5AST µkat/l 0,8 0,3

Ca mmol/l 6,9 2,8

P mmol/l 3,5 2,1

FEMALES

POOS POFS

MALES

TP g/l 59,3 56,8 49,3

Gluko mmol/l

12,7 12,3 12,7

UA µmol/l

151,1 320,6 90,5

CHOL µmol/l

8,2 9,1 5,1ALT µkat/l 0,4 0,3 0,5AST µkat/l 0,8 0,8 0,3

Ca mmol/l 2,1 6,9 2,8

P mmol/l 3,7 3,5 2,1

1 year old female veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) showing very limited activity and a visible colour change was presented for “skin disease”. Both eyes were closed and the mouth mucose was pale.

The blood profile was characterised by leukocytosis due to increased number of azurophils and monocytes, very high plasma concentrations of uric acid and phosphorus.

Ref.UnitsValues

1 - 25.71mmol/lP80 - 2504 549.0μmol/lUric acid

0 – 16.10G/lMonocytes0 – 115.60G/lAzurophils3 - 1230.50G/lWBCs

Radiographically a number of follicles and deformation on the long bones was demonstrated.

Conclusion: chronic metabolic bone disease (MBD) with preovulatory follicle stasis (POFS)

HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT HAVE EMERGED DURING KEEPING SNAKES IN CAPTIVITY

Python spp., Boa spp., Epicrates spp., Sanzinia spp., Morelia spp.infections overfeeding

chronic metabolic problems

renal disease traumatic lesions poor husbandry

Symptoms anorexiadysecdysis

Laboratory TP, uric acid, ALT, AST (Ca, P)

Metabolic diseases in reptiles - VFU · anorexia (reptiles : birds : mammals) x postprandial values...

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