Venue: Geology Section, IGN, University of Copenhagen

Address: GeoCenter, Øster Voldgade 10, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark

Organizers: Hans Thybo, thybo@ign.ku.dk; Irina Artemieva, irina@ign.ku.dk

PostDoc/PhD contacts during the meeting:

Matija Herceg, +45-4280 5808, Yulia Cherepanova +45-5312 4833,

Olga Barantseva +45-9193 3013, Helene Kraft

How to get there?

GeoCenter is labelled “Institute”

Danish national search-engine with maps (incl. 3D city views): krak.dk

Faculty for Natural Sciences in Copenhagen - Elite course

" How to interpret geophysical observations

in terms of composition and dynamics of Earth (and other planets)"

S. Karato (Yale University, USA) and A. Tommasi (Geosciences Montpellier, FR)

14-18 June, 2014

The Goal

The goal is to provide you with the basic concepts that play an important role in

interpreting the geophysical observations including seismological and electromagnetic

induction observations in terms of composition and dynamics of Earth and other planets.

Geophysicists infer elastic (+ anelastic) properties and electrical conductivity through remote

sensing. Interpretations of these observations are usually highly non-unique. Integration of

various observations with a sound basis on the physics and chemistry of materials is essential,

but challenging. You will learn (i) materials science fundamentals needed in the interpretation

of these observations and (ii) an interdisciplinary (integrated) approach allowing for

constraining the interpretation of these data in terms of composition and deformation of the

Earth.

Applications will include:

(1) the study of mantle deformation based on seismic anisotropy observations,

(2) the interpretation of the geophysical observations of the lithosphere-asthenosphere

boundary and the “mid-lithosphere discontinuity” in the upper mantle, of the mantle transition

zone, the D” layer, and structure of the Moon, and

(3) the analysis of the role of mechanical anisotropy in plate tectonics.

The materials science basics include:

(1) a general introduction to elasticity and anelasticity,

(2) elastic properties of a crystal (Birth’s law, thermal expansion, Grüneisen parameter),

(3) defects and anelasticity,

(4) defects and electrical conductivity of minerals,

(5) the anisotropy of physical properties,

(6) the upscaling from crystal to rock and larger scale physical properties,

(7) physics and chemistry of partial melting (melt fraction, melt geometry (dihedral angle),

compaction).

Day-by-day program, Auditorium C, GeoCenter

14 June (Sat.) – Deformation and anisotropy of physical properties

by Andréa Tommasi

8.45 – meeting at the main entrance to GeoCenter, Øster Voldgade 10

(because of weekend, the building will be locked)

Block 1

9h-10h15: Introduction to anisotropy of physical properties.

Thermal diffusivity anisotropy of olivine as an example.

Causes of anisotropy in rocks: oriented fractures, compositional layering,

preferred orientation of crystals.

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

10h30-12h: How and why do crystal preferred orientations form.

Principles of viscoplastic deformation of crystalline materials (dislocation

glide, dislocation creep, diffusion creep, grain boundary migration and

sliding).

Introduction of the discussion topic of 17 June: Olivine CPO development

by diffusion creep

Lunch – Røde Stue (the “Red Room”), organized for everyone: pizzas, fruits, soft drinks

Block 2

13h30-15h30: From single-crystal anisotropy to rock-scale anisotropy.

How is the single crystal data determined (experiments, ab initio

modelling)?

How are CPO measured?

Principles and methods for the analysis of CPO data.

How is the anisotropy of a rock calculated.

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

16h-18h: Seminar by Barbara Romanowicz (Univ. Berkeley & Collège de France):

Evidence for seismic anisotropy in the Earth's mantle at global and

continental scales

18h30 – 22h00: Dinner for all participants (meat/fish/vegetarian buffet; GeoCenter,

Røde Stue (the “Red Room”)

15 June (Sun.) - Fundamentals of the interpretation of geophysical observations

by Shun Karato

8.45 – meeting at the main entrance to GeoCenter, Øster Voldgade 10

(because of weekend, the building will be locked)

Block 1

9h-10h15 : Introduction

(overview of mechanical behavior of condensed matter,

overview of phase transformations in Earth,

chemical stratification)

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

10h30-12h : Elasticity

(Birch’s law, anharmonicity, thermal expansion, Grüneisen parameter)

Lunch – GeoCenter, Røde Stue (the “Red Room”), organized for everyone: sandwiches, fruits,

soft drinks

Block 2

13h30-14h45 : Defects and non-elastic properties I

15h-16h: Defects and non-elastic properties II

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

16h-18h : Seminar by Lev Vinnik

16 June (Mon.) - Fundamentals of the interpretation of geophysical observations

by Shun Karato

Block 1

9 h-10h15 : Defects and electrical conductivity of minerals

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

10h30-12h : Influence of partial melting

Lunch – GeoCenter canteen, ground level, entrance from Rotonda, self-service, costs 25-35 dkk

Block 2

13h30-14h45 : Some applications : lithosphere-asthenosphere, transition zone, D’’ layer

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

15h-17h: Student presentations/discussions

17 June (Tue.) – Using seismic anisotropy to map mantle deformation

by Andréa Tommasi

Block 1

9h-10h15: Seismological measurements of anisotropy.

Body waves : Pn anisotropy and SKS splitting.

Surface waves polarization anisotropy (Love/Rayleigh discrepancy).

Rayleigh waves azimuthal anisotropy.

How to interpret these seismological measurements in terms of upper

mantle deformation.

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

10h30-12h: Seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle: Observations and interpretation for

different geodynamical settings.

Forward models of mantle flow and seismic anisotropy.

Lunch – GeoCenter canteen, ground level of Rotonda, self-service, costs ca. 25-35 dkk

Block 2

13h30-15h15: Practical: Predicting the seismic anisotropy in a continental rift.

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

15h30-16h30: Which are the processes that may destroy or modify a CPO?

Effects of temperature, stress, pressure, water, and melt on deformation and

CPO evolution.

Examples of olivine and quartz (temperature control on slip systems'

activation).

CPO evolution during static recrystallisation and melt percolation.

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

17h-18h: Discussion: Crystal Preferred Orientation development by diffusion creep

Suggested lectures: Wheeler, J. (2009). The preservation of seismic anisotropy in the Earth's mantle during diffusion creep.

Geophysical Journal International, 178(3), 1723-1732.

Miyazaki, T., Sueyoshi, K., & Hiraga, T. (2013). Olivine crystals align during diffusion creep of Earth/'s

upper mantle. Nature, 502(7471), 321-326.

Sundberg, M., and R. F. Cooper (2008), Crystallographic preferred orientation produced by diffusional creep

of harzburgite: Effects of chemical interactions among phases during plastic flow, J. Geophys. Res.,113,

B12208, doi:10.1029/2008JB005618

Walker, A.N., Rutter, E.H., Brodie, K.H., 1991. Experimental study of grain-size sensitive flow of synthetic,

hot-pressed calcite rocks, in: Knipe, R.J., Rutter, E.H. (Eds.), Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and

Tectonics. The Geological Society, London, pp. 259-284

Pieri, M., Kunze, K., Burlini, L., Stretton, I., Olgaard, D. L., Burg, J. P., & Wenk, H. R. (2001). Texture

development of calcite by deformation and dynamic recrystallization at 1000K during torsion

experiments of marble to large strains. Tectonophysics, 330(1), 119-140.

Heidelbach, F., Stretton, I., Langenhorst, F., & Mackwell, S. (2003). Fabric evolution during high shear

strain deformation of magnesiowüstite (Mg0. 8Fe0. 2O). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

(1978–2012), 108(B3).

18 June (Wed.) – More anisotropy … by Andréa Tommasi

Block 1

9h-10h15: Mechanical anisotropy.

Recent experimental data.

Predictions from viscoplastic self-consistent models.

Role of mechanical anisotropy on the reactivation of preexisting structures in

plate tectonics

Tea/coffee break – room next to aud. C

10h30-12h: Melts and anisotropy: observations in natural systems, petrophysical models

& seismological observations.

Lunch – GeoCenter canteen, ground level of Rotonda, self-service, costs ca. 25-35 dkk

Block 2

13h30-16h30: Debate with participation of ALL students:

- May water explain seismic discontinuities, anisotropy, and electrical

conductivity in the upper mantle? Or do we need partial melt?

Round-up and Farewell drink:

17h00-18h00: Røde Stue or Geophysical Lab

Recommended accommodation for your stay, low price category:

Hotel Løven: http://www.loevenhotel.dk/eng.html

Hotel CabInn: https://www.cabinn.com/en/

Hotel Wakeup Copenhagen: https://www.wakeupcopenhagen.com/booking

/index.php?client=arpHansenWakeup&lang=en

The above mentioned hotels are all located in central Copenhagen, about 15 minutes

away from our Department by bus or metro.

If you prefer to stay within walking distance of our department, Hotel Østerport is very

close, but the price is ca. 1000 kr per night: http://hotelosterport.dk/en/