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VBEF05 Projektledning

Kristian Widén, PhD

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Kunskapsmål

• Introduktion till personella resurser

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Project Human Resource Management

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Project Human Resource Management

“People determine the success and failure of organizations and projects”

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What is Project Human Resource Management?

Project human resource management includes the processes required to make the most effective use of the people involved with a project.

Processes include:Organizational planningStaff acquisitionTeam development

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Keys to Managing People

Psychologists and management theorists have devoted much research and thought to the field of managing people at work

Important areas related to project management include:Motivationinfluence and powereffectiveness

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Motivation

Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs to illustrate his theory that people’s behaviors are guided by a sequence of needs

Maslow argued that humans possess unique qualities that enable them to make independent choices, thus giving them control of their destiny

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

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Herzberg’s Motivational and Hygiene Factors

Frederick Herzberg wrote several famous books and articles aboutworker motivation.

He distinguished between:motivational factors: achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth, which produce job satisfaction

hygiene factors: cause dissatisfaction if not present, but do not motivate workers to do more. Examples include larger salaries, more supervision, and a more attractive work environment

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McGregor’s Theory X and Y

Douglas McGregor popularized the human relations approach to management in the 1960s

Theory X: assumes workers dislike and avoid work, so managers must use coercion, threats and various control schemes to get workers to meet objectives

Theory Y: assumes individuals consider work as natural as play or rest and enjoy the satisfaction of esteem and self-actualization needs

Theory Z: introduced in 1981 by William Ouchi and is based on the Japanese approach to motivating workers, emphasizing trust, quality, collective decision making, and cultural values

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Thamhain and Wilemon’s Ways Have Influence on Projects

1. Authority: the legitimate hierarchical right to issue orders2. Assignment: the project manager's perceived ability to influence a

worker's later work assignments3. Budget: the project manager's perceived ability to authorize others' use

of discretionary funds4. Promotion: the ability to improve a worker's position5. Money: the ability to increase a worker's pay and benefits6. Penalty: the project manager's ability to cause punishment7. Work challenge: the ability to assign work that capitalizes on a worker's

enjoyment of doing a particular task8. Expertise: the project manager's perceived special knowledge that

others deem important9. Friendship: the ability to establish friendly personal relationships

between the project manager and others

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Ways to Influence that Help and Hurt Projects

Projects are more likely to succeed when project managers influence with:ExpertiseWork challenge

Projects are more likely to fail when project managers rely too heavily on:AuthorityMoneyPenalty

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Power

Power is the potential ability to influence behavior to get people to do things they would not otherwise do.

Types of power include:Coercive (tvingande)Legitimate (berättigande)Expert (kunskapsbaserat)Reward (belönande)Referent (refererande)

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Improving Effectiveness

Project managers can apply 7 habits to improve effectiveness on projects:Be proactiveBegin with the end in mindPut first things firstThink win/winSeek first to understand, then to be understoodSynergizeSharpen the saw

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Organizational Planning

Organizational planning involves identifying, documenting, and assigning project roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships

Outputs and processes include:project organizational chartswork definition and assignment processresponsibility assignment matrixesresource histograms

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Sample Organizational Chart for a Large Project

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Work Definition and Assignment Process

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Sample Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)

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RAM Showing Stakeholder Roles

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Staff Acquisition

Staffing plans and good hiring procedures are important in staffacquisition, as are incentives for recruiting and retention

Some companies give their employees one dollar for every hour a new person they helped hire works

Some organizations allow people to work from home as an incentive

Research shows that people leave their jobs because they don’t make a difference, don’t get proper recognition, aren’t learning anything new, don’t like their coworkers, and want to earn more money

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Resource Loading and Leveling

Resource loading refers to the amount of individual resources an existing project schedule requires during specific time periodsResource histograms show resource loadingOver-allocation means more resources than are available are assigned to perform work at a given time

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Sample Resource Histogram for a Large IT Project

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Java programmers Business analysts Technical writersManagers Administrative staff Database analystsTesting specialists

Num

ber o

f Peo

ple

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Sample Histogram Showing an over allocated Resource

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Resource Leveling

Resource leveling is a technique for resolving resource conflicts by delaying tasks

The main purpose of resource leveling is to create a smoother distribution of resource usage and reduce over allocation

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Resource Leveling Example

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Team Development

It takes teamwork to successfully complete most projects.

Training can help people understand themselves, each other, and how to work better in teams

Team building activities include:physical challengespsychological preference indicator tools

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Social Styles Profile

People are perceived as behaving primarily in one of four zones,based on their assertiveness and responsiveness:Drivers (pådrivare)Expressives (uttrycksfulla)Analyticals (analytiska)Amiables (lag/harmoni)

People on opposite corners (drivers and amiables, analyticals and expressives) may have difficulties getting along

Robbins & Finley

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Social Styles

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Reward and Recognition Systems

Team-based reward and recognition systems can promote teamworkFocus on rewarding teams for achieving specific goalsAllow time for team members to mentor and help each other to meet project goals and develop human resources

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General Advice on Teams

Focus on meeting project objectives and producing positive resultsFix the problem instead of blaming peopleEstablish regular, effective meetingsNurture team members and encourage them to help each otherAcknowledge individual and group accomplishments

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Using Software to Assist in Human Resource Management

Software can help in producing RAMS and resource histograms

Project management software includes several features related tohuman resource management such as:viewing resource usage informationidentifying under and over-allocated resourcesleveling resources

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Resource Usage View from Microsoft Project

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Resource Usage Report from Microsoft Project

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Project Resource Management Involves Much More Than Using Software

Project managers must:Treat people with consideration and respectUnderstand what motivates themCommunicate carefully with them

Goal is to enable project team members to deliver their best work