Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief...
Transcript of Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief...
![Page 1: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Varieties of EnglishVarieties of English
websites: www.uni-due.de/SVE www.uni-due.de/SHE
Raymond Hickey, Campus Essen, WS 2012/13Raymond Hickey, Campus Essen, WS 2012/13
![Page 2: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The anglophone world todayThe anglophone world today
Dark blue regions: English as first languageDark blue regions: English as first languageLight blue regions: English as second languageLight blue regions: English as second language
![Page 3: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Part I:Part I: The Spread of English in the ColonialThe Spread of English in the ColonialPeriod (1600Period (1600--1900)1900)
Part II:Part II: English in the CaribbeanEnglish in the Caribbean
Part III:Part III: English in North AmericaEnglish in North America
Part IV:Part IV: English in AfricaEnglish in Africa
Part V:Part V: English in AsiaEnglish in Asia
Part VIPart VI:: English in Australia/New Zealand and theEnglish in Australia/New Zealand and thePacificPacific
Note: This presentation contains information about where English is tobe found today, but not about how it is spoken around the world.
![Page 4: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Part IPart I
The Spread of English in theThe Spread of English in theColonial Period (1600Colonial Period (1600--1900)1900)
![Page 5: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Scenarios for the English language overseasScenarios for the English language overseas
Several factors are responsible for the types of English which havearisen outside Europe during the colonial period, roughly from the early17th to the late 19th century. Early settlers went to the New World, firstto the Caribbean then to eastern Canada and the later United States(to form the original 13 colonies). Some people left the British Isles oftheir own free will, some were forcibly deported, some served asindentured labourers.
At the new locations, settlers sometimes mixed with indigenouspeoples, with other settlers or with slaves from Africa. This mixture hadan effect on the forms of English which arose at the new locations.
The northern hemisphere was settled first (after 1600) while thesouthern hemisphere was settled much later (after 1800). This meansthat forms of English there are closer to English in south-east Englandtoday, e.g. in not having syllable-final /-r/ in words like car or card.
![Page 6: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Division of the anglophone world by hemisphereDivision of the anglophone world by hemisphere
![Page 7: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Division of the anglophone world by regionDivision of the anglophone world by region
![Page 8: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
‘‘NewNew EnglishesEnglishes’’Second languageSecond languagevarieties of Englishvarieties of English
![Page 9: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Spread of English in the colonial periodSpread of English in the colonial period
![Page 10: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A New and Accurate Map of the World (1627) by theA New and Accurate Map of the World (1627) by theEnglish cartographer John SpeedEnglish cartographer John Speed
![Page 11: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The colonial world in the late 18th century
![Page 12: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The colonial world in the late 19th century
![Page 13: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The British Empire after World War I (1918)
![Page 14: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Part IIPart II
The English Language in theThe English Language in theCaribbeanCaribbean
![Page 15: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Caribbean Sea and its IslandsThe Caribbean Sea and its Islands
![Page 16: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Pre-Columbian Period
• The Spanish Period
• British Involvement
Main periods in the history of the CaribbeanMain periods in the history of the Caribbean
![Page 17: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
English in the Caribbean areaEnglish in the Caribbean area
The first Carribean island to be settled by the British was Barbados(1627) in the east. When this island filled up, English-speakers left forother locations, especially for Jamaica after it was taken by the Britishin 1660.Initially, the Carribean was populated by whites, later by blacks takenfrom West Africa as slaves and transported across the Atlantic in theinfamous Middle Passage.Many other smaller islands were populated by English-speakers andmany changed hands between the colonial maritime powers, namelyEngland, France, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands. Most of theseislands gain their independence in the mid 20th century.In the late 17th century a number of Caribbean slaves were transportedto the south-east of the United States to work on the large cottonplantations. Later slaves were transported directly. The system ofslavery lasted until the end of the American Civil War (1860-65).
![Page 18: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Major EnglishMajor English--speaking Caribbean islandsspeaking Caribbean islands
Jamaica Barbados
![Page 19: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Anglophone locations in the CaribbeanAnglophone locations in the Caribbean
![Page 20: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The trade triangle from the period of slaveryThe trade triangle from the period of slavery
![Page 21: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Groups of anglophone pidgins and creolesGroups of anglophone pidgins and creoles
![Page 22: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Part IIIPart III
The English Language inThe English Language inNorth AmericaNorth America
![Page 23: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Emigration to the United StatesEmigration to the United States
During the 18th century upwards of a quarter of a million Scots andUlster Scots emigrated to the east of America. They settled in statesalong the coast from Pennsylvania down to South Carolina. Many ofthem also settled in the Appalachian mountains and the speech ofthis region shows many traces of Scots input to this day.
Later in the 19th century many millions fled Ireland as a result of famine(e.g. the Great Famine of 1845-8). These largely Catholic emigrantssettled in the cities of the north-eastern United States, such as NewYork and Boston. Because they were considerably later than theScots their speech did not have a comparable effect on AmericanEnglish, though locally there are traces of this Irish English input.
![Page 24: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dialect regions of the United StatesDialect regions of the United States
![Page 25: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The two main ethnic groups in the present-dayUSA are:
1) African Americans (people of African plusAmerican descent). They originally camethrough the Caribbean in the 17th century andlater directly to the USA (18th century).
2) Hispanics (people of Central AmericanSpanish descent), these are largely speakersof Chicano English, but some are PuertoRicans (in New York) or Cubans (in southernFlorida) by origin.
![Page 26: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Distribution of African Americans in the USADistribution of African Americans in the USA
![Page 27: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Gullah (Sea Islands Creole)Gullah (Sea Islands Creole)
![Page 28: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Location of Chicano EnglishLocation of Chicano English
![Page 29: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Dialect regions of CanadaDialect regions of Canada
![Page 30: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Part IVPart IV
The English Language inThe English Language inAfricaAfrica
![Page 31: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The English language in AfricaThe English language in Africa
![Page 32: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
English in presentEnglish in present--day Africaday Africa
![Page 33: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Pidgins in presentPidgins in present--day West Africaday West Africa
![Page 34: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The early anglophone settlement of South AfricaThe early anglophone settlement of South Africa
![Page 35: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The transportation of speakers from India to NatalThe transportation of speakers from India to Natal
![Page 36: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Part VPart V
The English Language inThe English Language inAsiaAsia
![Page 37: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The English language in AsiaThe English language in Asia
![Page 38: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The main anglophone locations in Asia are:
1) South Asia consisting of the followingcountries: (i) India, (ii) Pakistan, (iii)Bangladesh, (iv) Sri Lanka. All of these areformer English colonies. To them one couldadd the smaller countries (i) Nepal, (ii) Bhutanand (iii) The Maldives.
2) South-East Asia consisting of the followingcountries (i) Malaysia, (ii) Singapore, (iii) ThePhilippines and (iv) Hong Kong (now a regionof China). All were English colonies exceptThe Philippines
![Page 39: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
English in South Asia and SouthEnglish in South Asia and South--East AsiaEast Asia
![Page 40: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Part VIPart VI
The English Language inThe English Language inAustralia/New Zealand andAustralia/New Zealand and
the Pacificthe Pacific
![Page 41: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Transportation to Australia / New ZealandTransportation to Australia / New Zealand
![Page 42: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Both Australia (1788 - ) and New Zealand (1840 - ) had considerableIrish input (between 25% and 30% of the original settlers). However,their speech was not continued at either location, probably because ofthe dominance of English speech models, given that both countrieswere colonies of Britain.
Australia & New Zealand (Australasia)Australia & New Zealand (Australasia)
![Page 43: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Pacific OceanThe Pacific Ocean
![Page 44: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Geographical divisions of the Pacific islandsGeographical divisions of the Pacific islands
Note: In the following three maps those islands where English is widely spoken– either through Briitish or American influence – are underlined in red.
![Page 45: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
MelanasiaMelanasia
![Page 46: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
MicronesiaMicronesia
![Page 47: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
PolynesiaPolynesia
![Page 48: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Hawaii archipelagoHawaii archipelago
![Page 49: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Varieties of English: recommended readingVarieties of English: recommended reading
References (brief selection)
Algeo, John (ed.) 2001. English in North America. The CambridgeHistory of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: University Press.
Burchfield, Robert 1994. English in Britain and Overseas. Origins andDevelopment. The Cambridge History of the English Language.Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hickey, Raymond (ed.) 2004. Legacies of Colonial English.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W.Schneider and Clive Upton (eds) 2004. A Handbook of Varieties ofEnglish. Volume 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax.Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
![Page 50: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Literature on VarietiesLiterature on Varieties of Englishof English
![Page 51: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Literature on VarietiesLiterature on Varieties of Englishof English
![Page 52: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Conventional histories of EnglishConventional histories of English
![Page 53: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
More inclusive overviews of EnglishMore inclusive overviews of English
![Page 54: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Literature on the spread of EnglishLiterature on the spread of English
![Page 55: Varieties of English - uni-due.de...Varieties of English: recommended reading References (brief selection) Algeo, John (ed. ) 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062610/610bce30e2b10605de0f755d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Literature on World EnglishesLiterature on World Englishes