Vaporizer Technology f LNG R Gfor LNG Re-Gas

Comparisons of Various Methods

Background

Five heat sources◦ Fuel◦ Water◦ Air◦ Radiation◦ Mechanical Reverse Refrigeration /Cooling

SCV

Old To New Approaches

• SCV• ORV

Shell and Tubes• Shell and Tubes• Direct Contact Ambient

AAV = Natural Draft– AAV = Natural Draft– FAV = Fan Assisted

• Intermediate Fluids with Fin Fans• Intermediate Fluids with Fin Fans• Heating Towers [reverse cooling towers]

• Key is “Life Cycle Cost”

Decision DriversKey is Life Cycle CostCapital Cost ++ Installation Costs + Installation Time + Space Requirements + Operating Costs

+ Fuel+ Fuel + Power+ Chemicals and Systems y+ Environmental + Replacement and Maintenance + Operating manpower

“Soft Issues”

• Operational FlexibilityLoad Follo ing– Load Following

– Restart time and costs• ReliabilityReliability• Ease of Operation• Effectiveness

– Ambient Temperature Limits to Operation– Trim Heat Required to Reach Pipeline TemperatureEfficiency• Efficiency

• Turndown Range

Hidden Costs• Water Intake / Outfall Systems

– Screens and Filters– Water Quality and Treatments

• Algaecides / Bacterial Treatments• Suspended Solids• Suspended Solids• Corrosion

• Intermediate fluids– Cost– Hazards

• ChemicalsC e ca s– Neutralizing– HypochloritesEnvironmental Compliance• Environmental Compliance

Overall Efficiencies• Basis = 1 BCFD about 600,000,000 btu / hr• Efficiency = 600 MM / total energy used• Efficiency = 600 MM / total energy used

• SCV at 98% fuel efficient– 98% =600,000,000 / 612,248,900 – Power required = 2400 kW = 8,195,000 btu / hr

Fi l 600 MM / 612 8 2 MM 96 7%– Final = 600 MM / 612 + 8.2 MM = 96.7%

• AAV using 0 power and 0 fuel = infinite%AAV using 0 power and 0 fuel infinite%– Heat drawn from ambient heat sink– 600,000,000 btu / 0 = infinite

Gained b sing

Mechanical Advantage

Gained by using ◦ Pumps for using “free” seawater heat sink◦ Fans for using “free” ambient air heat sink◦ Fans for using free ambient air heat sink

Outcomes are surprisingOutcomes are surprising◦ Apparent efficiencies exceed 100%◦ Only within confines of closed system withOnly within confines of closed system with

Free energy in waterFree energy in airFree energy in air

Vaporization Efficiency for Various Technologiesfor Various Technologies

Trim Heat Required for Competing

P e rc e n t T rim H e a t R e q u ire d v s A m b ie n t T e m p e ra tu re

eat equ ed o Co pet gAmbient LNG Vaporizer Technologies

q p

5 44 0 4 51 0 0

1 2 0

6 0

8 0

Req

uire

d

D ire c t AAV/ F AVF in / F a nR C li T

2 0

4 0

% T

rim H

eat R R e ve rs e C o o lin g T o w e r

Mu s ta n g S m a rt S ys te m

6 86 5 7 0

00 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0

Am b ie n t T e m p e ra tu re (F )

%

5

Vaporizer System Paybacks vs. SCV

3.54

4.55

ORVShell & TubeFAV

22.5

33.5 FAV

AAVIFV-Mustang

Years

0 51

1.52 IFV Mustang

IFV-DahejRCT

00.5

ORV

Shell &FAV

AAV

IFV-Mu

IFV-DaRCT

& Tube

Mustang

Dahej

N t l D ft Di t A bi t Ai V iNatural Draft Direct Ambient Air Vaporizers

The End

Questions???