Valuing marine ecosystem services and...
Transcript of Valuing marine ecosystem services and...
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Valuing marine ecosystem
services and benefits
Mel Austen
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Valuing marine ecosystem services and benefits • Why do we need valuation? • Setting the scene – ecosystem services, assessment
frameworks, valuation • Application of ecosystem services approach • Marine ecosystem valuation and examples • Challenges • Examples of valuation of marine ecosystems to support policy
across the EU • Research needs
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Current and
emerging
pressures are
multiple and
interacting
Energy
Devices
Environmental
Changes
(including
climate change)
Discharges
Exploitation of
living resources
Concerns Outbreaks
Invasives
Changes in
productivity
Transport
Tourism & Leisure
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• EU policies
• Commercial/Regulation/Management
− licencing
− planning for conflicting uses
• Environment
− environmental protection
EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive
Valuation of ecosystem services and benefits
to support:
IMO Convention on Ballast Water Management
Common Fisheries Policy
Invasive Alien Species Strategy (forthcoming) Marine Planning Directive
Biodiversity Strategy
EU Maritime Policy
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What do ecosystems do for people?
Biodiversity and
natural resources
Ecosystem
processes and
functions
Ecosystem
services
Ecosystem
benefits and
values
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Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
Ecosystem services distinguished from ecosystem benefits including distinction of ES and intermediate ES Fisher et al, Boyd and Bahnhof
Ecosystem service typology
Framework for application
Environmental (abiotic) vs ecosystem services (e.g. Atkins et al)
Incorporating DPSIR (e.g. Atkins et al)
Application to policy refinement of framework and typology
National e.g. UK
National Ecosystem Assessment
Natural Capital Committee
National Ecosystem Assessment Follow on
International
SEEA
TEEB UN
EU
CICES
Evolving
frameworks and
classifications
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PROVISIONING 1a: Food provision -
Wild capture sea food
1b: Food provision -
Farmed sea food
2a: Biotic raw material
- Genetic resources
2b: Biotic raw material
- Medicinal resources
2c: Biotic raw material -
Ornamental resources
REGULATING 3: Air purification
4: Climate regulation
5: Disturbance prevention
and moderation
6: Regulation of water
flows
7: Waste treatment and
assimilation
8: Coastal erosion
prevention
9: Biological Control (checks
& balances)
HABITAT 10: Migratory and
nursery habitat
11: Gene pool
protection
CULTURAL 12: Leisure, recreation
and tourism
13: Aesthetic experience
14: Inspiration for
culture, art and design
15: Cultural heritage
16: Cultural diversity
17: Spiritual experience
18: Information for
cognitive development
VECTORS ecosystem services typology
Hattam et al. Marine ecosystem services:
linking indicators to their classification. Ecol.
Indicators (In press)
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Biophysical
structure or
process
(e.g. nutrient
cycling or Net
Primary
Productivity)
Function*
(e.g. slow
water
passage,
biomass)
Ecosystems & Biodiversity
Service
(e.g. flood-
protection,
waste
treatment)
Benefit(s)
(e.g. food,
fuel, tourism
etc) (econ) Value
(e.g. WTP for
protection or
products)
Human wellbeing
(socio-cultural context)
Institutions & human
judgments determining
(the use of) services
Management/
restoration Feedback between
value perception
and use of eco-
system services
* Subset of biophysical structure or
process providing the service
Modified from TEEB:
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2010)
(inc. abiotic components)
Ecosystem service frameworks
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Function*
(e.g. slow
water
passage,
biomass)
Service
(e.g. flood-
protection,
waste
treatment)
Benefit(s)
(e.g. food,
fuel, tourism
etc) (econ) Value
(e.g. WTP for
protection or
products)
EEA Common International Classification of
Ecosystem Services (CICES)
Ecosystem service frameworks
Biophysical
structure or
process
(e.g. nutrient
cycling or Net
Primary
Productivity)
Limit pressures via
policy action
Sum of
pressures
Haines-Young, R. and Potschin, M. (2013a): Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services
(CICES): Consultation on Version 4, August-December 2012. EEA Framework Contract No EEA/IEA/09/003.
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Overall National Ecosystem Assessment Conceptual Framework
*Note that the term good(s) includes all use and non-use, material and non-material benefits from ecosystems that have value for people.
Ecosystems
Air, land, water and all living things
Drivers of Change (Direct and Indirect) • Demographic, economic, socio-political,
technological and behavioural • Management practices • Environmental changes
Human wellbeing: •Economic value •Health value •Shared (social) value
Good(s)* Ecosystem
services
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Dogger Bank ecosystem services under differing VECTORS scenarios
• The EC MSFD calls for an ecosystem approach to marine management • The Dogger Bank contributes to wellbeing by providing ecosystem services (ES) • ES assessment to inform ecosystem-based management
SL. Garrard, C. Hattam, A. Böhnke-Henrichs, D. Burdon, J. Atkins, M. Austen
Assessment based on indicators
Literature review
Modelling approach
Expert judgement
Fish/ shellfish populations:
Abundance
Biomass
A2 B1
Quality of the fishery:
Species compositin
Age profile
Length profile
Fishing mortality
% affected by disease
Food provision (example)
Trends in ES
Lessons learnt: • Data limitation restrict ES assessment; more indicator specific data needed • Results help prioritize research and monitoring • Interdisciplinary teams are essential for ES assessment
Implications of Vectors scenarios for Dogger Bank
B1 • Precautionary
approach to MSY • 50% cover of
windfarms = no take zone
• Reduced oil and gas exploration
• 0.3oC SST increase
A2 • Abandonment of CFP:
more destructive fishing practices
• 15% cover of windfarms
• Increased oil and gas exploration
• 0.8oC SST increase
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Value = importance?
• Economic values
– assume that individuals are rational and have well-defined and
stable preferences over alternative outcomes, which are revealed
through actual or stated choices.
– based on utilitarianism and assume substitutability
– defined in terms of the trade-offs that individuals are willing to make,
given the constraints they face.
• Community-based values
– based on the assumption that individuals make choices based on
what they think is good for society as a whole rather than what is
good for them as individuals.
• Attitude or judgment-based values
• Values based on constructed preferences
• Bio-ecological values
• Energy-based values US Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
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Valuation: Approaches and Methodologies
• Revealed preference
– Market values, travel cost, hedonic pricing
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Direct market valuation: Production function
• Production function approaches
– Estimates contribution of an ecosystem service to a final commodity
– Improvement in resource base or environmental quality, i.e. enhanced
ecosystem services, lowers costs and prices or increases quantity of
goods
– Requires knowledge of relationships between ecosystems services
and valued end points
• Applicable to regulating and supporting services
Photo: Keith Hiscock Ecosystem service
Value
?
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Valuation: Approaches and Methodologies
• Revealed preference
– Market values, travel cost, hedonic pricing
• Stated preference
– Contingent valuation, contingent behaviour, choice experiments
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Valuation of Ecosystem Benefits from the Dogger Bank
• The Dogger Bank is facing various pressures from fisheries, wind farm development and aggregate extraction.
• To comply with the EC Habitats Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive, the Dogger Bank SAC requires management to achieve the protection objectives.
T. Börger, C. Hattam, D. Burdon, J. Atkins, M. Austen
Dogger Bank management targets
Change in species diversity
Protection area for porpoises, seals and
seabirds
Reduction of risk of invasive species
Method and Results
• UK-wide choice experiment survey (N=1,022 households)
• Unit: Willingness to pay (WTP) to secure ecosystem service change
• Outcomes can inform management planning and decision making
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Dogger Bank
Method:
• Survey all beneficiaries of a set of ecosystem services
• Respondents make choices and reveal their preferences
Results:
• Value of particular services (Willingness to pay)
• Tradeoff between particular services
• Profile of groups that profit more or less from ecosystem service change
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• The Dogger Bank is facing various pressures from fisheries, wind farm development and aggregate extraction.
• To comply with the EC Habitats Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive, the Dogger Bank SAC requires management to achieve the protection objectives.
Valuation of Ecosystem Benefits from the Dogger Bank T. Börger, C. Hattam, D. Burdon, J. Atkins, M. Austen
Dogger Bank management targets
Change in species diversity
Protection area for porpoises, seals and
seabirds
Reduction of risk of invasive species
Method and Results
• UK-wide choice experiment survey (N=1,022 households)
• Unit: Willingness to pay (WTP) to secure ecosystem service change
• Outcomes can inform management planning and decision making
Economic valuation of impacts
4,22 7,97
23,96 30,34
25,31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Species +10%
Species +25%
Protected area +25%
Protected area +50%
Restricted spread of invasive species
WTP (£) per UK household
• Economic valuation can quantify the welfare impacts of policy-induced ecosystem change to inform management planning and decision-making.
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Valuation: Approaches and Methodologies
• Revealed preference
– Market values, travel cost, hedonic pricing
• Stated preference
– Contingent valuation, contingent behaviour, choice experiments
• Benefit transfer
– Adapt values derived from existing studies to some other context
• Measures of attitudes, preferences, and intentions
– Surveys, narratives, focus groups, behavioural observation
• Civic valuation
– Referenda, citizen jury
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Deliberative Valuation and the Dogger Bank A. Delaney, D. Degnbol, M. Hadjimichael, C. Hattam, T. Börger, J. Atkins, D. Burdon, M. Austen
Alternative to monetary valuation of
ecosystem services
In-depth exploration of opinions
Conflicts and dilemmas in management of DB
Prioritisation of uses/ ecosystem services of
DB
Results
Sustainability and balance is important
Conservation a priority, with caveats – balance intrinsic value of DB with
economic demands
Influence of witnesses apparent
Availability of evidence affected discussions
Fishing prioritised over windfarm construction – historical legitimacy and
information imbalance
Methods
• Workshop designed as citizens’ jury
• 20 members of the public
• 4 expert witnesses
• 2 rounds of deliberation
• Did not aim for consensus
• Supports development of management plan for the Dogger Bank cSAC • Complements ecosystem service valuation in support of ecosystem approach to marine
management, as required by MSFD
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Valuation: some challenges • Values are dynamic
– Responsive to environmental change and human pressures;
Tempered by uncertainty; Spatio-temporally variable; Social and
historical context
• Values are simplistic – Inter-relationships of different ecosystem services; Feedbacks in
systems; Non-linearities in systems
– Are all ecosystem services substitutable?
• Whose values count and who does the valuing?
• What is being valued? – Stocks of resources (natural capital) or flows from these?
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city
city
Some spatial considerations…
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Policy/management use examples
MSFD – socio-economic analysis
• MS challenged by limited amount of socio-economic data
available within the timeframe required to undertake MSFD
assessment – very little new research provided for this
phase.
• Only five MS opted to apply an Ecosystem Services
Framework to look at costs of degradation
• Considerable uncertainty about the level of existing
knowledge on the extent to which changes in ecosystem
state translate into changes of ecosystem services provision
WFD – Disproportionate costs to reach good ecological status
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Some research needs…
• Ecosystem services – natural science perspective
– Biodiversity structure-function-services-benefits relationships
– Spatial and temporal dimensions
– Increase use of natural science in valuation
Biodiversity and natural resources
Ecosystem
processes and
functions
Ecosystem
services
Ecosystem
benefits and
values
Natural science Social
science
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Research needs…
• Ecosystem services – natural science perspective
– Biodiversity structure-function-services-benefits relationships
– Spatial and temporal dimensions
– Increase use of natural science in valuation
• Apply lessons learned from fisheries economics
– to broader marine ecosystem service valuation
– Spatio-temporal scales
– Modelling
• Marine cultural ecosystem services and benefits
– Understand, quantify and value
• Evaluate use of valuation in policy making
– Develop mechanisms to improve use of valuation in decision
making
Research needs…
Photo: G. Newman
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Valuation research needs – Addressing limitations and uncertainties
• Monetary valuation of marine ecosystem services
– Uncertainty in marine vs terrestrial application of public stated
preference
– Transferability of valuation methodologies from terrestrial to marine
– Lack of data
– Sensitivity
– Context dependence
• Non-monetary valuation of marine ecosystem services
– Development of discursive valuation
– Understanding and distinction of societal values (general public) vs
those of informed stakeholder
– Health benefit (and cost) values
Research needs…
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Spatial and temporal dimensions of valuation
• Valuation of ecosystem benefits (EB)
– temporal stability error/variability of value systems – relationship of
current economic context and EB values
– geographic/cultural heterogeneity of EB value systems
– use in benefit transfer
– spatial delimitation of value (mobile natural assets!)
– valuation across international borders
– use of discounting during temporal variability
• Research to address issues concerning ecosystem
thresholds and tipping points within EB valuation
Research needs…
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Modelling
• Modelling natural science using and developing ecosystem models
(system models) to quantify and project ES changes
• Develop system modelling approaches to include ES and EB values to
retain complexity of interactions (e.g. Atlantis type modelling platforms)
• Linking natural science models with economic and social science
models:
– Develop a broader ES bioeconomic modelling approach: perhaps tackle
provisioning/regulating/cultural services with different modelling approaches
• Adapt models to requirements/perceptions of decision makers –
develop user friendly modelling
• Develop decision support approaches MCA, INVEST, Atlantis
Research needs…
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Marine Ecosystem accounting
• Marine ecosystems as natural capital within a natural
capital portfolio; marine ecosystem services as capital
within a portfolio management approach
• Payment for ecosystem services (PES vs valuation)
• Life cycle analysis, evidence to support decisions e.g.
– of commercial companies marketing fish
– for marine renewable energy development
Research needs…
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Some conclusions • Valuation is needed to support policy, industry,
management/regulation, environmental protection
• Ecosystem service typologies exist for the marine environment – these
probably need to be adapted to the context in which they are applied
• We should continue to ‘marinise’ terrestrial ecosystem service
frameworks, valuation methods and natural capital (green/blue)
accounting
• There are still many research and data needs
• Interdisciplinary research linking natural and social science is
essential, we need to build capacity
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Zen & the Art of Ecosystem Services
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Some conclusions
• Valuation is needed to support policy, industry,
management/regulation, environmental protection
• Ecosystem service typologies exist for the marine
environment – these probably need to be adapted to the
context in which they are applied
• We should continue to ‘marinise’ terrestrial ecosystem
service frameworks and valuation methods
• There are still many research and data needs
• Interdisciplinary research linking natural and social science
is essential, we need to build capacity
Rome wasn’t built in a day
www.bjjee.com
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Thank you