http://www.google.ro/books?hl=ro&lr=&id=z9vHEy0osBAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=+values+tests&ots=Pfwwl7h0jE&sig=CYbWop4Qf6JrUDwrOBAEJ_dngQ4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=values%20tests&f=false

VALUES

1- EQUALITY – eqal oportunity for all

2- INNER HARMONY – at peace with myself

3- SOCIAL POWER – control of others, dominance

4 – PLEASURE – gratification of desires

5 – FREEDOM – freedom of action and thought

6 – A SPIRITUAL LIFE – emphasis on spiritual not material matters

7 – SENSE OF BELONGING – feeling that others care about me

8 – SOCIAL ORDER – stability of society

9 – AN EXCITING LIFE – stimulating experiences

10 – MEANING IN LIFE – a purpose in life

11 – POLITENESS – courtesy, good manners

12 – WEALTH – material possesion, money

13 – NATIONAL SECURITY – protection of my nation from enamies

14 – SELF-RESPECT – belief in one’s own worth

15 – RECIPROCATION OF FAVORS – avoidance of indebtedness

16 – CREATIVITY – uniqueness, imagination

17 – A WORLD AT PEACE – free of war and conflict

18 – RESPECT FOR TRADITION – preservation of time-onored customs

19 – MATURE LOVE – deep emotional and spiritual intimacy

20 – SELF DISCIPLINE – self restraint, resistance to temptation

21 – DETACHMENT – from worldly concerns

22 – FAMILY SECURITY – safety for loved ones

23 – SOCIAL RECOGNITION – respect, approval by others

24 – UNITY WITH NATURE – fitting into nature

25 – A VARIED LIFE – field with challenge, novelty and change

26 – WISDOM – a mature understanding of life

27 – AUTHORITY – the right to lead or command

28 – TRUE FRIENDSHIP – close, supportive friends

29 – A WORLD OF BEAUTY – beauty of nature and the arts

30 – SOCIAL JUSTICE – correcting injustice, care for the weak

31 – INDEPENDENT – self-reliant, self-sufficient

32 – MODERATE – avoiding extremes of feeling and action

33 – LOYAL – faithful to my friends and group

34 – AMBITIOUS – hardworking, aspiring

35 – BROAD-MINDED – tolerant of different ideas and beliefs

36 – HUMBLE – modest, self-effacing

37 – DARING – seeking adventure, risk

38 – PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT – preserving nature

39 – INFLUENTIAL – having an impact on people and events

40 – HONORING OF PARENTS AND ELDERS – showing respect

41 – CHOOSING OWN GOALS – selecting own purposes

42 – HEALTHY – not being sick physically or mentally

43 – CAPABLE – competent, effective, efficient

44 – ACCEPTING MY PORTION IN LIFE – submitting to life’s circumstancies

45 – HONEST – genuine, sincere

46 – PRESERVING MY PUBLIC IMAGE – protecting my „face”

47 – OBEDIENT – dutiful, meeting obligations

48 – INTELLIGENT – logical, thinking

49 – HELPFUL – working for the welfare of others

50 – ENJOYING LIFE – enjoying food, sex, leisure, etc

51 – DEVOUT – holding to religious faith and belief

52 – RESPONSIBLE – dependable, reliable

53 – CURIOUS – interested in everything, exploring

54 – FORGIVING – willing to pardon others

55 – SUCESSFUL – achieving goals

56 – CLEAN – neat, tidy

UNIVERSALS IN VALUE CONTENT AND STRUCTURE

Likert scale

1 =opposed to my values, 2 = not important, 3 =important, 4 =very important, 5 =of supreme importance

POWER (PO)

Social power

Authority

Wealth

Preserving my public image

Social recognition

ACHIEVEMENT (AC)

Succesful

Capable

Ambitious

Influential

Intelligent

HEDONISM (HE)

Pleasure

Enjoying life

STIMULATION (ST)

Daring

A varied life

An exciting life

SELF-DIRECTION (SD)

Curious

Creativity

Freedom

Choosing own goals

Independent

Self-respect

UNIVERSALISM (UN)

Protecting the environment

Unity with nature

A world of beauty

Broad-minded

Social justice

Wisdom

Equality

A word of peace

Inner harmony

BENEVOLENCE (BE)

Helpful

Honest

Forgiving

Loyal

Responsible

A spiritual life

True friendship

Mature love

Meaning in life

TRADITION (TR)

Accepting my portion in life

Devout

Humble

Respect for tradition

Moderate

Detachment

CONFORMITY (CO)

Obedient

Honoring of parents and elders

Politeness

Self-discipline

SECURITY (SE)

Clean

National security

Reciprocation of favors

Social order

Family security

Sense of belonging

Healthy

Schwartz şi inventarul valorilorCa şi Hofstede, Shalom Schwartz, psiho-sociolog izraelian, este interesat mai degraba de inventarierea valorilor decât de a oferi explicatii privind formarea şi schimbarea valorilor. Demersul sau este însa unul diferit: Schwartz dezvolta un inventar teoretic al principalelor constructe valorice fata de care toti indivizii din toate societatile au o orientare specifica. Ca şi Hofstede, Schwartz oscileaza în a stabili aceste orientari de valoare, numarul lor initial fiind în versiunile initiale 11, iar mai apoi devenind doar 10 şi anume:Puterea: orientarea spre a detine un prestigiu social înalt, spre a detine controlul asupra celorlalti oameni şi resurse;

Realizarea: Orientarea spre a obtine succesul personal prin demonstrarea de competente şi merite în conformitate cu standardele sociale existente. Atingerea de obiective cât mai înalte, mai rar atinse altii, este considerata a fi mai valoroasa.

Hedonismul: orientarea catre a obtine gratificatii şi satisfactii tinând de placerea personala.

Stimularea: similara hedonismului, însa orientata explicit spre derivarea de gratificatii şi placere din lucruri noi, extrem de dificile. Cei puternic orientati în aceasta directie vor fi, de exemplu, mai motivati de practicarea unui sport extrem sau de consumul unei cine exotice decât de o vacanta la Marea Neagra sau de consumul unei ciocolate fine.

Auto-direcţionarea: orientarea spre a fi independent, spre a avea controlul asupra propriei vieti, spre a cunoaşte, crea, inova, explora.

Universalismul: orientarea spre toleranta, întelegere, armonie cu alti membri ai societatii şi cu natura.

Am preferat în cazul lui Schwartz sa ofer versiunea în limba româna a denumirii celor 10 dimensiuni (power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security). Cea de-a a 11-a, era inclusa doar în dezvoltarile mai timpurii (Schwartz, 1992), era etichetata drept spirituality (spiritualitate).

Benevolenţa: preocupare pentru bunastarea altora, mergând pâna la orientarea catre filantropie, ajutorarea neconditionata a tuturor semenilor.

Tradiţionalismul: orientare catre respectarea a normelor si valorilor existente, repetarea lucrurilor mergând pe „cai batute”, conservatorism, respingerea schimbarii.

Conformismul: orientare catre respectarea unor reguli, structuri şi ierarhii clare, obedienta.

Securitatea: orientarea catre stabilitate, siguranta, armonie a propriei persoane, relatiilor în care este implicata, a societati în ansamblul ei, catre confortul oferit de existenta unor forte care sa protejeze aceasta siguranta.

Schwartz defineşte cele 10 valori drept universale şi exhaustive (Schwartz, 1992, 1994a, 1994b). Apoi observa ca ele se grupeaza pe doua axe polare, având la cele doua extreme ceea ce psiho-sociologul izraelit numeşte „orientari de valoare de ordin înalt”. Prima axa opune deschiderea la schimbare (explicând auto-directionarea, stimularea şi o parte din hedonism) şi conservatorismul (care grupeaza traditionalismul, securitatea şi conformismul). Cea de-a doua axa contrasteaza autorealizarea (puterea, realizarea şi o parte din hedonism) şi preocuparea pentru ceilalţi (universalismul şi benevolenta).

PIRAMIDA LUI MASLOW