VACCINE PRODUCT, PRICE AND PROCUREMENT - who.int · Page 5 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016...
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Page 2 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
This document has been prepared by the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) of the
Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. It is a working document.
For more information on this document or on vaccine price and procurement, please contact:
This publication is available on the internet on: www.who.int/immunization/v3p.
Additional materials on immunization, vaccines and biologicals may be requested from:
World health Organization
Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals
CH-1211 Geneva-27
Email: [email protected]
Acknowledgements
The team at WHO EPI thanks the several partner organisations and stakeholders who reviewed this
document and provided inputs and comments. We would also like to thank Shawn Gilchrist for his
work as the main writer of this document.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACCRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... 4
BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................... 5
I. VACCINE PROCUREMENT ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 8
Key findings for all vaccine purchases, 2015 ....................................................................................... 8
Key findings by vaccine, 2015 ............................................................................................................. 9
II. VACCINE PRICE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 13
Key findings by vaccine, 2015 ........................................................................................................... 13
III. TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. 18
Disclaimer
This Digest is a working draft and is based on analyses conducted in 2016. Any subsequent change in the data
will not be captured in this Digest.
Information contained in the V3P database is provided by participating countries and/or organizations
procuring on behalf of countries that have agreed to share vaccine price and procurement data with V3P.
Participating countries are solely responsible for the accuracy of the data provided.
The information contained in the V3P database does not in any way imply an endorsement, certification,
warranty of fitness or recommendation by WHO of any company or product for any purpose, and does not
imply preference over products of a similar nature that are not mentioned. WHO furthermore does not
warrant that: (1) the information is complete and/or error free; and/or that (2) the products listed are of
acceptable quality, have obtained regulatory approval in any country, or that their use is otherwise in
accordance with the national laws and regulations of any country, including but not limited to patent laws.
Inclusion of products in the database does not furthermore imply any approval by WHO of the products in
question (which is the sole prerogative of national authorities).
WHO will not accept any liability or responsibility whatsoever for any injury, death, loss, damage, or other
prejudice of any kind that may arise as a result of, or in connection with the procurement, distribution and use
of any product listed in the V3P database.
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ACRONYMS
AMC Advanced Market Commitment
aP acellular pertussis
BMGF Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
DTaP-Hib-HepB-IPV
Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b-inactivated polio (also called Hexavalent vaccine)
DTwP-HepB-Hib Diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b (also called Pentavalent vaccine)
Gavi Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
GVAP Global Vaccine Action Plan
HIC High income country
HPV Human papilloma virus
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine
LIC Low income country
LMIC Lower middle income country = GNI/capita > $1,025, < $4,035.
LPC Lowest Price Clause
LTA Long-term agreement
MAX Maximum
MED Median
MIC Middle income country
MIN Minimum
MMR Measles-mumps-rubella
MSF Médecins sans frontières
PAHO RF Pan-American Health Organisation Revolving Fund
PCV Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
Rota Rotavirus vaccine
UMIC Upper middle income country = GNI/capita > $4,035, < $12,476
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNICEF SD UNICEF Supply Division
V3P Vaccine product, price, and procurement
WAP Weighted average price
WHO World Health Organisation
wP whole cell pertussis
WHO AFRO WHO Regional Office for Africa
WHO AMRO WHO Regional Office for the Americas
WHO EMRO WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
WHO EURO WHO Regional Office for Europe
WHO SEARO WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
WHO WPRO WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
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BACKGROUND
At the request of member states, WHO has taken an active role to increase transparency of vaccine
markets by collecting information on Vaccine Product, Price and Procurement through the V3P
Initiative.
This Digest is intended for use by government officials, particularly in self-procuring countries. The
digest provides information on the type of vaccine procurement, supply sources, product choices and
vaccine price ranges, from countries reporting to the V3P in 2016. Making this information on
vaccine prices available is expected to improve national decision-making for vaccine purchasing, new
vaccine introductions, vaccine scheduling, and product choice, and overall inform procurement
processes to render these more efficient.
This Digest is organized according to 3 sections that provide analyses of both price and procurement
data from countries reporting to the V3P initiative:
1. VACCINE PROCUREMENT ANALYSIS: this section intends to provide countries with an
indication of vaccine procurement characteristics.
2. VACCINE PRICE ANALYSIS: this section intends to provide countries, particularly Middle
Income Countries (MICs), with the price ranges for specific vaccines from all countries
reporting to the V3P database.
3. TABLES: in the annexes, tables provide the background data behind analyses presented in
this document.
All data reported has been extracted from the V3P database as of August 2016.
In order to focus on the most interesting analyses, based on prices paid and number of data points, a
subset of vaccines were selected. Analyses in this report focus on the following vaccine types:
- DTwP-HepB-Hib (also referred to as pentavalent);
- Acellular pertussis-containing combination vaccines (aP-containing vaccines);
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV);
- Rotavirus vaccine (Rota);
- Human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV); and,
- Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).
Readers may access additional vaccine price and procurement information from reporting
countries and procurement agencies (UNICEF and PAHO) on the V3P website:
www.who.int/immunization/v3p.
All of the data in this report is based on price and procurement data contribution from individual
countries only (not the data shared by procurement agencies). The 50 countries contributing
vaccine price data to the V3P database in 2016 (reporting 2015 data) are distributed as follows:
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WHO region
Procurement method
Gavi-eligibility
Income group
TOTAL Exclusively self-
procuring
Mix-procuring*
Exclusively procuring through UNICEF
Gavi-eligible & countries
in transition
Non-Gavi
eligible
LIC LMIC UMIC HIC
Africa 5 1 5
5 6
1 5 4 1
11
Eastern Mediterranean
- 1 -
- 1
- 1 - -
1
Europe 20 3 6
7 22
6 10 13
29
South-East Asia 1 - 1
1 1
1 1
2
Western Pacific 3 3 1
3 4
1 3 1 2
7
TOTAL 29 8 13
16 34
2 16 16 16
50
* Partly self-procuring and partly procuring through UNICEF
Note:
- There is no direct participation from countries in the Americas, as their vaccine prices are made available to the V3P by the PAHO
Revolving Fund (also available on the PAHO website).1
- Procurement method, Gavi-eligibility and Income group refer to 2015 data.
- Income level is defined following the GNI per capita, Atlas method of the World Bank in 2015 was:
LIC- Low Income Country: GNI/capita < $1,045
LMIC- Lower Middle Income Country: GNI/capita between $1,046 and $4,125
UMIC- Lower Middle Income Country: GNI/capita between $4,126 and $12,735
HIC- High income country: GNI/capita > $12,736 or more.2
Note to the reader:
1. Price information is very important to inform decision-making. However, factors such as
programmatic implications and costs as well as other dynamics that can influence the
efficient and effective delivery of quality vaccines to the population should be taken into
consideration as well.
2. All data reported into the V3P database in 2016 is for the 2015 calendar year and is labelled
“2015 data”.
3. In this document, countries are grouped by their income level and Gavi-eligibility status. This
allows for comparisons between countries with similar characteristics. Grouping by income
level is used as a proxy for a country’s ability to pay. Countries are distinguished by Gavi-
eligibility status because Gavi countries have access to specially negotiated prices for many
of their vaccines.
4. Classification of countries by income level and Gavi-eligibility is based on the World Bank
classification of countries by income groups2 and Gavi eligibility3, as available as of August
2016. In this document, “Gavi countries” refers to countries that were either fully Gavi-
eligible or transitioning out of Gavi support in 2015.i
i List of countries counted as “Gavi countries” in this report (corresponds to eligibility in 2015). 49 eligible countries: Afghanistan, Burundi,
Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Central African Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Cameroon, DR Congo, The Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Guinea, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, India, Kyrgyzstan, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Myanmar,
Mozambique, Mauritania, Malawi, Niger, Nepal, Pakistan, DPR Korea, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sao
Tome and Principe, Tajikistan, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. And 24 countries in accelerated transition:
Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Bhutan, Congo, Cuba, Georgia, Ghana, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Kiribati, Sri Lanka, Mongolia,
Nigeria, Nicaragua, Moldova, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam.
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5. Given the unevenness in the number reporting countries between regions, price ranges by
WHO region may not be directly comparable.
6. Due to the complexity and national specificities of vaccine procurement, price data for any
given country may not be directly comparable to others. Readers should use caution when
interpreting data, taking into account specific contexts, circumstances and factors that may
affect prices paid by individual countries, such as geographic region, income level, purchase
volumes and contract terms.
7. Participating countries are solely responsible for the accuracy of the data provided. WHO
does not warrant that the information is complete and/or error free.
All prices shown are in USD ($) per dose, converted from local currency to USD using the World
Bank official annual exchange rate.4
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I. VACCINE PROCUREMENT ANALYSIS
This section intends to provide countries with an indication of vaccine purchase characteristics for
vaccines across all countries reporting to the V3P database. Procurement characteristics are all
elements of the procurement that surrounds the purchase of the vaccine, such as procurement
method, presentation preferences, number of vaccines procured, etc. An analysis of vaccine price
information is made in the subsequent section.
A. Key findings for all vaccine purchases, 2015
This subsection presents key findings on vaccine purchases based on all vaccines procured by
countries participating in the V3P database in 2016 (50 countries).
The purchase data from the V3P database for all vaccines, manufacturers, presentation sizes, and
income levels in 2015 is shown in Table 1.
Pooled procurement is predominantly practiced by lower income countries - Of all the 16 LMICs in the V3P database, 14 countries procured all of their vaccines (8
countries, 57%) or some of their vaccines (6 countries, 43%) through UNICEF. Countries
receiving financial support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (referred to as “Gavi”), tended to
procure exclusively through UNICEF (8 out of 13 Gavi LMICs, 62%), while non-Gavi eligible
LMICs only partially procured through UNICEF (2 out 3 non-Gavi LMICs, 66%).
- In contrast, of the 16 non-Gavi UMICs reporting in 2015, only 3 (19%) procured exclusively
through UNICEF (no country procuring partially through UNICEF), and none of the 15 HIC
procured through UNICEF.
Lower income countries procure fewer vaccine types & type is influenced by region and income - Gavi countries and non-Gavi LMICs both purchased a fewer number of vaccine types (27 and
17 respectively) compared to non-Gavi UMICs and HICs (37 and 42 respectively).
- The most frequently purchased type of vaccine varied both by WHO region and by income
level.
Countries across different income groups procure from a similar number of vaccine suppliers - Gavi countries procured from a slightly greater number of vaccine suppliers than non-Gavi
countries. The number of suppliers was similar between income groups of a similar size: 28
suppliers to 16 Gavi countries; 25 suppliers to 16 non-Gavi UMICs; and, 23 suppliers to 15
non-Gavi HICs. There were 9 suppliers to 3 non-Gavi LMICs.
The most frequent suppliers differ by country income level - Serum Institute of India was the most frequent supplier to both Gavi countries and non-Gavi
LMICs.
- Non-Gavi UMICs and HICs were most frequently supplied by Sanofi Pasteur, and GSK,
respectively.
- The most frequent supplier by WHO region was Serum Institute of India, except for EUR.
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Gavi and non-Gavi countries procure a similar number of presentation sizes - The number of different presentation sizes purchased by Gavi countries and non-Gavi was
similar, ranging from a minimum of 4 in non-Gavi LMICs to a maximum of 6 in non-Gavi
UMICs. The number of presentation sizes in Gavi countries was 5.
- By region, the number of presentations sizes purchased ranged from 4 in WPR to 6 in EUR (5
in all other regions).
The most frequently procured presentation sizes differ by Gavi eligibility, income, and region - The predominant presentation size purchased by Gavi countries and non-Gavi LMICs was 10-
dose vials, whereas non-Gavi UMICs and HICs procured predominantly single dose
presentations. Reasons for the differences, such as cold chain capacity restrictions in lower
income countries, lower unit price, etc, are not explored in this document.
- The European and Western Pacific regions also predominantly procured single dose
presentations whereas the other regions predominantly procured 10-dose presentations.
B. Key findings by vaccine, 2015
This subsection presents the findings of purchase analyses for specific vaccines procured by
countries participating in the V3P database in 2016 (50 countries).
Vaccines presented here are: DTwP-HepB-Hib, aP combinations, PCV, Rota, HPV, and IPV.
Whole-cell pertussis-containing pentavalent vaccine (DTwP-HepB-Hib)
The V3P purchase data for DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine for 2015 is shown in Table 2.
The majority of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine procuring countries were Gavi countries - 16 of 25 (64%) of countries procuring DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine were Gavi countries. Other
countries are purchasing different combination vaccines, including a preference for aP-
containing vaccines in higher income levels.
DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine procurement represented about 5% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccines amounted to over 30 million doses (worth about
$60.3 million), or about 5% of all vaccine doses reported to V3P in 2015. 18 million doses
were reported by Gavi countries.
DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine was predominantly procured through UNICEF - 20 of 25 purchasing countries (80%) purchased through UNICEF, with 94% of Gavi countries
and 55% of non-Gavi countries procuring through UNICEF.
Gavi countries procured from a greater number of suppliers of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine than non-Gavi countries - The total aggregate number of suppliers is highest for Gavi countries (5 manufacturers:
Serum Institute of India, Janssen, Biological E, LG LifeSciences, Shanta Biotechnics), but most
countries procure from one single supplier, sometimes two.
- Serum Institute of India is the most frequent supplier of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine to all
countries. Janssen is the most frequent supplier to Gavi countries and the European region.
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The most frequently procured presentation size of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine was single dose - There are 3 different presentation sizes procured by countries reporting to V3P (1, 2 and 10-
doses).
- The predominant presentation size procured was the single dose, except in the African and
EMRO regions where the 10-dose presentation is the most frequently procured.
Acellular pertussis-containing vaccines (aP-containing vaccines)
The V3P purchase data for select aP-containing vaccines for 2015 is shown in Table 3.
As there are several aP-containing combinations available, table 3 in the annex and the paragraphs
below represent analyses based on the three main combination used: DTaP-IPV, DTaP-Hib-IPV and
DTaP-HepB-Hib-IPV.
Countries procuring aP-containing vaccines were all from higher income groups (UMICs and HICs) - 14 of 22 (64%) countries reporting to V3P and procuring aP-combination vaccines were HICs,
and 8 (36%) were UMICs. There was no Gavi LMIC or LIC reporting procurement of aP-
containing vaccines in 2015. Of note, aP-containing vaccines were not supported by Gavi
investment in 2015.
aP-containing vaccine procurement represented about 4% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of aP-containing vaccines amounted to over 26 million doses (worth about
$314.4 million), or about 4% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.
aP-containing vaccines were only procured in single-dose presentation through self-procurement - In 2015, aP-containing vaccines were not available for procurement through UNICEF and all
countries reporting to V3P self-procured their vaccines.
- The vaccines were not available in multidose presentations, given the preference for single-
dose presentations in higher income markets, primary targets of these vaccines.
Countries reported purchasing from only two suppliers: GSK and Sanofi Pasteur - Both manufacturers of aP-containing vaccines supplied Gavi and non-Gavi countries alike.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)
The V3P purchase data for PCV for 2015 is shown in Table 4.
The majority of PCV procuring countries were non-Gavi countries - 23 of 35 (66%) countries reporting to V3P and procuring PCV in 2015 were non-Gavi
countries.
PCV procurement represented about 9% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of PCV vaccines amounted to almost 55 million doses (worth about $882.1
million), or about 9% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.
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All Gavi countries procured PCV through UNICEF whereas the great majority of non-Gavi countries self-procured the vaccine - Of the 23 non-Gavi countries registered in the V3P database, 22 self-procured the vaccine
and only one procured it through UNICEF.
Both suppliers of PCV vaccine supplied Gavi and non-Gavi countries alike - There are only 2 suppliers of PCV: GlaxoSmithKline (GSK, producing PCV10) and Pfizer
(producing PCV13). They supply countries in all WHO regions across all income levels.
- Overall Pfizer was the most frequent supplier, and Pfizer was the most frequent supplier to
Gavi countries and the EUR region.
- In 2015, PCV10 existed in single and 2-dose presentations. The 2-dose presentation was
exclusively sold to Gavi countries. PCV13 only existed in single dose presentation.
Rotavirus vaccine (Rota)
The V3P purchase data for Rota for 2015 is shown in Table 5.
Slightly more than half of Rota vaccine procuring countries were non-Gavi countries - 11 of 19 (58%) Rota vaccine procuring countries were non-Gavi countries.
Rota vaccine procurement represented about 2% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of Rota vaccines amounted to slightly over 13 million doses (worth about 44.1
million) or about 2% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.
All Gavi countries procured Rota vaccine through UNICEF whereas all non-Gavi countries self-procured the vaccine
GSK was the most frequent supplier of Rota vaccines reported to the V3P database in 2015 - There are only 2 suppliers of Rota vaccines (GSK producing Rotarix and Merck producing
Rotateq) but GSK was by far the most frequent supplier of this vaccine (95% of countries)
with Merck supplying only 1 reporting country.
- The presentation size for all Rota vaccine is the same (single dose), but the number of doses
for a full course varies between the two suppliers, with GSK Rotarix requiring a 2-dose
schedule, while Merck Rotateq requires 3 doses.
Human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV)
The V3P purchase data for HPV for 2015 is shown in Table 6.
The vast majority of HPV procuring countries were non-Gavi - Out of 15 countries procuring HPV vaccine, only 1 was a Gavi country (7%).
HPV vaccine procurement represented about 0.3% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of HPV vaccine amounted to less than 2 million doses (worth about $27.2
million), or about 0.3% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.
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The sole Gavi country procured HPV through UNICEF whereas all non-Gavi countries self-procured
Both suppliers of HPV vaccine supplied Gavi and non-Gavi countries alike - The only 2 manufacturerss of HPV (GSK producing bivalent Cervarix and Merck producing
quadrivalent Gardasil) supply to countries in all WHO regions across all income levels.
- Overall, the GSK vaccine had a slightly higher frequency of procurement than the Merck
vaccine in the countries reporting data.
- GSK Cervarix exists in single and 2-dose presentations while Merck Gardasil only exists in
single dose presentation. The 2-dose presentation is only used in Gavi countries. As almost
all countries in the V3P database reporting data for HPV were not Gavi-eligible, only single
dose presentations were reported.
Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
The V3P purchase data for IPV for 2015 is shown in Table 7.
The majority of IPV procuring countries were non-Gavi countries - 18 of 22 (82%) countries procuring standalone IPV are not Gavi-eligible.
IPV procurement represented about 1% of all vaccine volumes reported to V3P in 2015 - All purchases of IPV vaccine amounted to almost 55 million doses (worth about $23 million),
or about 1% of all vaccine doses reported in 2015.
All Gavi countries procured IPV through UNICEF whereas the vast majority of non-Gavi countries self-procured the vaccine - All Gavi countries and 4 of 18 non-Gavi countries (22%) purchased through UNICEF.
The three suppliers of IPV do not supply the same markets - There are 3 suppliers of IPV registered in the V3P database: GSK, Sanofi Pasteur and
Bilthoven Biologicals.
- Non-Gavi countries purchased mainly GSK and Sanofi Pasteur’s IPV (15 of 18 countries, 83%),
while 3 of 4 (75%) Gavi countries purchased IPV from Bilthoven Biologicals.
- Overall, Sanofi Pasteur was the most frequent supplier.
The most frequently procured presentation overall was single dose - There are 3 different presentation sizes of standalone IPV procured by countries reporting
data to V3P (1, 5, and 10-doses).
- The predominant presentation size procured was the single dose, particularly in the
European region, where 8 of the 9 countries (89%) purchasing standalone IPV purchased in
single-dose presentation.
- Of note is that several HICs and MICs do not use standalone IPV but instead use IPV-
containing combination vaccines, such as DTaP-IPV, DTaP-Hib-IPV or DTaP-HepB-Hib-IPV. Of
the 15 HICs in the database reporting using IPV, only 7 (47%) purchased standalone IPV. Of
these 7 countries, 6 countries purchased standalone IPV, usually in limited amount, as a
complement to the purchase of other IPV-containing combination vaccines.
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II. VACCINE PRICE ANALYSIS
This section is intended to provide countries, and particularly MICs, with price ranges for specific
vaccines from all countries reporting to the V3P database.
Key findings by vaccine, 2015
This subsection presents the findings of purchase analyses for specific vaccines procured by
countries participating in the V3P database in 2016 and reporting 2015 data (50 countries).
Vaccines presented here are: DTwP-HepB-Hib, PCV, Rota, HPV, and IPV. Select acellular pertussis-
containing combinations were also analysed because of their potential interest to non-Gavi MICs.
Whole-cell pertussis-containing pentavalent vaccine (DTwP-HepB-Hib)
With the increased uptake of pentavalent vaccine in low- and middle-income countries, and an
increase in the number of manufacturers, since the launch of Gavi in 2000, the price of the whole-
cell pertussis-containing pentavalent vaccine fell from $3.5 in 2001 to as little as $ 1.19 a dose in
2015 to UNICEF for Gavi countries. This price will lower further to $0.68 by 2017 for all countries
procuring through UNICEF.5,6
The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for pentavalent vaccines from 5
manufacturers, in 3 presentation sizes, are shown in Table 8.
For 2015, there were a total of 30 procurement transactions for DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine reported
from 25 countries (16 Gavi and 9 non-Gavi countries).
The price range is narrow for the single dose and even narrower for the 10-dose presentation - In single-dose presentation, the maximum price registered was 4.2 times higher than the
minimum price for this vaccine, across all manufacturers.
- In 10-dose presentation, the maximum price registered was 1.9 times higher than the
minimum price for this vaccine, across all manufacturers.
Presentation size impacted price - The median price of the 10-dose presentation was 1.3 to 1.6 times lower than the median
price of the single dose presentation, for UMICs and LMICs respectively.
Income level and Gavi-eligibility had a limited impact on price - The median price paid in Gavi countries was the same as the median price paid in non-Gavi
MICs.
The median prices for the vaccine in a same presentation size were slightly lower Gavi
countries and non Gavi LMICs than for UMICS. However, when breaking down the data by
procurement mechanism, it appeared that countries paying the lowest prices, regardless of
their income levels, were procuring through UNICEF.
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Acellular pertussis-containing combination vaccines
Most HICs use acellular pertussis-containing pentavalent vaccines, and several MICs have begun to
introduce acellular pertussis containing combinations. Acellular pertussis (aP) combination vaccines
not only carry a higher price that the corresponding whole-cell combination, but they also tend to be
substantially more price differentiated between income groups than whole-cell combinations are.
The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for a selection of aP-containing vaccines
(DTaP-IPV, DTaP-Hib-IPV and DTaP-HepB-Hib-IPV) from 2 manufacturers are shown in Table 9.
For 2015, there were a total of 49 procurement transactions for aP-containing vaccines reported
from 22 countries (1 Gavi country and 21 non-Gavi countries).
The price range is narrow for all aP-containing combination vaccines - For all three aP-containing combination vaccines analysed here, the maximum price
registered was 4 to 4.3 times higher than the minimum price registered for the same
combination vaccine, across the two manufacturers and across income groups.
- In 2015, aP-containing vaccines were not supported by Gavi. For these vaccines, there is
therefore no distinct and pre-negotiated prices for countries eligible for Gavi support. The
narrow price range was certainly supported by the fact that only countries with higher
income procured aP-containing vaccines in 2015.
Income level impacted price - In the V3P database, all procurement of aP-containing vaccines was done by UMICs and
HICs.
- Median prices for aP-containing vaccines were consistently lower for UMICs than for HICs.
Across all three combination vaccines, the median price in UMICs was about 40% lower than
the median price in HICs.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)
PCV was introduced into several Gavi countries through a mechanism called the Advance Market
Commitment (AMC) in 2010, through which the price of pneumococcal vaccine was negotiated at a
lower price for Gavi countries compared to other buyers like PAHO, or high income countries like the
United States.7,8 ,9
The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for PCV vaccines from the 2 manufacturers,
in the 1-dose and 2-dose presentation sizes are shown in Table 10.
In 2015, there were a total of 42 procurement transactions for PCV reported from 35 countries (12
Gavi and 23 non-Gavi).
The price range for PCV is wide - The maximum price registered was 18 times higher than the minimum price for the 1-dose
presentation, across the two manufacturers and across income groups: Gavi countries
benefit from a vaccine price of $3.30-$3.50 in 2015, while the vaccine was priced high in high
income markets ($48.2-$60.1 price range in HICs).
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Income level impacted price, particularly for HICs. Gavi-eligibility impacted price for MICs - The median price paid in Gavi countries was about 4.5 times lower than the median price
paid in non-Gavi MICs.
- Across manufacturers, the median price for PCV increased with the income group. In non-
Gavi countries, the median price for PCV increased by 10% between LMICs and UMICs and
by 158% between UMICs and HICs.
Rotavirus vaccine (Rota)
The price of Rota to Gavi countries is at or under $3.50 (support initiated in 2007), less than half the
price available to PAHO when they introduced the vaccine, and much lower than the $76 average
price in the United-States.8,9,10.
The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for Rota vaccines from 2 manufacturers, in
single dose presentation size, are shown in Table 11.
There were a total of 21 procurement transactions for Rota reported from 19 countries (8 Gavi and
11 non-Gavi).
The price range for Rota is very wide - The maximum price of Rota was 30 times higher than the minimum price registered, across
the two manufacturers and across income groups: Gavi countries benefit from a vaccine
price of $2.08-$3.50 in 2015, while the vaccine was priced high in high income markets
($16.7-$61 price range in HICs).
- Price ranges were wider in higher income groups, and highest in HICs.
Income level impacted price - The median price paid in Gavi countries was about 4 times lower than the median price paid
in non-Gavi MICs.
- Across manufacturers, the median price for Rota increased with the income group. In non-
Gavi countries, the median price for Rota increased by 39% between LMICs and UMICs and
by 135% between UMICs and HICs.
Human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV)
HPV vaccine is available to Gavi countries at the lowest international price of $ 4.50-$4.60 per dose
(support initiated in 2013). The previous lowest public sector price to the PAHO Revolving Fund was
$ 13.5 per doseii at the time and in the United-States the vaccine was priced at around $ 100. 8 ,9,11
The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for HPV vaccines from 2 manufacturers, in
single dose presentation size, are shown in Table 12.
There were a total of 15 procurement transactions for HPV reported from 15 countries (1 Gavi and
14 non-Gavi).
ii By 2016, PAHO had managed to lower this price to $8.50 for the bivalent HPV vaccine.
Page 16 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
The price range for HPV is wide - The maximum price of HPV was about 9 times higher than the minimum price registered in
the V3P database, across the two manufacturers and across income groups. We observe that
one LMIC in the database reports paying a low price ($6) - close to the price for Gavi-
countries of $4.50 in 2015 for the single dose presentation - and a maximum price of $55.45
is registered in a HIC.
- Price ranges were wider in higher income groups, and highest in HICs ($8.98 - $55.45), with
one outlier country paying a much higher price than other HICs.
The average price for each of the two vaccines is similar - In non Gavi countries, the average price of the two HPV vaccines was similar, at $23.6 for the
GSK product and $26.6 the Merck product.
Income level impacted price - The price at which HPV was available to Gavi countries was about 3 times lower than the
median price paid in non-Gavi MICs.
- Across manufacturers, the median price for HPV increased with the income group. In non-
Gavi countries, the median price for HPV increased by 50% between LMICs and UMICs and
by 102% between UMICs and HICs.
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
Through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) to eradicate polio, UNICEF tenders secured the
lowest price of €0.75 per dose for Gavi countries in 2014.12 The previous lowest public sector price to
the PAHO Revolving Fund was $ 2.9 per dose.8, 13 Price comparison of standalone IPV with HICs is not
recommended, given the procurement specificities for this vaccine in HICs (see previous chapter on
vaccine purchase analysis).
The 2015 price ranges, as available in the V3P database, for IPV vaccines from 3 manufacturers, in 3
presentation sizes (1, 5 and 10-doses), are shown in Table 13.
There were a total of 25 procurement transactions for IPV vaccine reported from 22 countries (4
Gavi countries and 18 non-Gavi countries).
The price range for IPV is wide - Excluding the 6 HICs that purchase IPV standalone in complement to other IPV-containing
vaccines, the maximum price of IPV is 9 times higher than the minimum price registered in
the V3P database, across the two manufacturers and across all groups. (Note: including all
HICs, including those procuring a limited number of doses to supplement other IPV-
containing vaccine purchases, the maximum price of IPV was about 56 times higher than the
minimum price registered.)
- Gavi countries are getting lower prices for the vaccine, particularly for the 10-dose vial of IPV
($0.83) while non-Gavi eligible countries procuring single dose IPV paid higher prices (up to
$7.00). HICs purchasing only a small amount of standalone IPV while purchasing other IPV-
containing vaccines paid the highest prices (up to $42.18).
Page 17 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Presentation size seemed to have more impact on price than income level - Excluding the 6 HICs that purchase other IPV-containing vaccines, the median price of the 5-
dose presentation was 2.3 times lower than the median price of the single dose
presentation, and even slightly lower than the 10-dose presentation.
- Price difference varied more by presentation size than by income level, highlighting different
pricing strategies for these products. For the 5-dose presentation, produced by Bilthoven
Biologicals, all countries were paying the same price of $1.90, regardless of their income
group or Gavi-eligibility status. For the 10-dose presentation, produced by Sanofi Pasteur,
prices clearly followed a tiered pricing approach linked to income level and Gavi-eligibility:
$0.83 for Gavi countries, $1.65 - $2.24 for LMICs and $2.72 - $3.33 for UMICs. The single
dose presentation was mainly sold to HICs and UMICs, at higher prices than multidose
presentations, and without a clear price difference between UMICs and HICs (when
excluding HICs purchasing small amounts of standalone IPV at high prices).
Page 18 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
III. TABLES
Table 1. Purchase characteristics, for all vaccines, by income group and WHO region, in 2015
Pu
rch
ase
ch
arac
teri
stic
s
Fun
din
g su
pp
ort
Inco
me
gro
up
EUR
AFR
WP
R
SEA
R
EMR
Glo
bal
Co
un
trie
s re
po
rtin
g
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 7 5 3 1 - 16
Non-
Gavi
LMIC - 1 1 - 1 3
UMICs 10 4 1 1 - 16
HICs 12 1 2 - - 15
Total 29 11 7 2 1 50
Do
ses
of
all v
acci
ne
s p
rocu
red
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 29,559,730 133,976,750 48,785,055 1,223,414 - 213,544,949
Non-
Gavi
LMIC - 835,400 40,371,516 - 11,320,900 52,527,816
UMICs 256,192,163 34,967,050 674,295 22,040,000 - 313,873,508
HIC 29,699,339 58,428 15,972,574 - - 45,730,341
Total 315,451,232 169,837,628 105,803,440 23,263,414 11,320,900 625,676,614
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f
UN
ICEF
pro
curi
ng*
co
un
trie
s (%
)
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 7 / 7 (100%) 5 / 5 (100%) 2 / 3 (67%)
1 / 1 (100%)
- 15 / 16 (94%)
Non-
Gavi
LMIC - 0 / 1 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) - 1 / 1
(100%) 2 / 3 (67%)
UMICs 2 /10 (20%) 0 / 4 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 3 / 16 (19%)
HICs 0 / 12 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) 0 / 2 (0%) - - 1 / 15 (7%)
Total 9 / 29 (31%) 1 / 11 (55%) 4 / 7 (57%) 1 / 2 (50%) 1 / 1
(100%) 21 / 50 (42%)
nu
mb
er
of
vacc
ine
ty
pe
s p
rocu
red
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 19 13 13 7 - 27
Non-
Gavi
LMIC - 10 12 - 8 17
UMICs 30 22 11 10 - 37
HICs 38 10 10 - - 42
Total (not additive)
46 25 27 13 8 49
mo
st f
req
ue
ntl
y p
rocu
red
vac
cin
e t
ype
(f
req
ue
ncy
)
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2)
DTwP-HepB-Hib (10)
tOPV (7)
BCG / DTwP-HepB-Hib /
HepB (ped) / MR / tOPV
/TT (3)
- - DTwP-HepB-Hib
(20)
Non-
Gavi
LMIC - - - - BCG (2)
BCG (4)
UMICs BCG (13)
BCG (5)
- JE (3)
- BCG (20)
HICs MMR (13)
BCG / DTwP-HepB-Hib / MMR / TT
(2)
Influenza (seasonal-
adult) (4)
- - MMR (18)
Total (not additive) BCG (33)
BCG (13)
BCG / HepB (ped)
(7)
JE (3)
BCG / IPV (2)
BCG (57)
nu
mb
er
of
sup
plie
rs
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 20 13 14 6 28
Non-
Gavi
LMIC - 5 5 - 7 9
UMICs 17 8 6 8 - 25
HICs 14 6 11 - - 23
Page 19 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Pu
rch
ase
ch
arac
teri
stic
s
Fun
din
g su
pp
ort
Inco
me
gro
up
EUR
AFR
WP
R
SEA
R
EMR
Glo
bal
Total (not additive) 32 17 21 12 7 42
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
sup
plie
r (n
um
be
r o
f re
cord
s)
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) GSK (21)
Serum Institute of
India (14)
Serum Institute of
India (9)
BioFarma (2)
- Serum Institute
of India (39)
Non-
Gavi
LMIC -
Serum Institute of
India (5)
Serum Institute of
India (6)
-
Serum Institute of
India (3)
Serum Institute of India
(14)
UMICs Microgen
(24)
Sanofi Pasteur /
Serum Institute of
India (16)
GSK (4)
GPO Thailand /
Serum Institute of
India (3)
- Sanofi Pasteur
(39)
HICs GSK (76)
Serum Institute of
India (7)
Sanofi Pasteur
(12) - -
GSK (86)
Total (not additive) GSK
(118)
Serum Institute of
India (42)
Serum Institute of
India (17)
Serum Institute of
India (4)
Serum Institute of
India (3)
GSK (152)
nu
mb
er
of
pre
sen
tati
on
si
zes
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 5 5 4 2 - 5
Non-
Gavi
LMIC - 3 4 - 4 4
UMICs 5 3 4 5 - 6
HICs 3 3 4 - - 5
Total (not additive) 6 5 4 5 5 6
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
pre
sen
tati
on
siz
e
pro
cure
d (
nu
mb
er
of
reco
rds)
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 1 dose
(39) 10 dose
(21) 10 dose
(12)
1 dose / 10 dose
(3) -
10 dose (64)
Non-
Gavi
LMIC - 10 doses
(5)
1 dose / 10 dose
(4) -
10 doses (5)
10 dose (14)
UMICs 1 dose
(72) 1 dose
(23) 1 dose
(5) 10 dose
(5) -
1 dose (103)
HICs 1 dose (154)
1 dose (6)
1 dose (31)
- - 1 dose (191)
Total 1 dose (265)
10 dose (52)
1 dose (47)
10 dose (8)
10 dose (5)
1 dose (359)
* in whole or in part
Source: V3P Database.14
Page 20 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 2. Purchase characteristics for DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine by income group and WHO region, in
2015
Pu
rch
ase
ch
arac
teri
stic
s
Fun
din
g su
pp
ort
Inco
me
gro
up
EUR
AFR
WP
R
SEA
R
EMR
Glo
bal
Co
un
trie
s p
urc
has
ing
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 7 5 3 1 - 16
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 1 - 1 3
UMICs 2 2 1 - - 5
HICs - 1 - - - 1
Total 9 9 5 1 1 25
Do
ses
pro
cure
d
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 4,229,780 11,724,100 2,212,615 49,294 - 18,215,789
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 103,400 8,808,696 - 1,700,000 10,508,696
UMICs 555,700 600,000 32,800 - - 1,188,500
HIC - 10,168 - - - 10,168
Total 4,785,480 12,437,668 11,054,111 49,294 1,700,000 30,026,553
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f U
NIC
EF
pro
curi
ng*
co
un
trie
s (%
) Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 7/ 7 (100%)
5 / 5 (100%)
2 / 3 (67%) 1 / 1
(100%) - 15 / 16 (94%)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 1 / 1
(100%) 1 / 3 (33%)
UMICs 2 / 2
(100%) 0 / 2 (0%) 1 / 1 (100% - - 3 / 5 (60%)
HICs - 1 / 1
(100%) - - - 1 / 1 (100%)
Total 9 / 9
(100%) 6 / 9 (67%) 3 / 5 (60%)
1 / 1 (100%)
1 / 1 (100%)
20 / 25 (80%)
nu
mb
er
of
sup
plie
rs
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 4 3 3 1 - 5
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 1 - 1 3
UMICs 1 1 1 - - 3
HICs - 1 - - - 1
Total (not additive) 4 3 3 1 1 5
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
sup
plie
r
(nu
mb
er
of
reco
rds)
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) Janssen
(6) SII (4) -
Janssen (1)
- Janssen
(8)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - SII (1) SII (1) - SII (1) SII (3)
UMICs Janssen
(2) SII (2)
Biological E (1)
- - SII / Janssen
(2)
HICs - SII (2) - - - SII (2)
Total (not additive) Janssen
(8) SII (9)
Biological E / SII (2)
Janssen (1)
SII (1) SII (14)
nu
mb
er
of
pre
sen
tati
on
size
s
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 3 2 1 1 - 3
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 1 - 1 2
UMICs 1 2 1 2
HICs - 1 - - -
Total (not additive) 3 2 1 1 1 3
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
pre
sen
tati
on
siz
e p
rocu
red
(nu
mb
er
of
reco
rds)
Gavi LIC(1), LMIC(13),
UMIC(2) 1 dose
(8) 10 dose
(5) 1 dose
(3) 1 dose
(1) 1 1 dose (13)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (1) - 10 dose (1) 1 dose (2)
UMICs 1 dose (2) - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (4)
HICs - 1 dose (2) - - - 1 dose (2)
Total 1 dose (10) 10 dose (6) 1 dose (5) 1 dose (1) 10 dose (1) 1 dose (21)
Note: SII = Serum Institute of India
Source: V3P Database.14
Page 21 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 3. Purchase characteristics for DTaP-IPV, DTaP-Hib-IPV and DTaP-HepB-Hib-IPV vaccines by
income group and WHO region, in 2015
Pu
rch
ase
ch
arac
teri
stic
s
Fun
din
g
sup
po
rt
Inco
me
gro
up
EUR
AFR
WP
R
SEA
R
EMR
Glo
bal
Co
un
trie
s p
urc
has
ing
Gavi UMIC(1) 1 - - - - 1
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - - - - -
UMICs 6 1 - - - 7
HICs 12 - 2 - - 14
Total 19 1 2 - - 22
Do
ses
pro
cure
d Gavi UMIC(1) 110,000 - - - - 110,000
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - - - - -
UMICs 18,405,604 3,804,270 - - - 22,209,874
HIC 3,361,026 - 691,232 - - 4,052,258
Total 21,876,630 3,804,270 691,232 - - 26,372,132
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f U
NIC
EF p
rocu
rin
g*
cou
ntr
ies
(%)
Gavi UMIC(1) - - - - - -
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - - - - -
UMICs - - - - - -
HICs - - - - - -
Total - - - - - not procured by Unicef
nu
mb
er
of
sup
plie
rs
Gavi UMIC(1) 1 - - - - 1
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - - - - -
UMICs 2 1 - - - 2
HICs 2 - 2 - - 2
Total (not additive) 2 1 2 - - 2
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
sup
plie
r (n
um
be
r o
f re
cord
s)
Gavi UMIC(1) Sanofi Pasteur
(1) - - - -
Sanofi Pasteur (1)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - - - - -
UMICs Sanofi Pasteur
(10) Sanofi Pasteur (2) - - - Sanofi Pasteur (12)
HICs Sanofi Pasteur
(16) -
GSK (3)
- - Sanofi Pasteur
(16)
Total (not additive) Sanofi Pasteur
(27) Sanofi Pasteur (2) GSK (3) - - Sanofi Pasteur (29)
nu
mb
er
of
pre
sen
tati
on
size
s
Gavi UMIC(1) 1 - - - - 1
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - - - - -
UMICs 1 1 - - - 1
HICs 1 - 1 - - 1
Total (not additive) 1 1 1 - - 1
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
pre
sen
tati
on
siz
e p
rocu
red
(nu
mb
er
of
reco
rds)
Gavi UMIC(1) 1 dose
(1) - - - - 1 dose (1)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - - - - -
UMICs 1 dose (6) 1 dose (1) - 1 dose (7)
HICs 1 dose (12) - 1 dose (2) - - 1 dose (14)
Total 1 dose (19) 1 dose (1) 1 dose (2) - - 1 dose (22)
Source: V3P Database.14
Page 22 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 4. Purchase characteristics for PCV vaccine by income group and WHO region, in 2015 P
urc
has
e
char
acte
rist
ics
Fun
din
g
sup
po
rt
Inco
me
gro
up
EUR
AFR
WP
R
SEA
R
EMR
Glo
bal
Co
un
trie
s p
urc
has
ing Gavi
LMIC(10), UMIC(2)
6 4 2 - - 12
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 1 - 1 3
UMICs 6 3 1 - - 10
HICs 9 - 1 - - 10
Total 21 8 5 - 1 35
Do
ses
pu
rch
ased
Gavi LMIC(10), UMIC(2)
2,006,200 16,042,790 1,179,493 - - 19,228,453
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 103,400 2,008,125 - 2,000,000 4,111,525
UMICs 25,153,053 3,340,840 63,300 - - 28,557,463
HIC 486,695 - 2,465,282 - - 2,951,977
Total 27,646,218 194,87,030 5,716,200 - 2,000,000 54,849,448
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f
UN
ICEF
pro
curi
ng*
co
un
trie
s (%
)
Gavi LMIC(10), UMIC(2)
6 / 6 (100%) 4 / 4 (100%) 2 / 2 (100%) - - 12 / 12 (100%)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 3 (0%)
UMICs 1 / 6 (17%) 0 / 3 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%) - - 1 / 10 (10%)
HICs 0 / 9 (0%) - 0 / 1 (0%) - - 0 / 10 (0%)
Total 7 / 21 (33%) 4 / 8 (50%) 2 / 6 (33%) - 0 / 1 (0%) 13 / 35 (37%)
nu
mb
er
of
sup
plie
rs
Gavi LMIC(10), UMIC(2)
2 2 2 - - 2
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 1 - 1 2
UMICs 2 1 1 - - 2
HICs 2 - 2 - - 2
Total (not additive) 2 2 2 - 1 2
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
sup
plie
r (n
um
be
r o
f re
cord
s)
Gavi LMIC(10), UMIC(2)
Pfizer (5) GSK / Pfizer (2) GSK / Pfizer (1) Pfizer (8)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - Pfizer (1) Pfizer (1) - GSK (1) Pfizer (2)
UMICs GSK / Pfizer (3) Pfizer (3) GSK (1) - - Pfizer (6)
HICs GSK / Pfizer (6) - GSK / Pfizer (1) - - GSK / Pfizer
(7)
Total (not additive) Pfizer (14) Pfizer (6) GSK / Pfizer
(3) - GSK (1) Pfizer (23)
nu
mb
er
of
pre
sen
tati
on
si
zes
Gavi LMIC(10), UMIC(2)
2 2 1 2
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 1 - 1 1
UMICs 1 1 1 - - 1
HICs 1 - 1 - - 1
Total (not additive) 2 2 1 - 1 2
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
pre
sen
tati
on
size
pro
cure
d (
nu
mb
er
of
reco
rds)
Gavi LMIC(10), UMIC(2)
1 dose (5) 1 dose / 2 dose
(2) 1 dose (2) 1 dose (9)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (1) - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (3)
UMICs 1 dose (6) 1 dose (3) 1 dose (1) - - 1 dose (10)
HICs 1 dose (12) - 1 dose (2) - - 1 dose (14)
Total 1 dose (23) 1 dose (6) 1 dose (6) - 1 dose (1) 1 dose (36)
Source: V3P Database.14
Page 23 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 5. Purchase characteristics for Rota vaccine by income group and WHO region, in 2015 P
urc
has
e
char
acte
rist
ics
Fun
din
g
sup
po
rt
Inco
me
gro
up
EUR
AFR
WP
R
SEA
R
EMR
Glo
bal
Co
un
trie
s p
urc
has
ing
Gavi LMIC(7), UMIC(1)
5 3 - - - 8
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 - - 1 2
UMICs - 4 1 - - 5
HICs 4 - - - - 4
Total 9 8 1 - 1 19
Do
ses
pu
rch
ased
Gavi LMIC(7), UMIC(1)
2,094,000 6,548,340 - - - 8,642,340
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 77400 - - 1,980,000 2,057,400
UMICs - 2,432,590 42,200 - - 2,474,790
HIC 85,470 - - - - 85,470
Total 2,179,470 9,058,330 42,200 - 1,980,000 13,260,000
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f U
NIC
EF
pro
curi
ng*
co
un
trie
s (%
)
Gavi LMIC(7), UMIC(1)
5 / 5 (100%) 3 / 3 (100%) - - - 8 / 8 (100%)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 0 / 1 (0%) - - 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 2 (0%)
UMICs - 0 / 4 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%)- - 0 / 5 (0%)
HICs 0 / 4 (0%) - - - - 0 / 4 (0%)
Total 5 / 9 (56%) 3 / 8 (38%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 0 / 1 (0%) 8 / 19 (42%)
nu
mb
er
of
sup
plie
rs
Gavi LMIC(7), UMIC(1)
1 1 - - - 1
Non-Gavi
LMIC - 1 - - 1 2
UMICs - 1 1 - - 1
HICs 1 - - - - -
Total (not additive) 1 1 1 - 1 2
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
sup
plie
r (n
um
be
r o
f re
cord
s)
Gavi LMIC(7), UMIC(1)
GSK (7) GSK (3) - - - GSK (10)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - GSK (1) - - Merck (1) GSK / Merck
(1)
UMICs - GSK (4) GSK (1) - - GSK (5)
HICs GSK (4) - - - - GSK (4)
Total (not additive) GSK (11) GSK (8) GSK (1) - Merck (1) GSK (20)
Source: V3P Database.14
Page 24 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 6. Purchase characteristics for HPV vaccine by income group and WHO region, in 2015 P
urc
has
e
char
acte
rist
ics
Fun
din
g
sup
po
rt
Inco
me
gro
up
EUR
AFR
WP
R
SEA
R
EMR
Glo
bal
Co
un
trie
s p
urc
has
ing Gavi LMIC(1) - - - 1 - 1
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - 1 - - 1
UMICs 1 3 1 5
HICs 8 - - - - 8
Total 9 3 2 1 - 15
Do
ses
pu
rch
ased
Gavi LMIC(1) - - - 25,020 - 25,020
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - 300,000 - - 300,000
UMICs 20,000 947,401 26,000 - - 993,401
HIC 466,125 - - - - 466,125
Total 486,125 947,401 326,000 25,020 - 1,784,546
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f U
NIC
EF
pro
curi
ng*
co
un
trie
s (%
) Gavi LMIC(1) - - - 1 / 1
(100%) - 1 / 1 (100%)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - 0 / 1 (0%) - - 0 / 1 (0%)
UMICs 0 / 1 (0%) 0 / 3 (0%) 0 / 1 (0%) - - 0 / 5 (0%)
HICs 0 / 8 (0%) - - - - 0 / 8 (0%)
Total 0 / 9 (0%) 0 / 3 (0%) 0 / 2 (0%) 1 / 1
(100%) - 1 / 15 (7%)
nu
mb
er
of
sup
plie
rs
Gavi LMIC(1) - - - 1 - 1
Non-Gavi
LMIC 1 1
UMICs 1 2 1 2
HICs 2 - - - - 2
Total (not additive) 2 2 2 1 - 2
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
sup
plie
r (n
um
be
r o
f re
cord
s)
Gavi LMIC(1) - - - Merck (1) - Merck (1)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - Merck (1) - - Merck (1)
UMICs GSK (1) GSK (2) GSK (1) - - GSK (4)
HICs GSK (5) - - - - GSK (5)
Total (not additive) GSK (6) GSK (2) GSK / Merck
(1) Merck (1) - GSK (9)
Source: V3P Database.14
Page 25 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 7. Purchase characteristics for IPV vaccine by income group and WHO region, in 2015 P
urc
has
e
char
acte
rist
i
cs
Fun
din
g
sup
po
rt
Inco
me
gro
up
EUR
AFR
WP
R
SEA
R
EMR
Glo
bal
Co
un
trie
s p
urc
has
ing
Gavi LIC(1)
LMIC(3) - 2 1 1 - 4
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - 1 - 1 2
UMICs 5 2 1 1 - 9
HICs 4 1 2 - - 7
Total 9 5 5 2 1 22
Do
ses
pu
rch
ased
Gavi LIC(1)
LMIC(3) - 1,275,525 206,625 9,100 - 1,491,250
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - 941,176 - 1,080,900 2,022,076
UMICs 3,276,564 84,000 34,995 1,400,000 - 4,795,559
HIC 111,591 1,800 259,899 - - 373,290
Total 3,388,155 1,361,325 1,442,695 1,409,100 1,080,900 8,682,175
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f U
NIC
EF p
rocu
rin
g*
cou
ntr
ies
(%)
Gavi LIC(1)
LMIC(3) - 2 / 2 (100%) 1 / 1 (100% 1 / 1 (100%) - 4 / 4 (100%)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - 0 / 1 (0%) - 1 / 1 (100%) 1 / 2 (50%)
UMICs 1 / 5 (20%) 0 / 2 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) 0 / 1 (0%) - 2 / 9 (22%)
HICs 0 / 4 (0%) 1 / 1 (100%) 0 / 2 (0%) - - 1 / 7 (14%)
Total 1 / 9 (11%) 3 / 5 (60%) 2 / 5 (40%) 1 / 2 (50%) 1 / 1 (100%) 8 / 22 (36%)
nu
mb
er
of
sup
plie
rs
Gavi LIC(1)
LMIC(3) - 2 1 1 - 2
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - 1 - 2 2
UMICs 3 2 1 1 - 3
HICs 2 1 1 - - 2
Total (not additive)
3 3 2 2 2 3
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
sup
plie
r (n
um
be
r o
f re
cord
s)
Gavi LIC(1)
LMIC(3) -
Bilthoven / Sanofi Pasteur
(1) Bilthoven (1) Bilthoven (1) - Bilthoven (3)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - Sanofi
Pasteur (1) -
Bilthoven / Sanofi Pasteur
(1)
Sanofi Pasteur (2)
UMICs Sanofi
Pasteur (4) GSK / Sanofi Pasteur (1)
Bilthoven (1) Sanofi Pasteur
(1) -
Sanofi Pasteur (6)
HICs Sanofi
Pasteur (4) Sanofi Pasteur
(1) Sanofi
Pasteur (2) - -
Sanofi Pasteur (7)
Total (not additive)
Sanofi Pasteur (8)
Sanofi Pasteur (3)
Sanofi Pasteur (3)
Bilthoven / Sanofi Pasteur
(1)
Bilthoven / Sanofi Pasteur
(1)
Sanofi Pasteur (16)
nu
mb
er
of
pre
sen
tati
on
siz
es Gavi
LIC(1) LMIC(3)
- 2 1 1 - 3
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - 1 - 2 2
UMICs 3 2 1 1 - 3
HICs 1 1 2 - - 2
Total (not additive)
3 3 3 2 2 3
mo
st f
req
ue
nt
pre
sen
tati
on
si
ze (
nu
mb
er
of
reco
rds)
Gavi LIC(1)
LMIC(3) -
5 dose / 10 dose (1)
5 dose (1) 1 dose (1) - 5 dose (2)
Non-Gavi
LMIC - - 10 dose (1) - 5 dose / 10 dose
(1) 10 dose (2)
UMICs 1 dose (4) 1 dose / 10 dose
(1) 5 dose (1) 10 dose (1) - 1 dose (5)
HICs 1 dose (5) 1 dose (1) 1 dose / 10
dose (1) - - 1 dose (7)
Total 1 dose
(9)
1 dose / 10 dose
(2)
5 dose / 10 dose
(2)
1 dose / 10 dose
(1)
5 dose / 10 dose
(1) 1 dose(13)
Source: V3P Database.14
Page 26 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 8. Price ranges of DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccines by manufacturer, by presentation size, and by
income level, in 2015
Price characteristics
Funding support
Income level
(freq) $ US
Price range
All manufacturers, presentations,
and income levels
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
(n) (30)
MIN 1.19
MED 2.36
MAX 5.10
All presentation
sizes and income levels
by manufacturer
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
Serum
Institute of India
Crucell/ Janssen
Biological E
LG Shantha
(n) (14) (10) (4) (1) (1)
MIN 1.47 2.35 1.19 2.65 1.50
MED 2.32 2.36 1.75 2.65 1.50
MAX 5.10 3.85 3.10 2.65 1.50
Price range by manufacturer, presentation
size and income level
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
dose 1 10 1 1 10 2 10
(n) (8) (6) (10) (3) (1) (1) (1)
MIN 2.17 1.47 2.35 1.20 1.19 2.65 1.50
MED 2.75 1.55 2.36 2.30 1.19 2.65 1.50
MAX 5.10 2.22 3.85 3.10 1.19 2.65 1.50
Gavi LIC,
LMIC, UMIC
(n) (3) (4) (9) (2) (1) (1) (1)
MIN 2.44 1.47 2.35 1.20 1.19 2.65 1.50
MED 2.70 1.53 2.42 1.75 1.19 2.65 1.50
MAX 2.79 1.66 3.85 2.30 1.19 2.65 1.50
Non-Gavi
LMIC
(n) (2) (1) - - - - -
MIN 2.17 1.55 - - - - -
MED 3.43 1.55 - - - - -
MAX 4.68 1.55 - - - - -
UMIC
(n) (1) (1) (2) (1) - - -
MIN 5.10 2.22 2.35 3.10 - - -
MED 5.10 2.22 2.35 3.10 - - -
MAX 5.10 2.22 2.35 3.10 - - -
HIC
(n) (2) - - - - - -
MIN 2.49 - - - - - -
MED 3.10 - - - - - -
MAX 3.70 - - - - - - Source: V3P Database.14
Page 27 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 9. Price ranges of acellular pertussis-containing combination vaccines by manufacturer in
single dose presentation*, by income level, in 2015
Price characteristics
Funding support
Income level
(freq) $ US
Price range
Vaccine combination DTaP-IPV DTaP-Hib-IPV DTaP-HepB-
Hib-IPV
Vaccine manufacturer Sanofi
Pasteur GSK
Sanofi Pasteur
GSK Sanofi
Pasteur GSK
Price range by manufacturer, presentation
size and income level
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
(n) (9) (4) (13) (4) (7) (7)
MIN 6.19 10.36 8.32 11.65 12.26 29.28
MED 14.74 21.01 20.30 19.92 29.11 38.82
MAX 22.40 26.63 34.80 32.16 38.98 49.40
Gavi LIC,
LMIC, UMIC
(n) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0)
MIN - - - - 18.00 -
MED - - - - 18.00 -
MAX - - - - 18.00 -
Non-Gavi
LMIC
(n) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
MIN - - - - - -
MED - - - - - -
MAX - - - - - -
UMIC
(n) (3) (0) (5) (0) (3) (1)
MIN 6.19 - 8.32 - 12.26 29.82
MED 11.34 - 12.81 - 18.98 29.82
MAX 13.33 - 22.17 - 38.98 29.82
HIC
(n) (6) (4) (8) (4) (3) (6)
MIN 14.42 10.36 16.64 11.65 29.11 31.78
MED 16.55 21.01 20.56 19.92 30.18 39.95
MAX 22.40 26.63 34.80 32.16 33.38 49.40 * Note: all aP-containing vaccines reported by countries to the V3P database for 2015 were in single-dose presentation.
Source: V3P Database.14
Page 28 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 10. Price ranges of PCV vaccines by manufacturer, by presentation size, and by income level,
in 2015
Price characteristics Funding support
Income level
(freq) $ US
Price range
All manufacturers, presentations, and income
levels
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
(n) (42)
MIN 3.30
MED 16.75
MAX 60.12
All presentation sizes and income levels by
manufacturer
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
GSK Pfizer
(n) (19) (23)
MIN 3.50 3.30
MED 16.00 16.87
MAX 46.11 60.12
Price range by manufacturer, presentation size and income
level
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
dose 1 2 1
(n) (13) (6) (23)
MIN 3.61 3.50 3.30
MED 27.46 3.78 16.87
MAX 46.11 4.26 60.12
Gavi LIC,
LMIC, UMIC
(n) (1) (6) (8)
MIN 3.61 3.50 3.30
MED 3.61 3.78 3.98
MAX 3.61 4.26 7.12
Non-Gavi
LMIC
(n) (1) (0) (2)
MIN 13.23 - 16.63
MED 13.23 - 17.11
MAX 13.23 - 17.58
UMIC
(n) (4) (0) (6)
MIN 14.95 - 14.36
MED 22.00 - 18.27
MAX 37.23 - 32.40
HIC
(n) (7) (0) (7)
MIN 24.11 - 48.22
MED 31.45 - 50.72
MAX 46.11 - 60.12 Source: V3P Database.14
Page 29 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 11. Price ranges of Rotavirus vaccines by manufacturer, in single dose presentation, by
income level, in 2015
Price characteristics Funding support
Income level
(freq) $ US
Price range
All manufacturers, presentations, and income levels
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
(n) (21)
MIN 2.06
MED 3.70
MAX 61.00
Price range by manufacturer, presentation size and income
level
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
GSK Merck
(n) (20) (1)
MIN 2.06 3.70
MED 4.39 3.70
MAX 61.00 3.70
Gavi LIC,
LMIC, UMIC
(n) (10) (0)
MIN 2.06 -
MED 2.14 -
MAX 2.53 -
Non-Gavi
LMIC
(n) (1) (1)
MIN 8.02 3.70
MED 8.02 3.70
MAX 8.02 3.70
UMIC
(n) (5) (0)
MIN 6.25 -
MED 8.15 -
MAX 11.00 -
HIC
(n) (4) (0)
MIN 16.63 -
MED 19.14 -
MAX 61.00 - Source: V3P Database.14
Page 30 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 12. Price ranges of HPV vaccines by manufacturer, in single dose presentation*, and by
income level, in 2015
Price characteristics Funding support
Income level
(freq) $ US
Price range
All manufacturers, presentations, and income levels
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
(n) (15)
MIN 6.00
MED 20.21
MAX 55.45
Price range by manufacturer, presentation size and income level
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
GSK* Merck
(n) (9) (6)
MIN 8.28 6.00
MED 22.49 14.31
MAX 36.18 55.45
Gavi LIC,
LMIC, UMIC
(n) (0) (1)
MIN - 6.00
MED - 6.00
MAX - 6.00
Non-Gavi
LMIC
(n) (0) (1)
MIN - 14.83
MED - 14.83
MAX - 14.83
UMIC
(n) (4) (1)
MIN 8.28 13.79
MED 16.84 13.79
MAX 22.49 13.79
HIC
(n) (5) (3)
MIN 20.21 8.98
MED 30.81 39.76
MAX 36.18 55.45 * Note: GSK offers a 2-dose presentation to Gavi-eligible countries.
Source: V3P Database.14
Page 31 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
Table 13. Price ranges of IPV vaccines by manufacturer, by presentation size, and by income level,
in 2015
Price characteristics Funding support
Income level
(freq) $ US
Price range
All manufacturers, presentations, and income
levels
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
(n) (24)
MIN 0.83
MED 3.43
MAX 42.19
All presentation sizes and income levels by
manufacturer
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
Sanofi
Pasteur GSK Bilthoven
(n) (16) (3) (5)
MIN 0.83 3.16 1.89
MED 4.64 6.02 1.90
MAX 42.19 7.00 2.80
Price range by manufacturer and presentation size
Gavi and Non-Gavi
LIC, LMIC, UMIC,
HIC
dose 1 10 1 1 5
(n) (9) (7) (3) (1) (4)
MIN 3.53 0.83 3.16 2.80 1.89
MED 6.38 2.72 6.02 2.80 1.90
MAX 42.19 7.44 7.00 2.80 1.90
Gavi LIC,
LMIC, UMIC
(n) (0) (1) (0) (1) (2)
MIN - 0.83 - 2.80 1.89
MED - 0.83 - 2.80 1.90
MAX - 0.83 - 2.80 1.90
Non-Gavi
LMIC
(n) (0) (2) (0) (0) (1)
MIN - 1.49 - - 1.90
MED - 1.87 - - 1.90
MAX - 2.24 - - 1.90
UMIC
(n) (3) (3) (2) (0) (1)
MIN 4.44 2.72 3.16 - 1.90
MED 6.38 2.83 5.08 - 1.90
MAX 6.89 3.33 7.00 - 1.90
HIC
(n) (6) (1) (1) (0) (0)
MIN 3.53 7.44 6.02 - -
MED 6.08 7.44 6.02 - -
MAX 42.19 7.44 6.02 - - Source: V3P Database.14
Page 32 of 34 | V3P Price Digest – 2016 edition
REFERENCES
1 PAHO. Revolving Fund Prices. Available at: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9561:revolving-fund-prices&Itemid=40714&lang=en
2 World Bank. Country Classifications 2015. 02 July 2015. Available at: http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications
3 Gavi. Countries eligible for support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/sustainability/countries-eligible-for-support/
4 World Bank. Official exchange rate. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF
5 Gavi. Pentavalent vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/pentavalent/
6 UNICEF Supply Division. Vaccine Price data for DTwP-HepB-Hib. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/supply/files/DTP-HepB-Hib.pdf
7 Gavi. Pneumococcal vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/pneumococcal/
8 PAHO: Revolving Fund prices. Available at: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9561:revolving-fund-prices&Itemid=40714&lang=en
9 CDC. Vaccines for Children Program. CDC vaccine price list. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/awardees/vaccine-management/price-list/
10 Gavi. Rotavirus vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/rotavirus/
11 Gavi. Human papillomavirus vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/human-papillomavirus/
12 UNICEF. Joint GPEI-GAVI Statement on the Availability and Price of Inactivated Polio Vaccine. 28 February 2014. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/media/media_72738.html
13 Gavi. Inactivated polio vaccine support. Available at: http://www.gavi.org/support/nvs/inactivated-polio-vaccine/
14 WHO. Vaccine Product, Price and Procurement (V3P) Web Platform. Available at: www.who.int/immunization/v3p