Using Construction FastenersUsing Construction Fasteners

and Hardwareand Hardware

FastenersFasteners

FastenersFasteners– used to hold the parts of a used to hold the parts of a

project together project together – nails, screws, bolts, and nails, screws, bolts, and

glue glue

Hardware Hardware – metal items used for metal items used for

ornamental as well as ornamental as well as functional purposes. functional purposes.

hinges, drawer pulls, hinges, drawer pulls, knobs, handles, and knobs, handles, and locks.locks.

Selecting and Using Nails Selecting and Using Nails

NailsNails

Most commonly used Most commonly used wood fasteners. wood fasteners.

Penny: Nail size unit, Penny: Nail size unit, abbreviated with the abbreviated with the lower case letter lower case letter ““dd””..

Sold by weightSold by weight

Choosing the right nail Choosing the right nail can prevent:can prevent:– Split wood,Split wood,– Weak fastenWeak fasten– ExpenseExpense

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc.)

Common NailsCommon Nails

Largest in diameter Largest in diameter and have thick heads. and have thick heads.

Designed for rough Designed for rough carpentry (like carpentry (like building framing) and building framing) and are easy to drive are easy to drive without bending.without bending.

Box NailsBox Nails

Used wherever common Used wherever common nails might split the wood.nails might split the wood.Bend more easily Bend more easily because of the smaller because of the smaller wire used to form them. wire used to form them. Head is thinner and larger Head is thinner and larger in diameter than the in diameter than the common nail.common nail.Sinkers: Box nails which Sinkers: Box nails which are cement coated are cement coated Nail holding power may Nail holding power may also be improved by:also be improved by:– Galvanizing, ringing, or Galvanizing, ringing, or

threadingthreading

Casing nailsCasing nails

Same weight as box Same weight as box nails, but have a nails, but have a small, conical head.small, conical head.

Used to attach door Used to attach door and window casings and window casings and other wood trim.and other wood trim.

Finish NailsFinish Nails

The thinnest cross The thinnest cross section and the section and the smallest head.smallest head.

Head is only slightly Head is only slightly larger in diameter than larger in diameter than the body of the nail. the body of the nail.

– Slight depression on Slight depression on the top of the head the top of the head helps keep the nail helps keep the nail set from slippingset from slipping

Specialized nailsSpecialized nails

Driving Nail Tips Driving Nail Tips

drive the nail with full drive the nail with full swings of hammer swings of hammer using both the wrist using both the wrist and forearm.and forearm.Use a swinging Use a swinging motion rather than motion rather than short jabs.short jabs.Use a hammer size to Use a hammer size to match the size of the match the size of the nail to be driven.nail to be driven.

To Avoid Splitting:To Avoid Splitting:

Never use a nail larger than needed.Never use a nail larger than needed.

Blunt the point of the nails (turn the nail upside Blunt the point of the nails (turn the nail upside down and hit the point with a hammer)down and hit the point with a hammer)

Do not drive a series of nails in a straight line Do not drive a series of nails in a straight line parallel to the grain. parallel to the grain.

Never toenail when you can nail straight into the Never toenail when you can nail straight into the wood. wood. – Toenailing: driving a nail at an angle into the side of a Toenailing: driving a nail at an angle into the side of a

boardboard

Wood ScrewsWood Screws

Wood ScrewsWood Screws

Advantages over Advantages over nails:nails:– Screws hold wood Screws hold wood

more securely Are more securely Are – easily tightened or easily tightened or

removed.removed.– Leave a neat Leave a neat

appearance.appearance.

Disadvantages : Disadvantages : – more expensivemore expensive– Require more laborRequire more labor

Basic Wood ScrewsBasic Wood ScrewsHave several screw Have several screw head slot typeshead slot types– straight, straight, – cross (Phillips), cross (Phillips), – square, square, – star star

Three commonly Three commonly shaped screw heads shaped screw heads are flat, oval, and are flat, oval, and round.round.

Screw Heads Screw Heads

Flat heads may be Flat heads may be countersunk (meaning countersunk (meaning that the top of the head is that the top of the head is flush with the surface of flush with the surface of the wood).the wood). Oval headed screws are Oval headed screws are used mainly to fasten used mainly to fasten hinges or other finish hinges or other finish hardware.hardware.Round headed screws Round headed screws are utility screws and are are utility screws and are used where the fastened used where the fastened piece is too thin to permit piece is too thin to permit countersinking.countersinking.

Special Wood ScrewsSpecial Wood Screws

Drive Screw:Drive Screw:

Special screw made to Special screw made to be driven with a hammerbe driven with a hammer

One-way screw: One-way screw:

To be tightened with a To be tightened with a standard screwdriver but standard screwdriver but cannot be turned out with cannot be turned out with the screwdriverthe screwdriver– Designed to prevent Designed to prevent

burglary and theft. burglary and theft.

Lag ScrewsLag Screws

Lag screws, Lag screws, sometimes called lag sometimes called lag bolts, are special bolts, are special heavy duty screws heavy duty screws made with a square made with a square or hex bolt head.or hex bolt head.

Screw GaugesScrew Gauges

Screws are sized by length in inches and Screws are sized by length in inches and by diameter. by diameter.

Gauge Number: Diameter of the screw.Gauge Number: Diameter of the screw.– To calculate the gauge number subtract 1/16 To calculate the gauge number subtract 1/16

inch from the diameter and multiply the result inch from the diameter and multiply the result by 80.by 80.

Actual Size of Common Wood Actual Size of Common Wood ScrewsScrews

Pilot HolePilot Hole

Pilot hole: Pilot hole: – Hole drilled smaller Hole drilled smaller

than screw than screw – Allows easy tightening Allows easy tightening

without danger of without danger of splitting the wood. splitting the wood.

BoltsBolts

BoltsBolts

Made of steel with Made of steel with either round, square, either round, square, or hexagonal heads or hexagonal heads and threaded shanks.and threaded shanks.– Stronger than nails or Stronger than nails or

screws, but are more screws, but are more expensive.expensive.

Stove boltsStove bolts

Have either flat or round Have either flat or round heads that look like wood heads that look like wood screws but a threaded screws but a threaded shank with a nut like shank with a nut like other bolts.other bolts.

Commonly used with the Commonly used with the installation of hinges.installation of hinges.

Carriage boltsCarriage bolts

Have a round head with a square shank Have a round head with a square shank which pulls into the wood to hold the top of which pulls into the wood to hold the top of the bolt while a wrench is used to tighten the bolt while a wrench is used to tighten the nut.the nut.

Machine boltsMachine bolts

Have either a square or Have either a square or hexagonal head with a nut hexagonal head with a nut shape that matches the shape that matches the head shape.head shape.

Machine bolts are used Machine bolts are used with metal and wood. with metal and wood.

GlueGlue

GlueGlue

Can be applied with aCan be applied with a

Squeeze bottle, Squeeze bottle,

Brush, or Brush, or

Paint roller.Paint roller.

Pressure is applied to the Pressure is applied to the glue joint with:glue joint with:

Clamps, nails, screws, Clamps, nails, screws, or other fasteners. or other fasteners.

When the pressure is When the pressure is applied, the glue should ooze applied, the glue should ooze out from around the joint. out from around the joint.

Older GluesOlder Glues

Protein glues. Protein glues. – Glues made from Glues made from

animal or plant parts animal or plant parts or products. or products.

Casein glue: Made Casein glue: Made from milk protein and from milk protein and is a powder that is is a powder that is mixed with water.mixed with water.– Interior water resistant Interior water resistant

glue.glue.

Newer GluesNewer Glues

Newer glues are synthetic Newer glues are synthetic glues. glues.

Synthetic glues: Glues Synthetic glues: Glues made from man-made made from man-made products.products.

Examples:Examples:

– Resorcinol resin glueResorcinol resin glue

– Urea-formaldehyde glue Urea-formaldehyde glue

– White polyvinyl glueWhite polyvinyl glue

– Aliphatic yellow wood Aliphatic yellow wood glueglue

– Mastics Mastics

Resorcinol resin glue:Resorcinol resin glue:

Waterproof two part liquid and powder mix.Waterproof two part liquid and powder mix.– waterproof characteristics for projects exposed to waterproof characteristics for projects exposed to

soaking such as boats and outdoor furniture.soaking such as boats and outdoor furniture.

Its Its ““pot lifepot life”” is only three or four hours. is only three or four hours. – Pot life: Time in which an adhesive can be used after Pot life: Time in which an adhesive can be used after

mixing. mixing. – The higher the temperature, the shorter the The higher the temperature, the shorter the ““pot lifepot life””

and and ““setting timesetting time””. . – Setting time: Length of time necessary for the glue to Setting time: Length of time necessary for the glue to

harden or cure harden or cure

Urea-formaldehyde glueUrea-formaldehyde glue

Plastic resin one part powder that you mix with Plastic resin one part powder that you mix with water, as per instruction, just before use.water, as per instruction, just before use.

High water resistance with a pot life of three to High water resistance with a pot life of three to five hours.five hours.

Popular, easy-to-use glue that hardens quickly Popular, easy-to-use glue that hardens quickly when water is added. when water is added.

Close fit with the need for tight clamping and a Close fit with the need for tight clamping and a nine to thirteen hour setting time are nine to thirteen hour setting time are disadvantages.disadvantages.

White polyvinyl glueWhite polyvinyl glue– ElmerElmer’’s Glue s Glue

Aliphatic yellow wood glueAliphatic yellow wood glue– Basic Wood Glue Basic Wood Glue

MasticsMastics

Heavy, pasty type glues or adhesives Heavy, pasty type glues or adhesives used for fastening drywall, paneling, and used for fastening drywall, paneling, and flooring.flooring.

Generally applied with a notched trowel or Generally applied with a notched trowel or a caulking gun.a caulking gun.

Hardware Hardware

Metal Fasteners and HardwareMetal Fasteners and Hardware

Should not be Should not be installed until the installed until the project has been project has been painted.painted.

Come in many Come in many different types, styles, different types, styles, and sizes.and sizes.

HingesHinges

Sold in pairs and serve as a moveable Sold in pairs and serve as a moveable joint between two pieces of wood.joint between two pieces of wood.

Butt HingesButt Hinges– Have two rectangular Have two rectangular

leaves usually ranging leaves usually ranging from one to four inches from one to four inches in length and a in length and a

connecting pin.connecting pin.

Strap hingesStrap hinges– Have two triangular Have two triangular

shaped leaves that vary shaped leaves that vary in size from one to in size from one to twelve inches in length.twelve inches in length.

T HingesT Hinges– Has one butt leaf and Has one butt leaf and

one strap leaf. one strap leaf.

Continuous HingeContinuous Hinge– Also called a piano Also called a piano

hinge.hinge.– Really a long butt Really a long butt

hinge. hinge. – It is often used on It is often used on

desk and piano lids.desk and piano lids.

Knobs, Pulls, and HandlesKnobs, Pulls, and Handles

Used to keep doors Used to keep doors closed:closed:– Friction catches, Friction catches, – Magnetic catches, and Magnetic catches, and – Hasp/lock Hasp/lock

combinations combinations

Door LocksDoor Locks

May be mortise, May be mortise, cylinder, or rim. cylinder, or rim.

Mortise locks: require Mortise locks: require a deep mortise or a deep mortise or pocket cut in edge of pocket cut in edge of the door for the the door for the locking mechanism. locking mechanism. – Used primarily with Used primarily with

interior doors. interior doors.

Cylinder locksCylinder locks– Involves a 1 1\2 in Involves a 1 1\2 in

or 2in hole or 2in hole

Rim Locks Rim Locks

Surface mounted on Surface mounted on the inside of a door the inside of a door and are used and are used primarily as night primarily as night latches or safety lockslatches or safety locks

Miscellaneous HardwareMiscellaneous Hardware

Include such things as Include such things as – Doorsteps, Doorsteps, – Latches,Latches,– Door closures, and Door closures, and – Window sash locks.Window sash locks.