Jazz Age. 1921-29. Chapter Seven.

Nativism resurges after the war.

Backlash against recent immigrants.

Economy in recession.

Army Vets couldn’t get jobs.

Controlling Immigration.

National Origins Act of 1924.

Set quotas as to how many immigrants could come from each country.

Hispanic immigration was slowed down by the above act.

A labor shortage developed in California and the South West.

Hispanics/immigrants were barred from the U.S. work force.

Sacco-Vanzetti Case

Accused of murder and robbing a shoe company.

Being confirmed anarchists assured their

convictions.

Sacco & Vanzetti

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Limitations and Exceptions

of Women BEFORE WWIWomen were still paid less than men, even when they did the same job.

In politics, women in no way achieved equality with men. Only a handful of women had been elected by 1929.

There was a strong conservative tradition in USA. A combination of traditional religion and old country values kept most American women in a much more restricted role.

“Most middle class women concentrated on managing the home…Their daughters…were far more likely to prepare for careers as mothers and housewives.”

Women after WW1The war gave women experience of of skilled factory work.

In 1920 women got the vote in all states.

The car made they freer.

Domestic work was made easier by new electrical goods like vacuum cleaners and washing machines.

Younger women wore more daring clothes.

They smoked in public and drank with men without chaperones. They even kissed in public.

In urban areas women took on more jobs. In 1929 there were 24% more women working than in 1920.

Women became financially independent.

Women were less likely to stay in unhappy marriages. In 1929 there were twice as many divorces as in 1914.

The media portrayed women in a different light – sex sold much better than anything else!

Women in the 1920’s.

Flappers! What a scandal!

Young and stylish.

Rail thin.

Smoked/Drank illegal alcohol.

Revealing dress.

Worked outside the home.

Flappers.

Women before WW1Women formed half the population of the USA .

Before the war middle-class women were expected to lead restricted lives.

The had to wear very restrictive clothing and behave politely.

They were not expected to wear make-up.

There relationships with men were strictly controlled. They had to have a chaperone with them when they went out with their boyfriend.

They were expected not to play sport or smoke in public.

In most states they could not vote.

Very few jobs were open to women.

Working women were in low paid jobs like cleaning, dressmaking and secretarial work.

The Flapper LookPart Two

The twenties changed the way the world looked at

hair styles. “The Bob” is the infamous hair style that

was everywhere in the 20’s.

Most women haircuts were

very short in the back and 20

% longer in the front.

The Cloche Hat was a must during the day.

This was a hat that fit snuggly over short

hair and reached the eyebrows.

Flapperswww.clarabow.net

The Charleston

The Social dance of the United States popular in the mid-

1920s.

The Charleston dance became established during the

Ragtime-Jazz period.

Some say it is from the Cape Verde Islands in Western Africa

Charleston Dance.

The Charleston

Famous Flappers

Anita Page Colleen Moore Louise Brooks

www.silentladies.com

Motion Pictures

Motion Pictures

Baseball: Yankees and Babe

Ruth

Charles Lindbergh

• Charles Lindbergh was a daredevil pilot who practiced his skills as an airline pilot, a dangerous, life-threatening job at the time.

• Lindbergh heard about a $25,000 prize for the first aviator to fly a nonstop transatlantic flight, or a flight across the Atlantic Ocean, and wanted to win.

• He rejected the idea that he needed a large plane with many engines, and developed a very light single-engine craft with room for only one pilot.

• On May 21, 1927, Lindbergh succeeded by touching down in Paris, France after a thirty-three-and-a-half-hour flight from New York.

• Lindbergh earned the name “Lucky Lindy” and became the most beloved American hero of the time.

• A little over a year after Lindbergh’s flight, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic, returning to the U.S. as a hero.

• She went on to set numerous speed and distance records as a pilot.

• In 1937 she was most of the way through a record-breaking flight around the world when she disappeared over the Pacific Ocean.

Pilot Heroes of the Twenties

Amelia Earhart

Women received the right to

vote by the 19th Amendment,

but they still had little interest in

politics. During the 1920s

women asked guys out. They

wore the new flapper style of

clothing and were more

assertive. They took the same

jobs as men, but still fought for

equality in the workplace.

1920s Fashion

1920s Fashion – The Men

Men’s fashion ideas from sports or gangsters

Men wanted to appear “dapper.”

For Children Only

Favorite children's books were

"Winnie the Pooh," "Bambi," "Dr.

Doolittle," and "The Velveteen

Rabbit."

Fundamentalist Movement.

Fundamentalist beliefs:

Bible is true without error.

People derived their moral behavior from God,

not society.

Rejected Evolution and embraced Creationism.

The Rise of FundamentalismBilly Sunday

Changing times caused uncertainty, turning

many to religion for answers.

One key religious figure of the time was

former ballplayer and ordained minister

Billy Sunday.

Sunday condemned radicals and criticized

the changing attitudes of women, reflecting

much of white, rural America’s ideals.

Sunday’s Christian beliefs were based on a

literal translation of the Bible called

fundamentalism.

Aimee Semple McPherson

Another leading fundamentalist preacher of the

time

Seemed to embrace the kind of glamour that

other fundamentalists warned about

Her religion, however, was purely

fundamentalist.

She was especially well known for healing the

sick through prayer.

Scopes Trial-1925.

John T. Scopes was arrested for teaching

evolution in high school.

William Jennings Bryan was prosecutor and

Clarence Darrow was the defense attorney.

Darrow put Bryan on the stand!

.. Inherit the Wind

Prohibition-Eighteenth

Amendment-1920-1933.Volstead Act.

U.S. Treasury would enforce prohibition.

“Speakeasies” sprouted up in every city.

Organized crime made millions and turf wars

killed many.

The start of the Drive By Shootings!

ProhibitionThroughout U.S. history, groups like the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union worked to

outlaw alcohol, but the drive strengthened in the early 1900s, as Progressives joined the

effort.

Over the years, a number of states passed anti-alcohol laws, and World War I helped the

cause when grain and grapes, which most alcohol is made from, needed to feed troops.

The fight against alcohol also used bias against immigrants to fuel their cause by portraying

immigrant groups as alcoholics.

Protestant religious groups and fundamentalists also favored a liquor ban because they

thought alcohol contributed to society’s evils and sins, especially in cities.

By 1917 more than half the states had passed a law restricting alcohol.

The Eighteenth Amendment banning alcohol was proposed in 1917 and ratified in 1919. The Volstead Act enforced the amendment.

Speak Easy!

Bootleggers.

Numerous illegal bars called speakeasies

were created to provide drinks for the

people who wanted alcoholic beverages.

Scarface Capone

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Labor

Great Migration

Changed composition of the industrial workforce

Intensified pressure on labor unions

Most major unions refused membership to black

workers

Management hired black strikebreakers

See Figure 17-1 and 17-2

African Americans after World

War ITensions

Many found opportunities in the North but also racism.

Racial tensions were especially severe after World War I, when a shortage of jobs created a rift between whites and African American workers.

This tension created a wave of racial violence in the summer of 1919.

The deadliest riot occurred in Chicago, Illinois, when a dispute at a public beach led to rioting that left 38 people dead and nearly 300 injured.

Racially motivated riots occurred in about two dozen other cities in 1919.

Raised Expectations

Another factor that added to racial tensions was the changing expectations of African Americans.

Many believe dthey had earned greater freedom for helping fight for freedom overseas in World War I.

Unfortunately, not everyone agreed that their war service had earned them greater freedom.

In fact, some whites were determined to strike back against the new African American attitudes.

The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of African American social thought which was expressed through

Paintings

Music

Dance

Theater

Literature

Jazz and Blues.

Jazz was invented in America.

It’s a mix of Dixieland and Ragtime.

Blues came from African-American spirituals.

The Cotton Club was the most important Club for

music in New York City.

JAZZ

Who were the first Jazz Musicians?

African Americans

Where was Jazz born?New Orleans

When did Jazz appear nationwide?

The early 1920s

Why did Jazz spread past New Orleans?

Violence and racism resurfaced in New Orleans and Jazz musicians fled to cities like Chicago, New York, and Kansas City

Eugenics Movement.

Pseudo-Science. “Breed out inferior people(s).”

Hitler was a fan as was Woodrow Wilson.

During this time the Ku Klux Klan adopted this pseudo-science.

Eugenics Movement.

The Ku Klux KlanD. W. Griffiths’ Birth of a Nation. 1915. Glorified the

K.K.K.

White supremacist were anti Catholic, Jewish,

immigrants, and people of color.

The K.K.K. used terror tactics to enforce their

views. Domestic terrorists.

Many Klan members were state or city officials such

as councilmen or law enforcement.

The Ku Klux Klan (cont.)

Five million members, 1925

Political force in Oklahoma, Texas, and Indiana

Businessmen

Shopkeepers

Protestant clergy

Woman’s Order

Junior Order for boys

Tri K Klub for girls

Ku Klux KlanThe glorification of the Ku Klux

Klan in D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of

a Nation, reflected in this publicity

poster, outraged African

Americans. The NAACP protested

when the silent film was first

distributed in 1915 and again when

a sound version was released in

1930. The demonstrations

attracted publicity to both the film

and the NAACP.

Birth of a Nation.

KKK:Then and Now.

Skin Heads.

A Sign of the Times

A sign of the times. Until the struggles of the modern civil rights

movement, Jim Crow racism was a fact of life throughout the South.

Black Organizations

in the 1920s

NAACP

Expanded influence and increased membership

James Weldon Johnson

See PROFILE

Walter White

Relied on judicial system to protect black civil rights

Nixon v. Herndon, 1927

Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du

BoisConflict with Du Bois

• Garvey thought the NAACP discouraged African American self-confidence, and that their goal of breaking down barriers between races threatened African racial purity.

• Du Bois and the NAACP were suspicious of UNIA too, and The Crisis published an investigation of UNIA.

• The FBI charged UNIA with mail fraud, and UNIA collapsed when Garvey went to prison and then left the country upon release.

Another famous figure of the era was Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican-born American who took pride in his African heritage.

Garvey’s Rise

• Formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which promoted self-reliance for African Americans without white involvement.

• Garvey wanted American blacks to go back to Africa to create a new empire.

• Garvey wanted African Americans to have economic success. His Black Star Line promoted trade among Africans around the world.

• About 2 million mostly poor African Americans joined UNIA.

Pan-Africanism“A great central, Negro state”

A desire for people of African descent to unite.

Share heritage.

Discuss ties to continent.

Moderate (eliminate) colonial rule in Africa.

Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Spain, Italy

First Pan-African Congress, London, 1900.

Black and White Workers by

Skill Level, 1920Figure 17–2. Black and White Workers by Skill Level, 1920.

Only one-third of black workers, compared to slightly more than one-half of white workers, found employment in skilled or semiskilled jobs in 1920.

Source: Sterling D. Spero and Abram L. Harris, The Black

Worker: The Negro and the Labor Movement (1928), 85.

Racial violence and lynching continued

The Birth of a Nation

Scientific racism

Ku Klux Klan had millions of membersAnd millions more supported it

NAACP

Challenged the status quo

100,000 members in 1920s

Racial pride and self-respect

Harlem Renaissance

Conclusion