US Geography Handbook - boone.kyschools.us
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Monument Valley, Arizona Acadia National Park, Maine ▼ ▼ The Tongass National Forest in Southeastern Alaska, covering nearly 17 million acres, is the single largest national forest in America. ▼
Transcript of US Geography Handbook - boone.kyschools.us
National Geographic Geography Handbook
The Tongass National Forest in Southeastern Alaska, covering nearly 17 million acres, is the
single largest national forest in America.
Geography Handbook
The story of the United States begins with geography—the study of the earth in all of its variety. Geography describes the earth’s land, water, and plant and animal life. It is the study of places and the complex relationships between people and their environments.
Geography of the United States
The United States is a land of startling physical differences. It is also a nation of diverse groups of people. A study of geography can help explain how the United States acquired its diversity.
The United States—with a total land area of 3,537,441 square miles (9,161,930 sq. km)—is the world’s fourth-largest country in size.
The 50 States
Most of the United States—48 of the 50 states— spans the entire middle part of North America. This group of states touches three major bodies of water—the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Ocean. Two states—Alaska and Hawaii—lie apart from the 48 states.
Our Nation’s Growth
Within the borders of the United States stretch a variety of landscapes—dense forests, hot deserts, rolling grasslands, and snow-capped mountains. Because of its large size and diverse regions, the United States throughout its history offered many opportunities. Over the centuries people from Europe, Africa, Asia, and other parts of the Americas have journeyed here. Today more than 281 million people make their homes in the United States.
N
500 miles0
70°N
60°N
Appalachian Highlands Canadian Shield Coastal Plains Hawaii
Interior Plains Intermountain Pacific Coast Rocky Mountains
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Places and Regions Place has a special mean-
ing in geography. It means more than where a place is. It also describes what a place is like. These features may be physical characteristics such as landforms, climate, and plant or animal life. They may also be human charac- teristics, including language and way of life.
To help organize their study, geographers often group places or areas into regions. Regions are united by one or more common characteristics.
To understand how our world is connected, some geographers have broken down the study of geography into five themes. The Five Themes of Geography are (1) location, (2) place, (3) human/environment interaction, (4) move- ment, and (5) regions. You will see these themes highlighted in the Geography Skills accompa- nying the maps of The American Republic to 1877.
Six Essential Elements Recently, geographers have begun to look at
geography in a different way. They break down the study of geography into Six Essential Elements, which are explained below. Being aware of these elements will help you sort out what you are learning about geography.
The World in Spatial Terms Geographers first take a look at
where a place is located. Location serves as a starting point by asking “Where is it?” Knowing the loca- tion of places helps you develop an awareness of the world around you.
Physical Systems When studying places
and regions, geographers analyze how physical systems—such as hurri- canes, volcanoes, and glaciers—shape the earth’s surface. They also look at communities of plants and animals that depend upon one another and their surroundings for survival.
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Environment and Society “How does the relation-
ship between people and their natural surroundings influence the way people live?” This is one of the questions that the theme of human/ environment inter- action answers. This theme also shows how people use the environment and how their actions affect the environment.
Human Systems Geographers also examine
human systems, or how people have shaped our world. They look at how boundary lines are deter- mined and analyze why people settle in certain places and not in others. A key theme in geography is the continual movement of people, ideas, and goods.
The Uses of Geography Knowledge of geography
helps people understand the relationships among people, places, and environments over time. Understanding geography, and knowing how to use the tools and technology available to study it, prepares you for life in our modern society.
Geography Handbook
4 Geography Handbook
Maps of many different kinds are used in The American Republic to 1877 to help you see the connection between geography and the history of our nation.
Different Kinds of Maps
A physical map shows the physical fea- tures of an area, such as its mountains and rivers. Physical maps use color and shadings to show relief—how flat or rugged the land surface is. Colors also may be used to show elevation—the height of an area above sea level.
Physical Maps
Maps have lines of latitude and longitude that form a grid. Lines of latitude circle the earth, either north or south of the Equator (0° latitude). Lines of longitude stretch from the North Pole to the South Pole, either east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude). The distance between the lines is measured in degrees (°). Every place on the earth has a unique position or “address” on this grid.
Latitude and Longitude
Political maps generally show political, or human-made, divisions of countries or regions. The political map on pages RA2–RA3, for example, shows bound- aries between the states that comprise the United States.
Besides showing political or physical fea- tures, some maps have a special purpose. Human activities such as exploration routes, territorial expansion, or battle sites appear on special-purpose maps, also called thematic maps. The maps on pages RA6–RA7, for example, show ter- ritorial growth of the United States.
Special-Purpose Maps
90 Degrees
360 Degrees
180 Degrees
180 Degrees90
NORTH POLE
Knowing this address makes it easier for you to locate cities and other places on a map. For example, the map on page RA5 shows you that the address of New Orleans is 30ºN latitude, 90ºW longitude.
Political Maps
Parts of Maps
Scale A measuring line, often called a scale bar, helps you determine distance on the map. The map scale tells you what distance on the earth is represented by the measurement on the scale bar.
Compass Rose An important first step in reading any map is to find the direction marker. A map has a symbol that tells you where the cardinal directions—north, south, east, and west—are positioned.
5Geography Handbook
Geography Handbook
Mediterranean Steppe Subarctic Tropical Tundra
Map Key The map key explains the lines, symbols, and colors used on a map. For example, the map on this page shows the various climate regions of the United States. The key shows what climates the different colors represent. Map keys also may show structures created by people. Cities are usually symbolized by a solid circle (•). A star within a circle represents capitals (). On this map, you can see the capital of Texas and the cities of New Orleans, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
Climate Regions of the United States
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Geography Handbook
Geographic factors—landforms, waterways, natural resources—have shaped America’s history. Here are some examples of geography’s influences in history that are highlighted in The American Republic to 1877.
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Unit 3 Creating a Nation The hardships of the land shaped the colonial settlers’ cultural identities. The colonists were isolated from much of the world and became more independent. Eventually they broke away from Great Britain and won their independence.
Unit 2 Colonial Settlement Beginning in the 1500s, Europeans came to North America seeking land, riches, and freedom. Groups from Spain, France, Great Britain, and other countries established colonies. The British colonies along the Atlantic coast were hemmed in by the Appalachian Mountains—the first physical barrier to the West.
Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet As settle- ment spread, Native Americans created distinctive civilizations appropriate to their climates and resources. For example, Native Americans in the Great Plains depended on herds of buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, and tools.
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Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction Demand for cotton by the textile industry increased the demand for labor provided by enslaved African Americans. In 1861 regional differences and a dispute over slavery sparked the Civil War between the North and South.
Unit 7 Modern America Emerges In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the United States became an urban industrial nation and took the leading role in international affairs. Americans entered the twenty- first century as a free nation committed to the truths expressed in the Declaration of Independence.
Unit 5 The Growing Nation Through wars, treaties, and purchases, the United States gained control of the lands west of the Mississippi River. Settlers were drawn to Western territories by opportunities. Native Americans were forced onto reser- vations. Railroads enabled people to over- come geographic barriers.
Unit 4 The New Republic When the United States was established, many doubted that the young government could control people over such great distances. New rivers, roads, and canals helped to open up the country. At the same time an Industrial Revolution had begun in New England.
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Island
Strait
Isthmus
Cape
Seacoast
Gulf
Bay
Ocean
Sound
Peninsula
Delta
Harbor
Cliff
Valley
absolute location exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates
basin area of land drained by a given river and its branches; area of land surrounded by lands of higher elevations
bay part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline, generally smaller than a gulf
canyon deep and narrow valley with steep walls cape point of land that extends into a river, lake, or ocean channel wide strait or waterway between two land-masses that
lie close to each other; deep part of a river or other waterway cliff steep, high wall of rock, earth, or ice continent one of the seven large landmasses on the earth cultural feature characteristic that humans have created
in a place, such as language, religion, housing, and settlement pattern
delta flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstream by a river and deposited at its mouth
divide stretch of high land that separates river systems downstream direction in which a river or stream flows from its
source to its mouth elevation height of land above sea level Equator imaginary line that runs around the earth halfway
between the North and South Poles; used as the starting point to measure degrees of north and south latitude
glacier large, thick body of slowly moving ice gulf part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline,
generally larger and more deeply indented than a bay harbor a sheltered place along a shoreline where ships can
anchor safely highland elevated land area such as a hill, mountain, or plateau hill elevated land with sloping sides and rounded summit; gen-
erally smaller than a mountain island land area, smaller than a continent, completely sur-
rounded by water isthmus narrow stretch of land connecting two larger
land areas lake a sizable inland body of water latitude distance north or south of the Equator, measured
in degrees longitude distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, meas-
ured in degrees lowland land, usually level, at a low elevation map drawing of the earth shown on a flat surface meridian one of many lines on the global grid running from
the North Pole to the South Pole; used to measure degrees of longitude
mesa broad, flat-topped landform with steep sides; smaller than a plateau
8 Geography Handbook
As you read about America’s geography, you will encounter the terms listed below. Many of the terms are pictured in the diagram.
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Canyon
Tributary
Plain
Channel
Desert
mountain land with steep sides that rises sharply (1,000 feet or more) from surrounding land; generally larger and more rugged than a hill
mountain peak pointed top of a mountain mountain range a series of connected mountains mouth (of a river) place where a stream or river flows into a
larger body of water ocean one of the four major bodies of salt water that surround
the continents ocean current stream of either cold or warm water that moves
in a definite direction through an ocean parallel one of many lines on the global grid that circle the
earth north or south of the Equator; used to measure degrees of latitude
peninsula body of land jutting into a lake or ocean, surrounded on three sides by water
physical feature characteristic of a place occurring naturally, such as a landform, body of water, climate pattern, or resource
plain area of level land, usually a low elevation and often covered with grasses
plateau area of flat or rolling land at a high elevation, about 300–3,000 feet high
Prime Meridian line of the global grid running from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich, England; starting point for measuring degrees of east and west longitude
relief changes in elevation over a given area of land river large natural stream of water that runs through the land sea large body of water completely or partly surrounded
by land seacoast land lying next to a sea or ocean sea level position on land level with surface of nearby ocean
or sea sound body of water between a coastline and one or more
islands off the coast source (of a river) place where a river or stream begins, often
in highlands strait narrow stretch of water joining two larger bodies of water tributary small river or stream that flows into a large river or
stream; a branch of the river upstream direction opposite the flow of a river; toward the
source of a river or stream valley area of low land between hills or mountains volcano mountain created as liquid rock or ash erupts from
inside the earth
Kentucky Core Content for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 8
Table of Contents
Core Content for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 8
Correlation to the Core Contents for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 8
Preparing for the Kentucky Core Content Test for Social Studies
Countdown to the KCCT, Grade 8
Focus on Kentucky
Reading Skills Handbook
Reading for a Reason
Understanding What you Read
Thinking About Your Reading
Geographic Dictionary
Section 1: Early Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625
Section 1: A Changing World
Section 2: Early Exploration
Unit 2: Colonial Settlement, 1587–1770
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 1587–1770
Section 1: Early English Settlements
Section 2: New England Colonies
Section 3: Middle Colonies
Section 4: Southern Colonies
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 1607–1770
Section 1: Life in the Colonies
Section 2: Government, Religion, and Culture
Section 3: France and Britain Clash
Section 4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
Unit 3: Creating a Nation, 1763–1791
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 1763–1776
Section 1: Taxation Without Representation
Section 2: Building Colonial Unity
Section 3: A Call to Arms
Section 4: Moving Toward Independence
The Declaration of Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1776–1783
Section 1: The Early Years
Section 2: The War Continues
Section 3: The War Moves West and South
Section 4: The War Is Won
Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790
Section 1: The Articles of Confederation
Section 2: Convention and Compromise
Section 3: A New Plan of Government
Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
Civics in Action: A Citizenship Handbook
Section 1: The Constitution
Section 3: Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities
Handbook Assessment
Unit 4: The New Republic, 1789–1825
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 1789–1800
Section 1: The First President
Section 2: Early Challenges
Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816
Section 1: The Republicans Take Power
Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase
Section 3: A Time of Conflict
Section 4: The War of 1812
Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825
Section 1: Economic Growth
Section 2: Westward Bound
Unit 5: The Growing Nation, 1820–1860
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 1824–1845
Section 1: Jacksonian Democracy
Section 3: Jackson and the Bank
Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853
Section 1: The Oregon Country
Section 2: Independence for Texas
Section 3: War with Mexico
Section 4: New Settlers in California and Utah
Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 13: North and South, 1820–1860
Section 1: The North's Economy
Section 2: The North's People
Section 3: Southern Cotton Kingdom
Section 4: The South's People
Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 1820–1860
Section 1: Social Reform
Section 2: The Abolitionists
Unit 6: Civil War and Reconstruction, 1846–1896
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 1820–1861
Section 1: Slavery and the West
Section 2: A Nation Dividing
Section 3: Challenges to Slavery
Section 4: Secession and War
Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 1861–1865
Section 1: The Two Sides
Section 2: Early Years of the War
Section 3: A Call for Freedom
Section 4: Life During the Civil War
Section 5: The Way to Victory
Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 1865–1896
Section 1: Reconstruction Plans
Section 3: The South During Reconstruction
Section 4: Change in the South
Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
Unit 7: Modern America Emerges, 1877–Present
Chapter 18: Reshaping the Nation, 1877–1929
Section 1: The Western Frontier
Section 2: Invention and Industry
Section 3: Reform at Home, Expansion Abroad
Section 4: World War I and Its Aftermath
Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 19: The Making of Modern America, 1929–Present
Section 1: Depression and a Second World War
Section 2: Turning Points
Section 3: Modern America
Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
Appendix
What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?
Primary Sources Library
Documents of American History
Supreme Court Case Summaries
Chapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492
Section 1: Early Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625
Section 1: A Changing World
Section 2: Early Exploration
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 1587–1770
Section 1: Early English Settlements
Section 2: New England Colonies
Section 3: Middle Colonies
Section 4: Southern Colonies
Section 1: Life in the Colonies
Section 2: Government, Religion, and Culture
Section 3: France and Britain Clash
Section 4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 1763–1776
Section 1: Taxation Without Representation
Section 2: Building Colonial Unity
Section 3: A Call to Arms
Section 4: Moving Toward Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1776–1783
Section 1: The Early Years
Section 2: The War Continues
Section 3: The War Moves West and South
Section 4: The War Is Won
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790
Section 1: The Articles of Confederation
Section 2: Convention and Compromise
Section 3: A New Plan of Government
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 1789–1800
Section 1: The First President
Section 2: Early Challenges
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816
Section 1: The Republicans Take Power
Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase
Section 3: A Time of Conflict
Section 4: The War of 1812
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825
Section 1: Economic Growth
Section 2: Westward Bound
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 1824–1845
Section 1: Jacksonian Democracy
Section 3: Jackson and the Bank
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853
Section 1: The Oregon Country
Section 2: Independence for Texas
Section 3: War with Mexico
Section 4: New Settlers in California and Utah
Chapter 13: North and South, 1820–1860
Section 1: The North's Economy
Section 2: The North's People
Section 3: Southern Cotton Kingdom
Section 4: The South's People
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 1820–1860
Section 1: Social Reform
Section 2: The Abolitionists
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 1820–1861
Section 1: Slavery and the West
Section 2: A Nation Dividing
Section 3: Challenges to Slavery
Section 4: Secession and War
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 1861–1865
Section 1: The Two Sides
Section 2: Early Years of the War
Section 3: A Call for Freedom
Section 4: Life During the Civil War
Section 5: The Way to Victory
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 1865–1896
Section 1: Reconstruction Plans
Section 3: The South During Reconstruction
Section 4: Change in the South
Chapter 18: Reshaping the Nation, 1877–1929
Section 1: The Western Frontier
Section 2: Invention and Industry
Section 3: Reform at Home, Expansion Abroad
Section 4: World War I and Its Aftermath
Chapter 19: The Making of Modern America, 1929–Present
Section 1: Depression and a Second World War
Section 2: Turning Points
Section 3: Modern America
Activity Workbook - Student Edition
Activity 3: Colonial America
Activity 7: A More Perfect Union
Activity 8: A New Nation
Activity 9: The Jefferson Era
Activity 10: Growth and Expansion
Activity 11: The Jackson Era
Activity 12: Manifest Destiny
Activity 14: The Age of Reform
Activity 15: Road to Civil War
Activity 16: The Civil War
Activity 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath
Activity 18: Reshaping the Nation
Activity 19: The Making of Modern America
Haitian Creole Summaries
Chapit 2: Esplore Amerik- yo, 1400–1625
Chapit 3: Amerik Kolonyal la, 1587–1770
Chapit 4: Koloni yo Devlope, 1607–1770
Chapit 5: Sou Wout Endepandans, 1763–1776
Chapit 6: Revolisyon Ameriken an, 1776–1783
Chapit 7: Yon Inyon Ki Pi Pafe, 1777–1790
Chapit 8: Yon Nouvel Nasyon, 1789–1800
Chapit 9: Epok Jefferson nan, 1800–1816
Chapit 10: Devlopman ak Ekspansyon, 1790–1825
Chapit 11: Epok Jackson nan, 1824–1845
Chapit 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853
Chapit 13: No ak Sid, 1820–1860
Chapit 14: Refom la, 1820–1860
Chapit 15: Nan Wout pou Ge Sivil, 1820–1861
Chapit 16: Ge sivil la, 1861–1865
Chapit 17: Rekonstriksyon ak Sa Ki Vin Touswit Apre l' Yo, 1865–1896
Chapit 18: Chanje Figi Nasyon an, 1877–1929
Chapit 19: Mete Amerik Modèn nan sou Pye, 1929–Kounye-a
KCCT Practice Workbook
Depth of Knowledge Levels
Activity 4: Interpreting Primary Sources
Activity 5: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Activity 6: Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion
Activity 7: Drawing Conclusions
Activity 8: Detecting Bias
Activity 9: Making Inferences
Practice Test
Chapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492
Study Guide 1-1: Early Peoples
Study Guide 1-2: Cities and Empires
Study Guide 1-3: North American Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625
Study Guide 2-1: A Changing World
Study Guide 2-2: Early Exploration
Study Guide 2-3: Spain in America
Study Guide 2-4: Exploring North America
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 1587–1770
Study Guide 3-1: Early English Settlements
Study Guide 3-2: New England Colonies
Study Guide 3-3: Middle Colonies
Study Guide 3-4: Southern Colonies
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 1607–1770
Study Guide 4-1: Life in the Colonies
Study Guide 4-2: Government, Religion, and Culture
Study Guide 4-3: France and Britain Clash
Study Guide 4-4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 1763–1776
Study Guide 5-1: Taxation Without Representation
Study Guide 5-2: Building Colonial Unity
Study Guide 5-3: A Call to Arms
Study Guide 5-4: Moving Towards Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1776–1783
Study Guide 6-1: The Early Years
Study Guide 6-2: The War Continues
Study Guide 6-3: The War Moves West and South
Study Guide 6-4: The War Is Won
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790
Study Guide 7-1: The Articles of Confederation
Study Guide 7-2: Convention and Compromise
Study Guide 7-3: A New Plan of Government
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 1789–1800
Study Guide 8-1: The First President
Study Guide 8-2: Early Challenges
Study Guide 8-3: The First Political Parties
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816
Study Guide 9-1: The Republicans Take Power
Study Guide 9-2: The Louisiana Purchase
Study Guide 9-3: A Time of Conflict
Study Guide 9-4: The War of 1812
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825
Study Guide 10-1: Economic Growth
Study Guide 10-2: Westward Bound
Study Guide 10-3: Unity and Sectionalism
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 1824–1845
Study Guide 11-1: Jacksonian Democracy
Study Guide 11-2: Conflicts Over Land
Study Guide 11-3: Jackson and the Bank
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853
Study Guide 12-1: The Oregon Country
Study Guide 12-2: Independence for Texas
Study Guide 12-3: War with Mexico
Study Guide 12-4: New Setters in California and Utah
Chapter 13: North and South, 1820–1860
Study Guide 13-1: The North’s Economy
Study Guide 13-2: The North’s People
Study Guide 13-3: Southern Cotton Kingdom
Study Guide 13-4: The South’s People
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 1820–1860
Study Guide 14-1: Social Reform
Study Guide 14-2: The Abolitionists
Study Guide 14-3: The Women’s Movement
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 1820–1861
Study Guide 15-1: Slavery and the West
Study Guide 15-2: A Nation Dividing
Study Guide 15-3: Challenges to Slavery
Study Guide 15-4: Secession and War
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 1861–1865
Study Guide 16-1: The Two Sides
Study Guide 16-2: Early Years of the War
Study Guide 16-3: A Call for Freedom
Study Guide 16-4: Life During the Civil War
Study Guide 16-5: The Way to Victory
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 1865–1896
Study Guide 17-1: Reconstruction Plans
Study Guide 17-2: Radicals in Control
Study Guide 17-3: The South During Reconstruction
Study Guide 17-4: Change in the South
Chapter 18: Reshaping the Nation, 1877–1929
Study Guide 18-1: The Western Frontier
Study Guide 18-2: Invention and Industry
Study Guide 18-3: Reform at Home, Expansion Abroad
Study Guide 18-4: World War I and Its Aftermath
Chapter 19: The Making of Modern America, 1929–Present
Study Guide 19-1: Depression and a Second World War
Study Guide 19-2: Turning Points
Study Guide 19-3: Modern America
Study Guide 19-4: The War on Terrorism
Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
Capítulo 1: Los primeros americanos, prehistoria a 1492
Guía de estudio 1-1: Los primeros pueblos
Guía de estudio 1-2: Ciudades e imperios
Guía de estudio 1-3: Pueblos norteamericano
Capítulo 2: La exploración de las Américas, 1400–1625
Guía de estudio 2-1: Un mundo cambiante
Guía de estudio 2-2: Primeras exploraciones
Guía de estudio 2-3: España en América
Guía de estudio 2-4: Exploración de Norteamérica
Capítulo 3: La América colonial, 1587–1770
Guía de estudio 3-1: Primeros asentamientos ingleses
Guía de estudio 3-2: Colonias de Nueva Inglaterra
Guía de estudio 3-3: Colonias del Centro
Guía de estudio 3-4: Colonias del Sur
Capítulo 4: Las colonias prospera, 1607–1770
Guía de estudio 4-1: La vida en las colonias
Guía de estudio 4-2: Gobierno, religión y cultura
Guía de estudio 4-3: Choque entre Francia e Inglaterra
Guía de estudio 4-4: La guerra francesa e india
Capítulo 5: El camino hacia la independencia, 1763–1776
Guía de estudio 5-1: Impuestos sin representación
Guía de estudio 5-2: Formación de la unidad colonial
Guía de estudio 5-3: Un llamado a las armas
Guía de estudio 5-4: Avanzar hacia la independencia
Capítulo 6: La Revolución Estadounidense, 1776–1783
Guía de estudio 6-1: Los primeros años
Guía de estudio 6-2: La guerra continúa
Guía de estudio 6-3: La guerra se mueve hacia el Oeste y el Sur
Guía de estudio 6-4: La guerra se gana
Capítulo 7: Una unión más perfecta, 1777–1790
Guía de estudio 7-1: Los artículos de la Confederación
Guía de estudio 7-2: Convención y compromiso
Guía de estudio 7-3: Un nuevo plan de gobierno
Capítulo 8: Una nueva nación, 1879–1800
Guía de estudio 8-1: El primer presidente
Guía de estudio 8-2: Primeros retos
Guía de estudio 8-3: Los primeros partidos políticos
Capítulo 9: La era de Jefferson, 1800–1816
Guía de estudio 9-1: Los republicanos toman el poder
Guía de estudio 9-2: La compra de Louisiana
Guía de estudio 9-3: Una época de conflicto
Guía de estudio 9-4: La guerra de 1812
Capítulo 10: Crecimiento y expansión, 1790–1825
Guía de estudio 10-1: Crecimiento económico
Guía de estudio 10-2: Rumbo al Oeste
Guía de estudio 10-3: Unidad y seccionalismo
Capítulo 11: La era Jackson, 1824–1845
Guía de estudio 11-1: Democracia jacksoniana
Guía de estudio 11-2: Conflictos por la tierra
Guía de estudio 11-3: Jackson y el banco
Capítulo 12: El Destino Manifiesto, 1818–1853
Guía de estudio 12-1: El país de Oregón
Guía de estudio 12-2: Independencia para Texas
Guía de estudio 12-3: Guerra con México
Guía de estudio 12-4: Nuevos colonos en California y Utah
Capítulo 13: El norte y el sur, 1820–1860
Guía de estudio 13-1: La economía del Norte
Guía de estudio 13-2: La gente del Norte
Guía de estudio 13-3: El reino sureño del algodón
Guía de estudio 13-4: La gente del Sur
Capítulo 14: La era de la reforma, 1820–1860
Guía de estudio 14-1: Reforma social
Guía de estudio 14-2: Los abolicionistas
Guía de estudio 14-3: El movimiento femenino
Capítulo 15: El camino a la Guerra Civil, 1820–1861
Guía de estudio 15-1: La esclavitud y el Oeste
Guía de estudio 15-2: Una nación dividida
Guía de estudio 15-3: Retos para la esclavitud
Guía de estudio 15-4: Secesión y guerra
Capítulo 16: La Guerra Civil, 1861–1865
Guía de estudio 16-1: Los dos bandos
Guía de estudio 16-2: Los primeros años de la guerra
Guía de estudio 16-3: Un llamado a la libertad
Guía de estudio 16-4: La vida durante la guerra civil
Guía de estudio 16-5: El camino a la victoria
Capítulo 17: La Reconstrucción y sus consecuencias, 1865–1896
Guía de estudio 17-1: Planes de reconstrucción
Guía de estudio 17-2: Los radicales toman el control
Guía de estudio 17-3: El Sur durante la reconstrucción
Guía de estudio 17-4: Cambio en el Sur
Capítulo 18: La reforma de la nación, 1877–1929
Guía de estudio 18-1: La frontera del oeste
Guía de estudio 18-2: Inventos e industria
Guía de estudio 18-3: Reforma en casa, expansión en el extranjero
Guía de estudio 18-4: La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus consecuencias
Capítulo 19: La creación de una nación moderna, 1929–presente
Guía de estudio 19-1: Depresión y una Segunda Guerra Mundial
Guía de estudio 19-2: Momentos decisivos
Guía de estudio 19-3: El moderno Estados Unidos
Guía de estudio 19-4: La guerra contra el terrorismo
Spanish Summaries
Capítulo 2: La exploración de las Américas, 1400–1625
Capítulo 3: La América colonial, 1587–1770
Capítulo 4: Las colonias prospera, 1607–1770
Capítulo 5: El camino hacia la independencia, 1763–1776
Capítulo 6: La Revolución Estadounidense, 1776–1783
Capítulo 7: Una unión más perfecta, 1777–1790
Capítulo 8: Una nueva nación, 1879–1800
Capítulo 9: La era de Jefferson, 1800–1816
Capítulo 10: Crecimiento y expansión, 1790–1825
Capítulo 11: La era Jackson, 1824–1845
Capítulo 12: El Destino Manifiesto, 1818–1853
Capítulo 13: El norte y el sur, 1820–1860
Capítulo 14: La era de la reforma, 1820–1860
Capítulo 15: El camino a la Guerra Civil, 1820–1861
Capítulo 16: La Guerra Civil, 1861–1865
Capítulo 17: La Reconstrucción y sus consecuencias, 1865–1896
Capítulo 18: La reforma de la nación, 1877–1929
Capítulo 19: La creación de una nación moderna, 1929–presente
Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
Objectives Addressed in the Activities
Workbook Overview
Activity 1: Arranging Events in Sequential Order
Activity 2: Interpreting Charts and Tables
Activity 3: Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
Activity 4: Using the Scale of Distance on a Map
Activity 5: Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
Activity 6: Descriptive Writing About a Visual
Activity 7: Comparing and Contrasting
Activity 8: Making Inferences
Activity 9: Drawing Conclusions
Activity 10: Interpreting Diagrams
Activity 12: Outlining Information for Writing
Activity 13: Classifying Facts and Details
Activity 14: Recognizing Point of View
Activity 15: Detecting Bias
Activity 17: Identifying the Main Idea
Activity 18: Persuasive Writing About an Issue
Activity 19: Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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The Tongass National Forest in Southeastern Alaska, covering nearly 17 million acres, is the
single largest national forest in America.
Geography Handbook
The story of the United States begins with geography—the study of the earth in all of its variety. Geography describes the earth’s land, water, and plant and animal life. It is the study of places and the complex relationships between people and their environments.
Geography of the United States
The United States is a land of startling physical differences. It is also a nation of diverse groups of people. A study of geography can help explain how the United States acquired its diversity.
The United States—with a total land area of 3,537,441 square miles (9,161,930 sq. km)—is the world’s fourth-largest country in size.
The 50 States
Most of the United States—48 of the 50 states— spans the entire middle part of North America. This group of states touches three major bodies of water—the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Ocean. Two states—Alaska and Hawaii—lie apart from the 48 states.
Our Nation’s Growth
Within the borders of the United States stretch a variety of landscapes—dense forests, hot deserts, rolling grasslands, and snow-capped mountains. Because of its large size and diverse regions, the United States throughout its history offered many opportunities. Over the centuries people from Europe, Africa, Asia, and other parts of the Americas have journeyed here. Today more than 281 million people make their homes in the United States.
N
500 miles0
70°N
60°N
Appalachian Highlands Canadian Shield Coastal Plains Hawaii
Interior Plains Intermountain Pacific Coast Rocky Mountains
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Places and Regions Place has a special mean-
ing in geography. It means more than where a place is. It also describes what a place is like. These features may be physical characteristics such as landforms, climate, and plant or animal life. They may also be human charac- teristics, including language and way of life.
To help organize their study, geographers often group places or areas into regions. Regions are united by one or more common characteristics.
To understand how our world is connected, some geographers have broken down the study of geography into five themes. The Five Themes of Geography are (1) location, (2) place, (3) human/environment interaction, (4) move- ment, and (5) regions. You will see these themes highlighted in the Geography Skills accompa- nying the maps of The American Republic to 1877.
Six Essential Elements Recently, geographers have begun to look at
geography in a different way. They break down the study of geography into Six Essential Elements, which are explained below. Being aware of these elements will help you sort out what you are learning about geography.
The World in Spatial Terms Geographers first take a look at
where a place is located. Location serves as a starting point by asking “Where is it?” Knowing the loca- tion of places helps you develop an awareness of the world around you.
Physical Systems When studying places
and regions, geographers analyze how physical systems—such as hurri- canes, volcanoes, and glaciers—shape the earth’s surface. They also look at communities of plants and animals that depend upon one another and their surroundings for survival.
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Environment and Society “How does the relation-
ship between people and their natural surroundings influence the way people live?” This is one of the questions that the theme of human/ environment inter- action answers. This theme also shows how people use the environment and how their actions affect the environment.
Human Systems Geographers also examine
human systems, or how people have shaped our world. They look at how boundary lines are deter- mined and analyze why people settle in certain places and not in others. A key theme in geography is the continual movement of people, ideas, and goods.
The Uses of Geography Knowledge of geography
helps people understand the relationships among people, places, and environments over time. Understanding geography, and knowing how to use the tools and technology available to study it, prepares you for life in our modern society.
Geography Handbook
4 Geography Handbook
Maps of many different kinds are used in The American Republic to 1877 to help you see the connection between geography and the history of our nation.
Different Kinds of Maps
A physical map shows the physical fea- tures of an area, such as its mountains and rivers. Physical maps use color and shadings to show relief—how flat or rugged the land surface is. Colors also may be used to show elevation—the height of an area above sea level.
Physical Maps
Maps have lines of latitude and longitude that form a grid. Lines of latitude circle the earth, either north or south of the Equator (0° latitude). Lines of longitude stretch from the North Pole to the South Pole, either east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude). The distance between the lines is measured in degrees (°). Every place on the earth has a unique position or “address” on this grid.
Latitude and Longitude
Political maps generally show political, or human-made, divisions of countries or regions. The political map on pages RA2–RA3, for example, shows bound- aries between the states that comprise the United States.
Besides showing political or physical fea- tures, some maps have a special purpose. Human activities such as exploration routes, territorial expansion, or battle sites appear on special-purpose maps, also called thematic maps. The maps on pages RA6–RA7, for example, show ter- ritorial growth of the United States.
Special-Purpose Maps
90 Degrees
360 Degrees
180 Degrees
180 Degrees90
NORTH POLE
Knowing this address makes it easier for you to locate cities and other places on a map. For example, the map on page RA5 shows you that the address of New Orleans is 30ºN latitude, 90ºW longitude.
Political Maps
Parts of Maps
Scale A measuring line, often called a scale bar, helps you determine distance on the map. The map scale tells you what distance on the earth is represented by the measurement on the scale bar.
Compass Rose An important first step in reading any map is to find the direction marker. A map has a symbol that tells you where the cardinal directions—north, south, east, and west—are positioned.
5Geography Handbook
Geography Handbook
Mediterranean Steppe Subarctic Tropical Tundra
Map Key The map key explains the lines, symbols, and colors used on a map. For example, the map on this page shows the various climate regions of the United States. The key shows what climates the different colors represent. Map keys also may show structures created by people. Cities are usually symbolized by a solid circle (•). A star within a circle represents capitals (). On this map, you can see the capital of Texas and the cities of New Orleans, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
Climate Regions of the United States
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Geography Handbook
Geographic factors—landforms, waterways, natural resources—have shaped America’s history. Here are some examples of geography’s influences in history that are highlighted in The American Republic to 1877.
6
Unit 3 Creating a Nation The hardships of the land shaped the colonial settlers’ cultural identities. The colonists were isolated from much of the world and became more independent. Eventually they broke away from Great Britain and won their independence.
Unit 2 Colonial Settlement Beginning in the 1500s, Europeans came to North America seeking land, riches, and freedom. Groups from Spain, France, Great Britain, and other countries established colonies. The British colonies along the Atlantic coast were hemmed in by the Appalachian Mountains—the first physical barrier to the West.
Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet As settle- ment spread, Native Americans created distinctive civilizations appropriate to their climates and resources. For example, Native Americans in the Great Plains depended on herds of buffalo for food, clothing, shelter, and tools.
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7
Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction Demand for cotton by the textile industry increased the demand for labor provided by enslaved African Americans. In 1861 regional differences and a dispute over slavery sparked the Civil War between the North and South.
Unit 7 Modern America Emerges In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the United States became an urban industrial nation and took the leading role in international affairs. Americans entered the twenty- first century as a free nation committed to the truths expressed in the Declaration of Independence.
Unit 5 The Growing Nation Through wars, treaties, and purchases, the United States gained control of the lands west of the Mississippi River. Settlers were drawn to Western territories by opportunities. Native Americans were forced onto reser- vations. Railroads enabled people to over- come geographic barriers.
Unit 4 The New Republic When the United States was established, many doubted that the young government could control people over such great distances. New rivers, roads, and canals helped to open up the country. At the same time an Industrial Revolution had begun in New England.
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Island
Strait
Isthmus
Cape
Seacoast
Gulf
Bay
Ocean
Sound
Peninsula
Delta
Harbor
Cliff
Valley
absolute location exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates
basin area of land drained by a given river and its branches; area of land surrounded by lands of higher elevations
bay part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline, generally smaller than a gulf
canyon deep and narrow valley with steep walls cape point of land that extends into a river, lake, or ocean channel wide strait or waterway between two land-masses that
lie close to each other; deep part of a river or other waterway cliff steep, high wall of rock, earth, or ice continent one of the seven large landmasses on the earth cultural feature characteristic that humans have created
in a place, such as language, religion, housing, and settlement pattern
delta flat, low-lying land built up from soil carried downstream by a river and deposited at its mouth
divide stretch of high land that separates river systems downstream direction in which a river or stream flows from its
source to its mouth elevation height of land above sea level Equator imaginary line that runs around the earth halfway
between the North and South Poles; used as the starting point to measure degrees of north and south latitude
glacier large, thick body of slowly moving ice gulf part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline,
generally larger and more deeply indented than a bay harbor a sheltered place along a shoreline where ships can
anchor safely highland elevated land area such as a hill, mountain, or plateau hill elevated land with sloping sides and rounded summit; gen-
erally smaller than a mountain island land area, smaller than a continent, completely sur-
rounded by water isthmus narrow stretch of land connecting two larger
land areas lake a sizable inland body of water latitude distance north or south of the Equator, measured
in degrees longitude distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, meas-
ured in degrees lowland land, usually level, at a low elevation map drawing of the earth shown on a flat surface meridian one of many lines on the global grid running from
the North Pole to the South Pole; used to measure degrees of longitude
mesa broad, flat-topped landform with steep sides; smaller than a plateau
8 Geography Handbook
As you read about America’s geography, you will encounter the terms listed below. Many of the terms are pictured in the diagram.
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Canyon
Tributary
Plain
Channel
Desert
mountain land with steep sides that rises sharply (1,000 feet or more) from surrounding land; generally larger and more rugged than a hill
mountain peak pointed top of a mountain mountain range a series of connected mountains mouth (of a river) place where a stream or river flows into a
larger body of water ocean one of the four major bodies of salt water that surround
the continents ocean current stream of either cold or warm water that moves
in a definite direction through an ocean parallel one of many lines on the global grid that circle the
earth north or south of the Equator; used to measure degrees of latitude
peninsula body of land jutting into a lake or ocean, surrounded on three sides by water
physical feature characteristic of a place occurring naturally, such as a landform, body of water, climate pattern, or resource
plain area of level land, usually a low elevation and often covered with grasses
plateau area of flat or rolling land at a high elevation, about 300–3,000 feet high
Prime Meridian line of the global grid running from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich, England; starting point for measuring degrees of east and west longitude
relief changes in elevation over a given area of land river large natural stream of water that runs through the land sea large body of water completely or partly surrounded
by land seacoast land lying next to a sea or ocean sea level position on land level with surface of nearby ocean
or sea sound body of water between a coastline and one or more
islands off the coast source (of a river) place where a river or stream begins, often
in highlands strait narrow stretch of water joining two larger bodies of water tributary small river or stream that flows into a large river or
stream; a branch of the river upstream direction opposite the flow of a river; toward the
source of a river or stream valley area of low land between hills or mountains volcano mountain created as liquid rock or ash erupts from
inside the earth
Kentucky Core Content for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 8
Table of Contents
Core Content for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 8
Correlation to the Core Contents for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 8
Preparing for the Kentucky Core Content Test for Social Studies
Countdown to the KCCT, Grade 8
Focus on Kentucky
Reading Skills Handbook
Reading for a Reason
Understanding What you Read
Thinking About Your Reading
Geographic Dictionary
Section 1: Early Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625
Section 1: A Changing World
Section 2: Early Exploration
Unit 2: Colonial Settlement, 1587–1770
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 1587–1770
Section 1: Early English Settlements
Section 2: New England Colonies
Section 3: Middle Colonies
Section 4: Southern Colonies
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 1607–1770
Section 1: Life in the Colonies
Section 2: Government, Religion, and Culture
Section 3: France and Britain Clash
Section 4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
Unit 3: Creating a Nation, 1763–1791
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 1763–1776
Section 1: Taxation Without Representation
Section 2: Building Colonial Unity
Section 3: A Call to Arms
Section 4: Moving Toward Independence
The Declaration of Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1776–1783
Section 1: The Early Years
Section 2: The War Continues
Section 3: The War Moves West and South
Section 4: The War Is Won
Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790
Section 1: The Articles of Confederation
Section 2: Convention and Compromise
Section 3: A New Plan of Government
Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
Civics in Action: A Citizenship Handbook
Section 1: The Constitution
Section 3: Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities
Handbook Assessment
Unit 4: The New Republic, 1789–1825
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 1789–1800
Section 1: The First President
Section 2: Early Challenges
Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816
Section 1: The Republicans Take Power
Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase
Section 3: A Time of Conflict
Section 4: The War of 1812
Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825
Section 1: Economic Growth
Section 2: Westward Bound
Unit 5: The Growing Nation, 1820–1860
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 1824–1845
Section 1: Jacksonian Democracy
Section 3: Jackson and the Bank
Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853
Section 1: The Oregon Country
Section 2: Independence for Texas
Section 3: War with Mexico
Section 4: New Settlers in California and Utah
Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 13: North and South, 1820–1860
Section 1: The North's Economy
Section 2: The North's People
Section 3: Southern Cotton Kingdom
Section 4: The South's People
Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 1820–1860
Section 1: Social Reform
Section 2: The Abolitionists
Unit 6: Civil War and Reconstruction, 1846–1896
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 1820–1861
Section 1: Slavery and the West
Section 2: A Nation Dividing
Section 3: Challenges to Slavery
Section 4: Secession and War
Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 1861–1865
Section 1: The Two Sides
Section 2: Early Years of the War
Section 3: A Call for Freedom
Section 4: Life During the Civil War
Section 5: The Way to Victory
Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 1865–1896
Section 1: Reconstruction Plans
Section 3: The South During Reconstruction
Section 4: Change in the South
Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
Unit 7: Modern America Emerges, 1877–Present
Chapter 18: Reshaping the Nation, 1877–1929
Section 1: The Western Frontier
Section 2: Invention and Industry
Section 3: Reform at Home, Expansion Abroad
Section 4: World War I and Its Aftermath
Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
Chapter 19: The Making of Modern America, 1929–Present
Section 1: Depression and a Second World War
Section 2: Turning Points
Section 3: Modern America
Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
Appendix
What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One?
Primary Sources Library
Documents of American History
Supreme Court Case Summaries
Chapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492
Section 1: Early Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625
Section 1: A Changing World
Section 2: Early Exploration
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 1587–1770
Section 1: Early English Settlements
Section 2: New England Colonies
Section 3: Middle Colonies
Section 4: Southern Colonies
Section 1: Life in the Colonies
Section 2: Government, Religion, and Culture
Section 3: France and Britain Clash
Section 4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 1763–1776
Section 1: Taxation Without Representation
Section 2: Building Colonial Unity
Section 3: A Call to Arms
Section 4: Moving Toward Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1776–1783
Section 1: The Early Years
Section 2: The War Continues
Section 3: The War Moves West and South
Section 4: The War Is Won
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790
Section 1: The Articles of Confederation
Section 2: Convention and Compromise
Section 3: A New Plan of Government
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 1789–1800
Section 1: The First President
Section 2: Early Challenges
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816
Section 1: The Republicans Take Power
Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase
Section 3: A Time of Conflict
Section 4: The War of 1812
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825
Section 1: Economic Growth
Section 2: Westward Bound
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 1824–1845
Section 1: Jacksonian Democracy
Section 3: Jackson and the Bank
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853
Section 1: The Oregon Country
Section 2: Independence for Texas
Section 3: War with Mexico
Section 4: New Settlers in California and Utah
Chapter 13: North and South, 1820–1860
Section 1: The North's Economy
Section 2: The North's People
Section 3: Southern Cotton Kingdom
Section 4: The South's People
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 1820–1860
Section 1: Social Reform
Section 2: The Abolitionists
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 1820–1861
Section 1: Slavery and the West
Section 2: A Nation Dividing
Section 3: Challenges to Slavery
Section 4: Secession and War
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 1861–1865
Section 1: The Two Sides
Section 2: Early Years of the War
Section 3: A Call for Freedom
Section 4: Life During the Civil War
Section 5: The Way to Victory
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 1865–1896
Section 1: Reconstruction Plans
Section 3: The South During Reconstruction
Section 4: Change in the South
Chapter 18: Reshaping the Nation, 1877–1929
Section 1: The Western Frontier
Section 2: Invention and Industry
Section 3: Reform at Home, Expansion Abroad
Section 4: World War I and Its Aftermath
Chapter 19: The Making of Modern America, 1929–Present
Section 1: Depression and a Second World War
Section 2: Turning Points
Section 3: Modern America
Activity Workbook - Student Edition
Activity 3: Colonial America
Activity 7: A More Perfect Union
Activity 8: A New Nation
Activity 9: The Jefferson Era
Activity 10: Growth and Expansion
Activity 11: The Jackson Era
Activity 12: Manifest Destiny
Activity 14: The Age of Reform
Activity 15: Road to Civil War
Activity 16: The Civil War
Activity 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath
Activity 18: Reshaping the Nation
Activity 19: The Making of Modern America
Haitian Creole Summaries
Chapit 2: Esplore Amerik- yo, 1400–1625
Chapit 3: Amerik Kolonyal la, 1587–1770
Chapit 4: Koloni yo Devlope, 1607–1770
Chapit 5: Sou Wout Endepandans, 1763–1776
Chapit 6: Revolisyon Ameriken an, 1776–1783
Chapit 7: Yon Inyon Ki Pi Pafe, 1777–1790
Chapit 8: Yon Nouvel Nasyon, 1789–1800
Chapit 9: Epok Jefferson nan, 1800–1816
Chapit 10: Devlopman ak Ekspansyon, 1790–1825
Chapit 11: Epok Jackson nan, 1824–1845
Chapit 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853
Chapit 13: No ak Sid, 1820–1860
Chapit 14: Refom la, 1820–1860
Chapit 15: Nan Wout pou Ge Sivil, 1820–1861
Chapit 16: Ge sivil la, 1861–1865
Chapit 17: Rekonstriksyon ak Sa Ki Vin Touswit Apre l' Yo, 1865–1896
Chapit 18: Chanje Figi Nasyon an, 1877–1929
Chapit 19: Mete Amerik Modèn nan sou Pye, 1929–Kounye-a
KCCT Practice Workbook
Depth of Knowledge Levels
Activity 4: Interpreting Primary Sources
Activity 5: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Activity 6: Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion
Activity 7: Drawing Conclusions
Activity 8: Detecting Bias
Activity 9: Making Inferences
Practice Test
Chapter 1: The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492
Study Guide 1-1: Early Peoples
Study Guide 1-2: Cities and Empires
Study Guide 1-3: North American Peoples
Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625
Study Guide 2-1: A Changing World
Study Guide 2-2: Early Exploration
Study Guide 2-3: Spain in America
Study Guide 2-4: Exploring North America
Chapter 3: Colonial America, 1587–1770
Study Guide 3-1: Early English Settlements
Study Guide 3-2: New England Colonies
Study Guide 3-3: Middle Colonies
Study Guide 3-4: Southern Colonies
Chapter 4: The Colonies Grow, 1607–1770
Study Guide 4-1: Life in the Colonies
Study Guide 4-2: Government, Religion, and Culture
Study Guide 4-3: France and Britain Clash
Study Guide 4-4: The French and Indian War
Chapter 5: Road to Independence, 1763–1776
Study Guide 5-1: Taxation Without Representation
Study Guide 5-2: Building Colonial Unity
Study Guide 5-3: A Call to Arms
Study Guide 5-4: Moving Towards Independence
Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1776–1783
Study Guide 6-1: The Early Years
Study Guide 6-2: The War Continues
Study Guide 6-3: The War Moves West and South
Study Guide 6-4: The War Is Won
Chapter 7: A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790
Study Guide 7-1: The Articles of Confederation
Study Guide 7-2: Convention and Compromise
Study Guide 7-3: A New Plan of Government
Chapter 8: A New Nation, 1789–1800
Study Guide 8-1: The First President
Study Guide 8-2: Early Challenges
Study Guide 8-3: The First Political Parties
Chapter 9: The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816
Study Guide 9-1: The Republicans Take Power
Study Guide 9-2: The Louisiana Purchase
Study Guide 9-3: A Time of Conflict
Study Guide 9-4: The War of 1812
Chapter 10: Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825
Study Guide 10-1: Economic Growth
Study Guide 10-2: Westward Bound
Study Guide 10-3: Unity and Sectionalism
Chapter 11: The Jackson Era, 1824–1845
Study Guide 11-1: Jacksonian Democracy
Study Guide 11-2: Conflicts Over Land
Study Guide 11-3: Jackson and the Bank
Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853
Study Guide 12-1: The Oregon Country
Study Guide 12-2: Independence for Texas
Study Guide 12-3: War with Mexico
Study Guide 12-4: New Setters in California and Utah
Chapter 13: North and South, 1820–1860
Study Guide 13-1: The North’s Economy
Study Guide 13-2: The North’s People
Study Guide 13-3: Southern Cotton Kingdom
Study Guide 13-4: The South’s People
Chapter 14: The Age of Reform, 1820–1860
Study Guide 14-1: Social Reform
Study Guide 14-2: The Abolitionists
Study Guide 14-3: The Women’s Movement
Chapter 15: Road to Civil War, 1820–1861
Study Guide 15-1: Slavery and the West
Study Guide 15-2: A Nation Dividing
Study Guide 15-3: Challenges to Slavery
Study Guide 15-4: Secession and War
Chapter 16: The Civil War, 1861–1865
Study Guide 16-1: The Two Sides
Study Guide 16-2: Early Years of the War
Study Guide 16-3: A Call for Freedom
Study Guide 16-4: Life During the Civil War
Study Guide 16-5: The Way to Victory
Chapter 17: Reconstruction and Its Aftermath, 1865–1896
Study Guide 17-1: Reconstruction Plans
Study Guide 17-2: Radicals in Control
Study Guide 17-3: The South During Reconstruction
Study Guide 17-4: Change in the South
Chapter 18: Reshaping the Nation, 1877–1929
Study Guide 18-1: The Western Frontier
Study Guide 18-2: Invention and Industry
Study Guide 18-3: Reform at Home, Expansion Abroad
Study Guide 18-4: World War I and Its Aftermath
Chapter 19: The Making of Modern America, 1929–Present
Study Guide 19-1: Depression and a Second World War
Study Guide 19-2: Turning Points
Study Guide 19-3: Modern America
Study Guide 19-4: The War on Terrorism
Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
Capítulo 1: Los primeros americanos, prehistoria a 1492
Guía de estudio 1-1: Los primeros pueblos
Guía de estudio 1-2: Ciudades e imperios
Guía de estudio 1-3: Pueblos norteamericano
Capítulo 2: La exploración de las Américas, 1400–1625
Guía de estudio 2-1: Un mundo cambiante
Guía de estudio 2-2: Primeras exploraciones
Guía de estudio 2-3: España en América
Guía de estudio 2-4: Exploración de Norteamérica
Capítulo 3: La América colonial, 1587–1770
Guía de estudio 3-1: Primeros asentamientos ingleses
Guía de estudio 3-2: Colonias de Nueva Inglaterra
Guía de estudio 3-3: Colonias del Centro
Guía de estudio 3-4: Colonias del Sur
Capítulo 4: Las colonias prospera, 1607–1770
Guía de estudio 4-1: La vida en las colonias
Guía de estudio 4-2: Gobierno, religión y cultura
Guía de estudio 4-3: Choque entre Francia e Inglaterra
Guía de estudio 4-4: La guerra francesa e india
Capítulo 5: El camino hacia la independencia, 1763–1776
Guía de estudio 5-1: Impuestos sin representación
Guía de estudio 5-2: Formación de la unidad colonial
Guía de estudio 5-3: Un llamado a las armas
Guía de estudio 5-4: Avanzar hacia la independencia
Capítulo 6: La Revolución Estadounidense, 1776–1783
Guía de estudio 6-1: Los primeros años
Guía de estudio 6-2: La guerra continúa
Guía de estudio 6-3: La guerra se mueve hacia el Oeste y el Sur
Guía de estudio 6-4: La guerra se gana
Capítulo 7: Una unión más perfecta, 1777–1790
Guía de estudio 7-1: Los artículos de la Confederación
Guía de estudio 7-2: Convención y compromiso
Guía de estudio 7-3: Un nuevo plan de gobierno
Capítulo 8: Una nueva nación, 1879–1800
Guía de estudio 8-1: El primer presidente
Guía de estudio 8-2: Primeros retos
Guía de estudio 8-3: Los primeros partidos políticos
Capítulo 9: La era de Jefferson, 1800–1816
Guía de estudio 9-1: Los republicanos toman el poder
Guía de estudio 9-2: La compra de Louisiana
Guía de estudio 9-3: Una época de conflicto
Guía de estudio 9-4: La guerra de 1812
Capítulo 10: Crecimiento y expansión, 1790–1825
Guía de estudio 10-1: Crecimiento económico
Guía de estudio 10-2: Rumbo al Oeste
Guía de estudio 10-3: Unidad y seccionalismo
Capítulo 11: La era Jackson, 1824–1845
Guía de estudio 11-1: Democracia jacksoniana
Guía de estudio 11-2: Conflictos por la tierra
Guía de estudio 11-3: Jackson y el banco
Capítulo 12: El Destino Manifiesto, 1818–1853
Guía de estudio 12-1: El país de Oregón
Guía de estudio 12-2: Independencia para Texas
Guía de estudio 12-3: Guerra con México
Guía de estudio 12-4: Nuevos colonos en California y Utah
Capítulo 13: El norte y el sur, 1820–1860
Guía de estudio 13-1: La economía del Norte
Guía de estudio 13-2: La gente del Norte
Guía de estudio 13-3: El reino sureño del algodón
Guía de estudio 13-4: La gente del Sur
Capítulo 14: La era de la reforma, 1820–1860
Guía de estudio 14-1: Reforma social
Guía de estudio 14-2: Los abolicionistas
Guía de estudio 14-3: El movimiento femenino
Capítulo 15: El camino a la Guerra Civil, 1820–1861
Guía de estudio 15-1: La esclavitud y el Oeste
Guía de estudio 15-2: Una nación dividida
Guía de estudio 15-3: Retos para la esclavitud
Guía de estudio 15-4: Secesión y guerra
Capítulo 16: La Guerra Civil, 1861–1865
Guía de estudio 16-1: Los dos bandos
Guía de estudio 16-2: Los primeros años de la guerra
Guía de estudio 16-3: Un llamado a la libertad
Guía de estudio 16-4: La vida durante la guerra civil
Guía de estudio 16-5: El camino a la victoria
Capítulo 17: La Reconstrucción y sus consecuencias, 1865–1896
Guía de estudio 17-1: Planes de reconstrucción
Guía de estudio 17-2: Los radicales toman el control
Guía de estudio 17-3: El Sur durante la reconstrucción
Guía de estudio 17-4: Cambio en el Sur
Capítulo 18: La reforma de la nación, 1877–1929
Guía de estudio 18-1: La frontera del oeste
Guía de estudio 18-2: Inventos e industria
Guía de estudio 18-3: Reforma en casa, expansión en el extranjero
Guía de estudio 18-4: La Primera Guerra Mundial y sus consecuencias
Capítulo 19: La creación de una nación moderna, 1929–presente
Guía de estudio 19-1: Depresión y una Segunda Guerra Mundial
Guía de estudio 19-2: Momentos decisivos
Guía de estudio 19-3: El moderno Estados Unidos
Guía de estudio 19-4: La guerra contra el terrorismo
Spanish Summaries
Capítulo 2: La exploración de las Américas, 1400–1625
Capítulo 3: La América colonial, 1587–1770
Capítulo 4: Las colonias prospera, 1607–1770
Capítulo 5: El camino hacia la independencia, 1763–1776
Capítulo 6: La Revolución Estadounidense, 1776–1783
Capítulo 7: Una unión más perfecta, 1777–1790
Capítulo 8: Una nueva nación, 1879–1800
Capítulo 9: La era de Jefferson, 1800–1816
Capítulo 10: Crecimiento y expansión, 1790–1825
Capítulo 11: La era Jackson, 1824–1845
Capítulo 12: El Destino Manifiesto, 1818–1853
Capítulo 13: El norte y el sur, 1820–1860
Capítulo 14: La era de la reforma, 1820–1860
Capítulo 15: El camino a la Guerra Civil, 1820–1861
Capítulo 16: La Guerra Civil, 1861–1865
Capítulo 17: La Reconstrucción y sus consecuencias, 1865–1896
Capítulo 18: La reforma de la nación, 1877–1929
Capítulo 19: La creación de una nación moderna, 1929–presente
Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
Objectives Addressed in the Activities
Workbook Overview
Activity 1: Arranging Events in Sequential Order
Activity 2: Interpreting Charts and Tables
Activity 3: Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data
Activity 4: Using the Scale of Distance on a Map
Activity 5: Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact
Activity 6: Descriptive Writing About a Visual
Activity 7: Comparing and Contrasting
Activity 8: Making Inferences
Activity 9: Drawing Conclusions
Activity 10: Interpreting Diagrams
Activity 12: Outlining Information for Writing
Activity 13: Classifying Facts and Details
Activity 14: Recognizing Point of View
Activity 15: Detecting Bias
Activity 17: Identifying the Main Idea
Activity 18: Persuasive Writing About an Issue
Activity 19: Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials
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