US ExpansionUS Expansion1. Causes of US expansion abroad. There are a few of these.

2. How was the Monroe Doctrine applied by the US in the latter 1800’s? Why did European nations disregard our policy?

3. Summarize Captain Alfred Thayer’s Mahan position concerning American sea power. What did this lead to in our country?

4. The US became a world power after the Spanish American War. What was gained by the US?

5. Why did the Philippines and China become important to the US?

6. Name the Americans who formed the Anti-Imperialist League and opposed US expansion into the Philippines and China. Why did they feel this way?

7. Summarize the White Man’s Burden.

8. Summarize the Platt Amendment and Cuba’s importance to the US.

9. Summarize how the land for the Panama Canal was acquired.

10. Summarize the Roosevelt Corollary or Big Stick Policy. How did Presidents Taft and Wilson use this policy?

1. US Looks Abroad Imperialism and its factors The New Manifest Destiny Isolationism vs expansionism

2. Lands acquired by U.S.

3. Spanish American War---1898 "Splendid Little War"

Causes and effects

3 D’s•Duty, Dollars, Destiny

•spread our culture•Christianity•new markets

notes1

4. Importance of Asian market 1899-1902: Philippine Question

Filipino Revolution—3 years to put downOpen Door Policy

Chinese trade Spheres of influenceBoxer Rebellion 1899-1900

TR vs JapanRussian Japanese War---1904 Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1906

5. 1904, Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary“Big Stick Policy”

protect U.S. interests = Asia and Latin AmericaPanama CanalPanama Canal

notes2

6. Pres. Taft & Wilson: Dollar Diplomacy U.S. banks and businesses invest. "Big Stick policy”: Wilson intervenes

Haiti: 1914-1934 Dominican Republic: 1916-1924 Mexico to get Pauncho Villa in 1916

notes3

Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create empires

by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialismimperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under

foreign domination.A policy of extending your rule

over foreign countries A major departure of the US A major departure of the US

policy of “policy of “isolationisolation” ” to involvementinvolvement in world affairs. world affairs.

• The West was closed• Trade into Asia & Latin America

Keep up with Europe Annex strategic islands in the S.

Pacific and Caribbean Sea. Trade center of the world

Build a canal International policeman

The New Manifest DestinyThe New Manifest Destiny

• Originally meant that the United States declared itself neutral in European wars and warned other nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

• Later, the doctrine was interpreted to mean a more active role to protect the interests of the United States.

The The Monroe Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

Expanding U.S. Interests

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Cartoon-European grab

bag

European nations colonizing--US needed to do the same or European nations colonizing--US needed to do the same or become an insignificant county……become an insignificant county……

3. Social Darwinist 3. Social Darwinist ThinkingThinking

3. Social Darwinist 3. Social Darwinist ThinkingThinking

The White Man’sThe White Man’sBurden: to civilize the worldBurden: to civilize the world

The Hierarchyof Race

The Hierarchyof Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

ImperialistsImperialists•Theodore Roosevelt•William Mckinley•William Randolph Hearst•Joseph Pulitzer

Anti-Imperialist Anti-Imperialist LeagueLeague

•Mark Twain

•Andrew Carnegie

•Susan B. Anthony

FOR EXPANSIONFOR EXPANSION■Keep up with European

nations■Desire for prestige■Theory of racial

superiority■Provide market for

surplus goods and investments

AGAINST AGAINST EXPANSIONEXPANSION

■America’s vastness provided enough of an outlet for the country’s

energies■America should not rule

over other peoples

Cartoon-US Expansion1US goal was always expansion

documents expan1

Isolationism

Expansionism

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million$7.2 million

Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867Seward’s Icebox: 1867

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 18491849 by virtue of economic treaties. by virtue of economic treaties.

Island Possessions

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

• 1893 – AmericanAmerican businessmen backed businessmen backed anan uprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani. Liliuokalani.

• Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894. of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

•Secretary of State John Hay, proposed the Open Door Notes to the European powers to respect the territorial integrity of China and

for trade rights.

Spheres of Spheres of influenceinfluence

Areas in a country where a foreign nation claims

sole rights to trade

and invest.

Uncle Sam to the European powers….”Gentlemen, you may cut up the map as much as like; but remember that I’m here to stay and that you can’t divide me up

into spheres of influence”.

Govt. assists

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy 1900, U.S. Policy, US

negotiated with European nations to agree of having free and equal trade rights in China Philippine RebellionPhilippine Rebellion

US war with the Philippines from 1899 to 1902 to keep the Philippines as a US

Territory

Boxer RebellionBoxer RebellionChinese nationalists fight

to remove foreigners, 1899-1900….US troops

were sent to put this down along with European

troops

Govt. assists

Open Door Policy:Open Door Policy: 1899-1900, U.S. Policy all nations have equal trade in China

Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence:: areas in a country where a foreign nation claims sole rights to

trade and invest.

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion:: Chinese nationalist fight to remove

foreigners, 1899-1900

•A secret society, known as the Fists of Righteous Harmony, attracted thousands of followers.

•Foreigners called members of this society "Boxers" because

they practiced martial arts.

•The Boxers also believed that they had a magical power, and that foreign bullets could not

harm them.

•Millions of "spirit soldiers," they said, would soon rise from the

dead and join their cause.

Boxer’s practiced martial arts

Boxer

Boxer1

•Their cause was to expel all "foreign devils from China"foreign devils from China. •The Boxer’sBoxer’s new slogan --

"Support China, kill the foreigner!”

•US and European nations sent troops to put down rebellion.

•It was successfully put down by the multi-national forcemulti-national force.

•Chinese govt. ordered to pay $333 $333 millionmillion to European nations for

damages and expand their trade.

•Spain controlled Cuba since 1500’s.

•Cuban people were fighting a revolution

against Spanish brutality

•Cubans wanted their independence from

Spain•90 miles from U.S.•Protect our trade

Road to WarRoad to War

• Cuban Revolt 1895Cuban Revolt 1895

• Yellow PressYellow Press– jingoismjingoism

• De Lome Letter 1898De Lome Letter 1898– Spanish diplomatSpanish diplomat– Critical of McKinleyCritical of McKinley

USS Maine

•American citizens threatened by revolution in

Cuba.

•Pres. McKinley sent USS Maine to rescue US citizens.

USS Maine

““Remember the Remember the MaineMaine” ” - act of war or yellow journalism?- act of war or yellow journalism?

•USS Maine---260 US sailors killed

•Spain accused of blowing up the

Maine…..

•Polarized Americans to support the war

against Spain.

•Hearst was heard to say, “Supply me with pictures and I’ll give

you a war”.

Yellow Press

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst William Randolph Hearst

•Both imperialists and wanted war with Spain.

•Their “Yellow Press”“Yellow Press” propaganda led Americans to support war with Spain.

Yellow PressYellow Press

•Joseph Pulitzer and Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph William Randolph

Hearst were popular Hearst were popular newspaper editors newspaper editors

trying to sell trying to sell newspapers.newspapers.

•Expansionist’s war with Spain.

•Hearst was heard Hearst was heard to say, to say, “Supply me with pictures and

I’ll give you a war”.

Yellow Press

yellow journalismyellow journalism

How long are the Spaniards to drench Cuba with the blood and tears of her people?

How long is the peasantry of Spain to be drafted away to Cuba to die miserably in a hopeless war, that Spanish nobles and Spanish officers may get

medals and honors?How long shall old Cuban men and women and children be murdered by the score, the innocent

victims of Spanish rage against the patriot armies they cannot conquer?

How long shall the sound of rifles in Castle Morro at sunrise proclaim that bound and

helpless prisoners of war have been murdered in cold blood?

yellow journalismyellow journalism

How long shall Cuban women be the victims of Spanish outrages and lie sobbing and bruised in

loathsome prisons?How long shall women passengers on vessels flying the American flag be unlawfully seized,

stripped and searched by brutal, jeering Spanish officers, in violation of the laws of nations and of

the honor of the U.S.?How long shall American citizens, arbitrarily

arrested while on peaceful and legitimate errands, be immured in foul Spanish prisons

without trial?How long shall the U.S. sit idle and indifferent within sound and hearing or rapine and murder?

•HOW LONG?HOW LONG?

Rough Riders

•Captured San Juan Hill which led to the end of the war once Santiago was surrendered by the Spanish.

•Became a hero of the Spanish American War.

Rough Riders

A Splendid Little War?A Splendid Little War?

• Spanish-American war ended quickly & Spanish-American war ended quickly & w/relatively low casualties (mostly from w/relatively low casualties (mostly from illness)…illness)…

……But former ally Emilio Aguinaldo But former ally Emilio Aguinaldo continued the Philippine Revolution continued the Philippine Revolution against the U.S. for 3 yearsagainst the U.S. for 3 years

-over 1 millions Filipinos are killed, many -over 1 millions Filipinos are killed, many of starvation while in concentrationof starvation while in concentration

Results of Spanish-American Results of Spanish-American WarWar

• U.S. Defeats European PowerU.S. Defeats European Power

• Control of Caribbean Control of Caribbean – Puerto Rico becomes U.S. territory (Teller Puerto Rico becomes U.S. territory (Teller

Amendment ignored)Amendment ignored)– Cuba becomes U.S. protectorateCuba becomes U.S. protectorate

• Platt Amendment – U.S. has virtual veto power in Platt Amendment – U.S. has virtual veto power in Cuban affairsCuban affairs

• Empire in South Pacific= US is a World Empire in South Pacific= US is a World PowerPower– Philippines & GuamPhilippines & Guam

The Anti-Imperialist LeagueThe Anti-Imperialist League

• William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan

• Opposed further “acts of aggression”Opposed further “acts of aggression”

• Did the Constitution follow the flag?Did the Constitution follow the flag?– Bryan: YesBryan: Yes– Imperialist: NOImperialist: NO– Supreme Court: No (The “Insular” or Supreme Court: No (The “Insular” or

“Island” cases)“Island” cases)

Cartoon-Sp & US War

•Spanish and American War was referred to as a “Splendid Little War”

•Cost of war in terms of loss of life and money was minimal

•US became a world power as a result of this war.

•Gained the following areas:

•Philippines

•Guam

•Puerto Rico

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Filippino Revolution

Emilio Agunialdo

Filipino Revolutionists

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the Filipino Uprising. Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946: Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

•Filipino Revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo.Emilio Aguinaldo.

•Erupted between the nationalists and U.S.troops stationed on the islands.

•Filipinos adopted guerilla guerilla tactics. tactics.

•U.S. army responded by rounding peasants into

"reconcentration campsreconcentration camps"

•U.S. troops declared entire areas battle zonesbattle zones

•No distinctions were made between combatants and

civilians.

•4,200 American4,200 American and 16,000 16,000 FilipinoFilipino soldiers are thought to

have been killed in the fighting.

•US captured AguinaldoAguinaldo in March 1901 and he pledged

allegiance to the United States.

Anti-Imperialist League resistance to the Philippine

War.

Roosevelt-Russo-Jap War

Roosevelt acted as Roosevelt acted as the mediator the mediator between the two between the two warring nationswarring nationsConcerned about US self interest:

Japanese expansionOpen Door PolicyPhilippines

Wins the Nobel Wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.Peace Prize in 1906.

Roosevelt Corollary

US FOREIGN POLICYUS FOREIGN POLICY, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them.

Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin

America and Asia.

ROOSEVELT’S COROLLARYROOSEVELT’S COROLLARY U.S. would act as international international

policemenpolicemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

•A concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.

•Defeated by yellow fever and mismanagement, the company abandoned the project and offered its remaining rights to the

United States for $100 million.

•Americans needed a shorter route

between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

•A French company had bought a 25-year

concession from Colombia to build a

canal across Panama.

Panama Revolution

•Negotiations with Columbia failed. •President Roosevelt helped instigate the Panamanian Revolution to overthrow the

Colombian government. •The revolution is successful and the US recognizes Panama as an independent

nation. •US negotiated Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty

which gave us the land for the canal. •We paid Panama $10 million for the strip

of land to build the canal and a $250,000.00 yearly rental fee.

Teddy’s Big StickTeddy’s Big Stick

• Aggressive foreign policyAggressive foreign policy

• Break w/tradition?Break w/tradition?

Roosevelt Corollary

“Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.” Roosevelt

used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy.

The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine — The United States will act as “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.Roosevelt in Latin AmericaRoosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America.Roosevelt in AsiaRoosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an Open Door policy to trade with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.

Roosevelt Corollary

Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stickcarry a big stick”.

Also referred to as “Roosevelt’s Corollary”“Roosevelt’s Corollary”

Roosevelt Corollary

Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stick”. Also referred to as “Roosevelt’s Corollary”

Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet

Panama Revolution

Roosevelt Corollary to theRoosevelt Corollary to theMonroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine 1824 + Teddy’s Big Monroe Doctrine 1824 + Teddy’s Big StickStick

Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

•U.S. can intervene to protect U.S. can intervene to protect interests in Latin Americainterests in Latin America

•Response to British aggression Response to British aggression in the Venezuela Affairin the Venezuela Affair

•Cited by later Presidents as Cited by later Presidents as justification for interventionjustification for intervention

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

•

Panamanian RevolutionPanamanian Revolution

•Colombia refuses to allow the Colombia refuses to allow the canalcanal

•U.S. aid in Panamanian Rev to U.S. aid in Panamanian Rev to establish independent nation of establish independent nation of Panama Panama

•Panama signs treaty allowing Panama signs treaty allowing U.S. rights to build and U.S. rights to build and “indefinite” period of “indefinite” period of administrationadministration

Roosevelt picture at canal

•Roosevelt at the canal

•Important to the destiny of the US

•$400 million to build

•Began in 1904 and completed by 1914

•Army engineer George Goethals organized the

construction.

•Dr. Walter Reed found ways to deal with yellow fever

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

•Recognized Panama as an independent nation after Revolution with

Columbia

•Paid $10 million for the Paid $10 million for the canal zone.canal zone.

•$250,000 yearly rental

•Eventually Panama would Eventually Panama would regain the Canal zone.regain the Canal zone.

•Jan. 1, 2000, the canal zone belongs to Panama

East AsiaEast Asia

• Russo-Japanese War 04-05Russo-Japanese War 04-05

• Gentlemen's AgreementGentlemen's Agreement

• Great White Fleet 07-09Great White Fleet 07-09

• Root-Takahira 1908Root-Takahira 1908

William Howard Taft 1909-William Howard Taft 1909-1313

• Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy– Investment = securityInvestment = security

• Increase in anti-imperialism hurts Increase in anti-imperialism hurts admin.admin.

• Marines to Nicaragua in 1912 Marines to Nicaragua in 1912 (remained until ’33)(remained until ’33)

• Lodge CorollaryLodge Corollary

Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917

• Moral Diplomacy?Moral Diplomacy?

• SOS William Jennings BryanSOS William Jennings Bryan

• Correct past wrongs:Correct past wrongs:– Jones Act: Philippines – Jones Act: Philippines – full terr. status, bill full terr. status, bill

of rights, universal male suffrage, promise of of rights, universal male suffrage, promise of independenceindependence

– Puerto RicoPuerto Rico – – citizenship, limited self-govcitizenship, limited self-gov

– Panama Canal – Panama Canal – repeal of U.S. toll exemptionrepeal of U.S. toll exemption

Moral Diplomacy?Moral Diplomacy?

• Conciliation treatiesConciliation treaties• Military interventions:Military interventions:

– More use of Marines than Teddy & Taft in Latin More use of Marines than Teddy & Taft in Latin AmericaAmerica

– Nicaragua (remained, Haiti, Dominican Republic)Nicaragua (remained, Haiti, Dominican Republic)– MexicoMexico

• Refused to recognize Huerta dictatorshipRefused to recognize Huerta dictatorship• Tampico IncidentTampico Incident• War avoided by “ABC” mediationWar avoided by “ABC” mediation• Huerta replaced by CarranzaHuerta replaced by Carranza• Pancho Villa raids – pursued by John J. PershingPancho Villa raids – pursued by John J. Pershing