U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey NASA/USDA Workshop on Evapotranspiration...

U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

NASA/USDA Workshop on Evapotranspiration

April 6, 2011 – Silver Spring, Maryland

ET for famine early warning, water use reporting, and drought monitoring

James Verdin and Gabriel SenayFamine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)

National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS)

Department of the Interior WaterSMART

U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota



Famine Early Warning Systems Network

An activity of the Office of Food for Peace at USAID, which directly supports its goal:

“to ensure that appropriate… emergency food aid is provided to the right people in the right places at the right time and in the right way”

FEWS NET is a food security

decision support system

with its own climate services




· FEWS NET identifies the times and places that aid is need by the most food insecure populations of the developing world

· The activity has been continuous since 1985· The Office of Food for Peace distributed

$2.8 B in aid in 2008




· Livelihood systems are based on subsistence agriculture and/or pastoralism, and are highly climate-sensitive

· Conventional climate station networks are sparse and/or late reporting

· Satellite remote sensing and atmospheric models fill the gap, and provide the basis for early detection of agricultural drought




· Rainfall, vegetation, snow pack, ET are monitored for rangelands, rain fed crops, and irrigated crops

· A convergence of evidence approach is used



eMODIS FEWS NET

NDVI 250 m, NASA LANCE – USGS eMODIS



Time Series Rainfall Grids

· Use of NOAA satellite RFE since mid-1990s

· A blend of TIR, MW, and station observations

· Used in crop water balance models



Daily Global GDAS ETo for July 2004



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 27 44 61 78 95 112 129 146 163 180 197 214 231 248 265 282 299 316 333 350

Day of Year (2004)

ET

o (m

m)

CIMIS ETo

GDAS ETo

r = 0.991annual difference = -2%

1 STDn = 6

GDAS ETo Validation Using CIMIS Station Data (San Benito: 2004)

Senay, Verdin, Lietzow and Melesse, 2008. JAWRA.



WRSI = f (ppt, pet, WHC, Crop Type, SOS, EOS, LGP)

RFE(NOAA)

calculated fromNOAA GDASat EROS

FAO soils mapof the world Kc (FAO)

Water Requirement Satisfaction Index



Mapping Agricultural Drought

WRSI Soil Water Index



LST

Ta

ETfraction

Weather DataRadiation

Temp, Wind, RHPressure

ETo

ETa

Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) Approach

NDVI

Adapted the “hot” and “cold” pixel concept from SEBAL (Bastiaanssen et al., 1998) and METRIC (Allen et al., 2005) to calculate ET fraction and combine it with ETo.

Senay, et al., 2007. Sensors, 7, 979-1000.



Energy Balance Estimates of Crop ET



Withdrawal Recharge

Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer Study



WaterSMART Availability and Use Assessment Program – Irrigation Water UseLocation of irrigated fields

· MODIS national irrigated lands classification· State government field boundary databases· USDA NASS common land unit or cropland data layer

Status of irrigated fields· Irrigated or not in 2007? Vegetation index threshold· Crop type or group? Vegetation index seasonal curve

Crop water use· Surface energy balance methods with LST· Joint use of Landsat and MODIS to get good frequency of

observations

Link consumptive use with point of withdrawal via state GIS databases



WaterSMART Availability and Use Assessment Program – Irrigation Water Use

Crop type classification Crop water use totalsDavid Eckhardt, USBR



California Drought Impact

California’s Drought of 2007-2009: An Overview

California Department of Water Resources



Thank you

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey NASA/USDA Workshop on Evapotranspiration...

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