URPL-GP.2619.001 Markets, Design and the City

Spring 2019

Instructor Information Alain Bertaud & Achilles Kallergis Email:

o Alain Bertaud: acb16@nyu.eduo Achilles Kallergis: akallerg@stern.nyu.edu

Office Address: 60 Fifth Av. 2nd Floor Office Hours: Wednesday 04:30 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. or by appointment.

Course Information Class Meeting Times: Wednesday, 6:45 p.m. – 9:35 p.m. Class Location: 60FA, Room 204

Course Prerequisites No Course Prerequisites

Course DescriptionCities today drive the world economy: they contain just over half of the world's population but generate over 80% of the world's GDP. Cities create this value by being dynamic environments where people and ideas can come together and mix in unplanned, spontaneous ways. Despite the critical role for city leaders in supporting this dynamism, those leaders too often do not understand the role of the market in urban areas. Instead, urban planning often remains one of the last vestiges of the of 20th century Soviet-style central planning, imposing untold costs on cities and their residents. Planners too often try to micromanage land use while neglecting the design and development of infrastructure, which markets alone cannot provide.

This class, based on Alain Bertaud's book, Order Without Design (MIT Press), will examine the critical role of the market in cities, show how the popular urban planning and policy approach usually ignores the market, harming cities, and explore how a proper understanding of

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the market can be incorporated into city planning, management, and policy to improve the success of cities. Subject areas will include urban labor markets, urban spatial structures, land prices, population densities, mobility and transport, and housing affordability. The course is open to graduate students and advanced undergraduates from all disciplines.

This is a seminar-style, discussion heavy course. Your participation and substantial contribution to class discussion is a critical component of your learning as well as that of your fellow students (and instructors!). You will need to come to class having completed the readings and ready to discuss it in depth. There will also be short writing assignments due the evening at 6:00 pm the day before the start of each class. The quality, not the quantity, of your participation will contribute to your participation and professionalism score. Listening intently and not attempting to dominate discussions are important components of this quality score. Electronics should not be used during class, unless otherwise noted. This includes computers, tablets, and phones.

Students will also be required to write a course paper on a topic of their own choosing. This will be due at the end of the semester. Additionally, status assignments (such as topic ideas, a list of references and data sources, and a detailed outline) will be due throughout the course.

Course and Learning ObjectivesBy the end of the course the students should be able to:

1. Understand the upsides and downsides of markets forces and of planners designs in shaping cities

2. Analyze how mobility and housing affordability impact the urban labor market in specific cities;

3. Develop affordability, mobility and other indicators adapted to specific cities depending on the data available, eventually using proxy data;

4. Predict how markets are likely to react to regulations and infrastructure investments designed by planners. Select specific projects where the reaction of markets will be consistent with projects initial objectives.

Learning Assessment TableGraded Assignment Course Objective CoveredParticipation AllReading Assignment 1, 2Assignment contributing to selection of paper’s topic 3

Final course paper 3, 4

Assessment Assignments and EvaluationCourse grades will be determined according to the elements below. Some standards for grading are indicated, though others may also apply (e.g., assignments must be turned in on time).

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Class Participation and Professionalism (10%): Do you come to class attentive and engaged? Do you ask questions that indicate that you have carefully read assigned texts?

Weekly Reading Assignments (25%): Do your responses indicate that you are thinking deeply about the assigned texts? These assignments will mostly open-ended discussion questions. They will be due before the class each week so that they can be reviewed prior to class. The 25% grade portion will be equally divided among the 12 reading assignments.

Assignments Contributing to Final Course Paper (25%): Do your contributing assignments (topic proposals, sources for one proposal, and paper outline) indicate that you are able to apply course concepts to a new problem? Do your assignments mark steady progress toward a successful course paper?

3 ideas for a course paper: ideas should be applications of course concepts to a real-world planning issue that can be successfully analyzed in the available time. The topics should be sufficiently novel that their successful completion would increase societal knowledge, not be a rote repetition of existing knowledge.

References for the course paper: references should convince that enough information already exists on your chosen topic such that the project can be successfully completed

Outline for the course paper: should present an organized and compelling approach to presenting your course paper

Alain will provide feedback after assignments, including some meeting sessions, to comment on progress and suggest direction and next steps for the paper.

The 25% grade portion will be equally divided among the 3 assignments.

Final Course Paper (40%): How well have you analyzed your chosen topic? Do you correctly and completely apply course concepts? Does your paper explore its subject with depth and detail? Do you present a fully developed and supported conclusion to the subject?

Final paper will be reviewed and suggestions for revisions will be given. 10% of the final paper grade will be for the first draft, 30% will be for the post-revision

draft. Excellent first drafts that do not require revisions will account for the full 40% of the course paper grade.

Overview of the Semester Week 1

o Date: January 30o Topic: Planners and Economists

Week 2o Date: February 6o Topic: Cities as labor marketso Deliverable: Reading assignment

Week 3o Date: February 13o Topic: The formation of urban spatial structures (part 1)

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o Deliverable: Reading assignment Week 4

o Date: February 20o Topic: The formation of spatial structures (part 2)o Deliverable: Reading assignment

Week 5o Date: February 27o Topic: The spatial distribution of land prices and densities (part 1)o Deliverable: Paper ideas due + reading assignment

Week 6o Date: March 6o Topic: The spatial distribution of land prices and densities (part 2)o Deliverable: Reading assignment

Week 7o Date: March 13o Topic: Mobility part 1: Mobility and labor marketso Deliverable: Paper data source due + reading assignment

SPRING BREAK – NO CLASSo Date: March 20

Week 8o Date: March 27o Topic: Mobility part 2: Transport modes performance, speed and capacityo Deliverable: Paper outline due + reading assignment

Week 9o Date: April 3o Topic: Affordability (1) Households income, regulations and land supplyo Deliverable: Reading assignment

Week 10o Date: April 10o Topic: Affordability (2) case studies-Gauteng, New York, Surabaya, Shenzheno Deliverable: Draft final paper due + reading assignment

Week 11o Date: April 17o Topic: Netmap exerciseo Deliverable: Final paper proposal due at 5 pm on April 13

Week 12o Date: April 24o Topic: The role of urban plannerso Deliverable: Final paper due at 6:30pm

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Letter GradesLetter grades for the entire course will be assigned as follows:

Letter Grade Points

A 4.0 points

A- 3.7 points

B+ 3.3 points

B 3.0 points

B- 2.7 points

C+ 2.3 points

C 2.0 points

C- 1.7 points

F 0.0 points

Student grades will be assigned according to the following criteria: (A) Excellent: Exceptional work for a graduate student. Work at this level is unusually

thorough, well-reasoned, creative, methodologically sophisticated, and well written. Work is of exceptional, professional quality.

(A-) Very good: Very strong work for a graduate student. Work at this level shows signs of creativity, is thorough and well-reasoned, indicates strong understanding of appropriate methodological or analytical approaches, and meets professional standards.

(B+) Good: Sound work for a graduate student; well-reasoned and thorough, methodologically sound. This is the graduate student grade that indicates the student has fully accomplished the basic objectives of the course.

(B) Adequate: Competent work for a graduate student even though some weaknesses are evident. Demonstrates competency in the key course objectives but shows some indication that understanding of some important issues is less than complete. Methodological or analytical approaches used are adequate but student has not been thorough or has shown other weaknesses or limitations.

(B-) Borderline: Weak work for a graduate student; meets the minimal expectations for a graduate student in the course. Understanding of salient issues is somewhat incomplete. Methodological or analytical work performed in the course is minimally adequate. Overall

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performance, if consistent in graduate courses, would not suffice to sustain graduate status in “good standing.”

(C/-/+) Deficient: Inadequate work for a graduate student; does not meet the minimal expectations for a graduate student in the course. Work is inadequately developed or flawed by numerous errors and misunderstanding of important issues. Methodological or analytical work performed is weak and fails to demonstrate knowledge or technical competence expected of graduate students.

(F) Fail: Work fails to meet even minimal expectations for course credit for a graduate student. Performance has been consistently weak in methodology and understanding, with serious limits in many areas. Weaknesses or limits are pervasive.

Detailed Course Overview

WEEK 1: UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING CITIES

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A. “Economists and Urban Planners: Two Visions of Cities That Need to Be

Merged.” Order Without Design. (pages 1-18). MIT Press.2. Le Corbusier, City of tomorrow and its planning, 1929 (dover edition 1987) Part III: A

concrete case, The Centre of Paris3. The Athens Charter 4. Friedrich A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, Chapter 22 Housing and Town Planning

WEEK 2: CITIES AS LABOR MARKETS

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A. “Cities as Labor Markets. Order Without Design. (pages 19 - 50). MIT Press.2. Jan K. Brueckner, 2011, Lectures on Urban Economics, Chapter 1, “Why cities Exist”3. Rémy Prud’homme & Chang-Woon Lee -- Size, Sprawl, Speed And The Efficiency Of

Cities, 1998, OEIL Observatoire de l'Économie et des Institutions Locales IUP — Université de Paris XII

Discussion Questions1. Commuting time and dwelling location

a. What is your average and range of commuting time (door to door) to get to NYU from your home and how do you travel? For range, estimate the shortest possible time (e.g., catching all the trains just right) and the longest it has ever taken (e.g., that time the train stalled and was stuck in the station).

b. If you suddenly decided to transfer to Columbia University, would you move next to Columbia? What about Rutgers University-Newark Campus? Why or why not? Would you still commute using your current mode of transportation?

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2. You’re graduating, and you receive a job offer for a company and position in New York that perfectly matches your interests (assume you are single and have no debt but also no other wealth or source of income). The salary is only $45K, but the professional experience from this position is so valuable that you will be able to leave it with many other offers in 3 years. You decide to take it, despite the fact that you believe you could easily beat the salary at other New York employers. Your company then offers to let you move to Memphis, TN, with the same salary, where it will go much farther. Would you move to Memphis? Why or why not?

3. List 3 separate questions you have from the readings.

WEEK 3: THE FORMATION OF URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURES PART 1

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A “Formation of Urban Spatial Structures: Markets versus Design.” Order

Without Design. (pages 51 - 92). MIT Press.2. Alain Bertaud and Stephen Malpezzi, -- Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Urban

Land Use Regulation: A Simple Model with an Application to Malaysia, Journal of Housing Economics 10, 393–418 (2001)

Discussion Questions1. Think of the development of New York City and Washington, DC in the late 18th and

early 19th century. Expansive road grids were laid out without a high degree of specification for what would exist on the land within the grid. Now think of the development of cities today, which restrict land use to specific activities and height, and which often attempt to contain the growth of cities. What factors do you think led to this shift in the way city growth is managed?

2. Some sections of New York City, such as housing projects, look very much like Corbusier’s plan for Paris. Accepting some of the issues with this design of housing, what could now be done to mitigate those issues, short of tearing down the existing buildings?

3. Paris is sometimes described as a city-sized museum. Accept the notion that broad restrictions on land use in order to preserve a neighborhood (or city, such as Paris) can sometimes be warranted, but that residents of any particular neighborhood are too inclined to restrict land use to protect the existing neighborhood. Suggest at least one idea for how to legitimately balance these competing goals when determining whether to impose land use restrictions.

4. What is one question or disagreement you have with today’s reading?

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WEEK 4: THE FORMATION OF URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURES PART 2

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Jan K. Brueckner, The Economics of urban sprawl: Theory and Evidence on the Spatial

Sizes of Cities, The review of Economics and Statistics, Volume 65, Issue 3 (Aug, 1983) 479-482

2. Daniel T. McGrath, More evidence on the spatial scale of cities, Journal of Urban Economics 58 (2005) 1–10

Discussion Questions1. Submit three ideas for your course paper, in order of your preference, along with a few

lines to describe each idea. These papers can be on any city planning or economics issue of your choice, but the default idea is to choose a policy issue in a given city (e.g., traffic congestion in Beijing) and to review the facts and development of that city and issue, possibly including policy responses (both tried and untried), costs and benefits of these policy responses, and recommended plans (leaving local politics aside).

Alain and Achilles will review your three ideas and help you think through which idea will give you the best paper. This exercise is designed to get you to start thinking about topics, but you will not be limited to the topics that you list now when ultimately choosing your paper topic. The best papers will provide you with enough information to apply the course concepts in a context where a fellow classmate would learn something that she would not have otherwise known.

2. In his paper “The economics of urban sprawl…”, Jan Brueckner conclusions are reproduced below:

“The results of this paper justify a dispassionate view of urban sprawl. By showing that urban spatial area is related to population, income, and agricultural rent in the manner predicted by the model, the empirical results suggest that sprawl is the result of an orderly market process rather than a symptom of an economic system out of control.

In this context, it is interesting to note that by demonstrating the negative impact of agricultural rent on urban size, the empirical results undermine the sprawl critic’s claim that the transfer of farmland to urban uses represents the ‘'waste’’ of a valuable resource.

By showing that high-quality, high-priced farmland is more resistant to urban expansion than poor-quality land, the empirical results establish that the land market balances the gains and losses from urban sprawl, restricting spatial growth when the process consumes a valuable resource.”

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3. Imagine conditions where the last two paragraphs could not be completely true. a. cases where cities would expand into farmland farther than optimum b. cases where cities would expand less than optimumc. What are the factors that would distort urban land consumptions?

WEEK 5: THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LAND PRICES AND DENSITIES PART 1

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A “Spatial Distribution of Land Prices and Densities.” Order Without Design.

(pages 93 - 130). MIT Press.2. Allan W. Evans, 2004, Economics and Land Use Planning, Chapter 7, Planning and the

land market.3. Paul Cheshire, Max Nathan, and Henry G. Overman, “Urban Economics and Urban

Policy” EE Publishing Limited, 2014, Chapter 6 “Planning: Reforms that might work and ones that won’t” p127 to 153

Discussion Questions1. Do you know any city where densities and price do not follow the spatial distribution

predicted by the standard model? Can you explain why a city like Moscow would have a reverse gradient, rather than just randomly distributed densities?

2. The standard model often is assumed to define a symmetrical density development around a CBD. What could be the various reasons why the development would be asymmetrical?

3. Since the beginning of the course, many of you have used the word “sprawl” as a negative connotation for city expansion. Could you define in a quantitative manner the circumstances under which planners should try to curb” sprawl”, for instance density too low (what level?), distance from CBD too long (how far?) or any other quantitative indicator.

4. In your opinion, should a planner takes concrete measures to stop sprawl as defined above? And if yes what could these measures be?

5. What is one question or disagreement you have with today’s reading?

Assignments Due1. Paper Ideas Due: List 2 or 3 topics from which you will choose as subject of your final

paper. Select concrete issues faced by a city that is familiar to you if possible. The topics should be issue oriented and result in an analytical paper. The resulting final paper should not be just descriptive.

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WEEK 6: THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LAND PRICES AND DENSITIES PART 2

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A “Spatial Distribution of Land Prices and Densities.” Order Without Design.

(pages 130 - 141). MIT Press.2. Alain Bertaud, Spatial development of Vietnamese cities3. Hanoi Master Plan , Perkins Eastman4. Mumbai Master Plan 2010 , Surbana

a. Download plan from Dropbox

Discussion Questions1. In a paragraph, describe your course paper topic in more detail. Also, list at least three

references you will use for the paper.

2. In three sentences or less, state the main takeaways or recommendation from the Perkins Eastman master plan for Hanoi.

3. In three sentences or less, state the main takeaways or recommendation from the Surbana Mumbai Master Plan.

4. Now compare the two master plans. Do the two plans share the same planning approach?

5. A) Imagine that you are the mayor of Hanoi or Mumbai (state which one you choose) before commissioning a master plan. In few sentences, state what your goal would have been for commissioning these plans. B) Now, imagine that you are the mayor reviewing the plans delivered by the firms. Do you think they enabled you to reach that goal? Why or why not? What would you tell the firms when they presented their plans?

6. List at least one question or disagreement you have with Alain’s paper “Hanoi Urban Structure: Spatial Development Issues and Potential.”

WEEK 7: MOBILITY PART 1: MOBILITY AND LABOR MARKETS

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A “Mobility.” Order Without Design. (pages 142 - 175). MIT Press.2. Clearing the Air in Atlanta , alainbertaud.com

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Discussion Questions1. In “Clearing the air in Atlanta…”, Bertaud argues that only the progressive pricing of road

through congestion tolls could reduce congestion in the future. What impact road tolling could have on labor markets and on different income groups?

2. Based on the critic of traditional congestion measurement on page 26, in the section on “Measuring congestion” of Bertaud’s chapter “Mobility: Transport as a real estate Issue” propose an alternative measure of congestion that could be applied to both cars and transit.

Assignments Due1. Paper data sources due: Identify the sources of document, maps, GIS data, proxy data

that you will use to develop your paper.

WEEK 8: MOBILITY PART 2

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A “Mobility.” Order Without Design. (pages 175 - 218). MIT Press.2. Don Pickrell, Transportation and land use Chapter 12, in Essays in Transportation

Economics and Policy, edited by Jose Gomez-Ibanez, William Tye and Clifford Winston

Discussion Questions1. Comment on the final section of Don Pickrell paper “Transportation and Land Use: A

Reassessment”:a. First, the influence of development in transport technology and investments in

infrastructure on urban land use patterns are likely to be weaker than in the past;b. Second, the influence of land use patterns on travel behavior is quite modest.

2. The term “Headway” is the measurement of the time between two consecutive vehicles in a transport system.

a. Select a subway line in New York City and show on a graph how headways vary between the first service early in the morning, then at 8 am, 10 am 12:am, 4pm , 6 pm and last service

b. Do the same thing for a bus line of your choice for the same hoursc. Should the MTA shorten headways outside peak hours to make transit more

convenient to users? What would be the downside?d. What is the absolute lower limit for transit headways, if any?

3. Pollution emissions due to transport. What is the best way to reduce air pollution due to cars in urban areas:

a. Ban cars in citiesb. Limit cars ownership by auction as it is practiced in Singaporec. Set a toll around central urban areas like in London or Stockholm

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d. Limit days when cars can be used based on their license platese. Price pollution as measured at the exhaust pipe (assuming the technology is

readily available and affordable)f. Have strict pollution standards targets established for the car industryg. Charge a yearly fee per car proportional to its pollution emission as controlled

yearly (as recently imposed in Paris)h. Explain the upside and downside of your choice, or choices.

Assignments Due1. Paper outline due: Detailed paper outline, defining issues, data sources, diagnostic and

plan of action.

WEEK 9: AFFORDABILITY PART 1

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A “Affordability: Household Incomes, Regulations and Land Supply.” Order

Without Design. (pages 219 - 268). MIT Press.2. Jan K. Brueckner, 2011, Lectures on Urban Economics, Chapter 7 Housing Policy3. Steve Malpezzi Rutgers blog “Stocks, flows and the impact of housing prices on CPI and

inflation” August 17, 2017

Discussion Questions1. Jan Brueckner describes 4 types of Government housing program for low income

households:a. Proportional rent Subsidy (PRS)b. Income Grant (IG)c. Housing voucher (HV)d. Public housing (PH)

Which among these housing subsidy program approximates the most the current Inclusive Zoning Program used in New York City? How does it differ from the category described by Brueckner?

2. Commenting on Table 7.1, Brueckner writes” Society’s choice of a particular program would thus involve opposing interests…” Do you agree with Brueckner argument in the paragraph? and if you do, what could be done to insure that low income households preferences would be taken into account in selecting a housing subsidy policy?

3. I attach an application for benefiting to the New York City Inclusive zoning program which describes the income requirements and prospective rents (you may use the form to apply if you qualify).

Here is a rendering and description of the building

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4. In their paper on housing indicators Malpezzi and Mayo suggest to use 10 key indicators that they describe in Table 1. Could you suggest a couple of additional useful indicators or the same indicators defined differently?

5. Solly Angel in table 17.1 introduces a new indicator that he calls “Down Market Penetration”. Comment on the different value of this indicator in the four country income categories.

WEEK 10: AFFORDABILITY PART 2

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A “Affordability: Household Incomes, Regulations and Land Supply.” Order

Without Design. (pages 268 - 306). MIT Press.2. Stephen Malpezzi Rutgers blog, Will inclusionary zoning (IZ) help solve our affordability

problems?, May 11, 20173. Solly Angel, Housing Policy Matters, Chapter III section 17 , page 232-249, House Price,

Rent, and Affordability, 2000, Oxford University Press

Discussion Questions1. Use the Excel file assignment 11_New York HH lncome.xlsx to build an income

distribution graph for New York City in 2012. Use a bar chart for number of households per income interval and a line for cumulative income (use the right axis for cumulative income distribution).

2. Read the application FAQa. Any comments?

3. Try to determine the range of income to be eligible for public housing and Section 8 Program using:

a. FY 2013 Income Limits Documentation System , huduser.govb. NYCHA Factsheet , nyc.gov

4. Try to plot on the income distribution graph:a. The number of households currently benefiting from public housingb. The number of households on the waiting listc. The number of section 8 beneficiariesd. Potentially the number of people that would be eligiblee. Provide screen captures of your graphs and comment

5. Read the article, “Los Angeles Looks to Ban Major Real-Estate Developments” by LAURA KUSISTO.

a. Is this the right approach to make housing affordable?

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b. If you were the mayor of LA or the chief urban planner , what would you do when confronted with the public opinions presented in the paper?

WEEK 11: SHOULD PLANNERS TRY TO CHANGE THE SHAPE OF CITIES?

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Dona J. Stewart, Cities in the Desert: The Egyptian New-Town Program, Annals of the

Association of American Geographers, 86(3), 1996, pp. 459-480a. Compare this 1996 proposal to Google Earth Imagery of the same area in 2015

2. Alain Bertaud, The cost of Utopia3. Alain Bertaud, Brasilia Spatial Structure4. Mark Delucchi and Ken Kurani, How to Have Sustainable Transportation without Making

People Drive Less or Give Up Suburban Living, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, UCD-ITS-RR-02-08, October 2010

Discussion Questions1. The cost of Utopia

a. In Bertaud’s paper, “The Cost of Utopia”, comment on Figure 9.b. Do you agree with the last three paragraphs of the paper? Explain your position.

2. Cairo new cities. After reading Dona J. Stewart’s paper, “Cities in the Desert,” go to Google Earth, Cairo, then look at the following locations:

a. El Mounira, Latitude: 30.140286° Longitude: 31.245949°b. 6th of October City, Latitude: 29.920282° Longitude: 30.942435°c. Badr City, Latitude: 30.139078° Longitude: 31.743724°

El Mounira is an informal settlement, 6th of October and Badr City are satellite towns

What are your reactions?

3. Your reaction in one paragraph to the Delucchi paper, “How can we have safe, clean, convenient, affordable, pleasant transportation without making people drive less or give up suburban living.” Look at the maps starting on page 69. Is the layout of the ideal city compatible with the functioning of labor markets (Class 2), the spatial distribution of prices and densities (class 5), mobility (class 7), Affordability (class 9)? Can we say that the location and sizes of parcels are demand driven?

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WEEK 12: THE ROLE OF URBAN PLANNERS IS IMPORTANT BUT THEY ARE NOT PLAYING IT YET

Readings Due (found on NYU Classes)1. Bertaud, A “Affordability: Household Incomes, Regulations and Land Supply.” Order

Without Design. (pages 349 - 382). MIT Press.2. Peter Gordon, Sustainability Planning: First, Do No Harm, University of Southern

California, Property Management, Vol. 24 No. 2, 2006, pp. 132-143, Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0263-7472

3. Peter Gordon, Thinking About Economic Growth: Cities, Networks, Creativity And Supply Chains For Ideas -- Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles

Assignments Due1. Final paper due

NYU Classes[This section describes how the course will use NYU Classes.

The Syllabus and all announcements, resources, and assignments will be delivered through the NYU Classes site. We may modify assignments, due dates, and other aspects of the course as we go through the term with advance notice provided as soon as possible through the course website.

Academic IntegrityAcademic integrity is a vital component of Wagner and NYU. All students enrolled in this class are required to read and abide by Wagner’s Academic Code. All Wagner students have already read and signed the Wagner Academic Oath. Plagiarism of any form will not be tolerated and students in this class are expected to report violations to me. If any student in this class is unsure about what is expected of you and how to abide by the academic code, you should consult with me.

Henry and Lucy Moses Center for Students with Disabilities at NYUAcademic accommodations are available for students with disabilities. Please visit the Moses Center for Students with Disabilities (CSD) website and click on the Reasonable Accommodations and How to Register tab or call or email CSD at (212-998-4980 or mosescsd@nyu.edu) for information. Students who are requesting academic accommodations

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are strongly advised to reach out to the Moses Center as early as possible in the semester for assistance.

NYU’s Calendar Policy on Religious HolidaysNYU’s Calendar Policy on Religious Holidays states that members of any religious group may, without penalty, absent themselves from classes when required in compliance with their religious obligations. Please notify me in advance of religious holidays that might coincide with exams to schedule mutually acceptable alternatives.

Class PoliciesElectronic DevicesStudents are not allowed to use electronic devices in the classroom. The only exception will be for the accommodation of a disability.

Late ArrivalWe’ll start each class with informal discussion from 6:00 to 6:10 pm. Students are expected to arrive on time for the start of class at 6:10 pm. The class will take an approximately 15 minute break around 7:30, at which point late students may join the class.

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