URISA The Development of a Geospatial Society, ROI, and Why GIS Matters

URISA The Development of a Geospatial Society,

ROI, and Why GIS Matters

Greg Babinski, MA, GISP

Finance & Marketing Manager King County GIS Center Seattle, Washington, USA URISA Past-President URISA GIS Management Institute Committee Chair

April 29, 2013 Mount Clemens, MI

2013 IMAGIN GIS Conference

URISA The Development of a Geospatial Society,

ROI, and Why GIS Matters

Greg Babinski, MA, GISP

Finance & Marketing Manager King County GIS Center Seattle, Washington, USA URISA Past-President URISA GIS Management Institute Committee Chair

April 29, 2013 Mount Clemens Pleasant, MI

2013 IMAGIN GIS Conference

Greetings from URISA The Association for GIS Professionals

URISA Board of Directors: President: Al Butler, GISP, AICP Past President: Greg Babinski, MA, GISP President Elect: Allen Ibaugh, AICP, GISP Secretary: Danielle Ayan, GISP Treasurer: Doug Adams, GISP Thomas Conry Tripp Corbin, MCP, CFM, GISP Nancy Obermeyer, GISP Claudia Paskauskas, GISP Cindy Post Chris Thomas Teresa Townsend

URISA Staff and Committees: Wendy Nelson, Executive Director Keri Brennan, Education Manager Katie Morehead, Office Manager Verlanda McBride, Database Administrator Pat Francis, Conference Manager Ann Bishopp, Finance Manager

Greetings from URISA The Association for GIS Professionals

King County, Washington

Population (2010 USCB): 1,931,249 (14th most populous US county)

Area: 2130 square miles (sea level to 8,000‟)

39 incorporated cities

Viable agricultural and private forestry areas

Remote wilderness & watershed lands

Microsoft

Boeing

Paccar

Nordstrom's

Amazon

Starbucks

Port of Seattle

Weyerhaeuser

Univ. of Washington

Google

Skype

Gates Foundation

The Development of a Geospatial Society: Key Themes

1. The past and URISA‟s engineering and planning origins: 50 years of geospatial accomplishment

2. The present and URISA‟s relevance for a geospatial society

3. URISA‟s role and a vision for the future geospatial society

Disruption – is it good or bad?

Good or bad?

Cell disruption is a method or process in cell biology for releasing biological molecules from inside a cell.

"Disruption" in Schema (genetic algorithms)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_disruption

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_disruption

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruption_(of_schema)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(genetic_algorithms)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(genetic_algorithms)

Dr. Edgar M. Horwood

Professor of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning

University of Washington School of Engineering

URISA Founder

The Development of a Geospatial Society: Past Foundations

Professor Horwood‟s simple but disruptive question to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1962:

“Can you let me have the 1960 census data for the U.S. on digital tape?‟

August 28, 1963

Dr. Martin Luther King delivers his ‘I have a dream’ speech

during the March on Washington

//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg

August 28, 1963

Dr. Edgar Horwood of the University of Washington

convened the first URISA Conference in Los Angeles

Edgar Horwood and the birth of URISA:

Working with University of Washington Geography Department – established a short course on data mapping presented in 1962 and 1963

1963 to 1966 Urban Planning Information Systems and Programs Conferences for short course alumni

1963 Conference considered first URISA Annual Conference

In 1966 the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) was formally established with Dr. Horwood as first President.


URISA and the development of geospatial technology:

URISA short course 1963 graduate Howard Fischer assumed the challenge to develop an improved card mapping system

Fischer developed SYMAP for automated chloropleth and contour mapping

In 1965 Fischer established the Harvard Computer Graphics Laboratory where he released computer mapping source code

Jack Dangermond developed ArcInfo from the Harvard R&D program, leading to the development of Esri


All Innovation Originates from Laziness!

URISA and the development of geospatial society:

Annual Conferences and Proceedings from 1963 to present

URISA Journal – Continued peer-reviewed academic focus

Exemplary Systems in GIS (ESIG) Awards

Basic URISA formula:

How to use technology x plus spatial data y for government business purpose z


Domains Discussed in URISA Conference Proceedings:


• access to data issues

• access to data policies

• access to information issues

• access to information policies

• applications of data systems

• applications of geographic information systems

(GIS) • applications of information systems (IS)

• applications of land information systems (LIS)

• assessing GIS benefits

• assessing IS benefits

• assessing management information system (MIS)

benefits • asset management systems

• attribute data

• automated cartography

• automated data processing

• automated mapping, • automated vehicle tracking

• cartographic principles and practices

• centralization/decentralization issues

• census

• climate change monitoring system

• code enforcement information system

• community health information system

• complaints-based municipal standard of care

response system • complaints-based inspector dispatch system

• computer-aided dispatch

• computer-aided mass appraisal • computer-communications systems

• confidentiality and privacy issues and practices

• consultants and data conversion tasks

• consultants and IS/GIS/LIS design and

implementation • contour mapping, • coordinate systems

• COTS – OSS/FS – Saas

• criminal justice information system

• data access control plan

• data acquisition alternatives

• data conversion processes

• data dictionary

• data generation techniques

• data layers/overlays

• data maintenance

• data models • data sharing issues/protocols • data sources and data acquisition/transfer caveats and protocols • data standards • decision support information system



• development monitoring/tracking information

system

• devolution impact on municipal government

information services • digital elevation model • digital mapping

• digital terrain model • dispatch Information system

• ”Doomsday Map” • economic development information system

• electronic data processing

• emergency response information system

• enterprise geographic information system

• environmental impact assessment information

system • environmental information system

• environmental technical information system

• evaluating information system performance

• exemplary systems/best practices

• expert and knowledge-based information system

• facility management system

• financial information system

• fiscal impact analysis

• fiscal information system

• geocoding

• geodatabase structures

• geographic base file

• geographically-referenced data storage and retrieval

system • geographic concepts defining GIS

• geographic information system (GIS)

• geographic knowledge system

• geomatics

• georeferencing

• geospatial technology

• geostatistics

• GIS planning and implementation

• GIS trends

• global positioning systems

• globalization impact on community information

strategies • Google (street view, etc.)

• hazard information systems

• health information system

• housing information system

• human resources management information system

• imaging systems

• impact assessment principles/practices/techniques

• indexes and other metrics for

evaluating/grading/measuring performance • informatics

• information and knowledge bases for decision-making



• Information interchange protocols

• information management systems

• information research services

• information science

• information society

• information system architecture

• information system functionality

• information system performance

• information systems and critical/essential

infrastructure • information system trends

• informational activity criteria

• informing and listening to the public

• infrastructure management and maintenance

information system • in-house/out-source principles and practices

• institutional and organizational factors

• institutional maxims and conditions

• integrating land records databases

• integrated municipal information system

• integrated system development

• interactive GIS

• interdependent infrastructures and information

systems • intergovernmental information system

• internet GIS

• land information system

• land market information system

• land parcel information system

• land records information system

• land registration information system

• land/structure/occupancy database

• land use classification systems

• legacy systems

• legal issues

• LiDAR

• management information system, • measuring information system return on investment

• mental health data system

• metadata

• methods and techniques of spatial analysis

• metropolitan information system

• mobile LiDAR

• motor vehicle accident records information system

• multi-jurisdictional geographic information system

• multimedia systems and applications in local government

• multipurpose cadastre • multi-purpose land information system • municipal information system • national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) • natural resources information system • needs analysis – data



• needs analysis – information

• needs analysis – policy information/knowledge bases

• object-oriented database

• online mapping

• open systems and architecture

• pedestrian-sensitive intersection traffic safety system

• plan, program, budget information system

• planning and evaluation information system

• planning information system

• planning research information system

• police management information system

• policy objective, formation, and evaluation system

• policy research information system

• privatization impact on public sector information

services • productivity measurement

• project performance information system

• property assessment information system

• property inspections information system

• property standards by-law enforcement system

• prosecution management information system

• public participation geographic information system

• public policy and IS/GIS/LIS inputs

• quality assurance for GIS

• quality control procedures and systems

• real estate information system

• regional management information system

• relational database-management system, • remote sensing systems

• residential appraisal information system

• resource allocation models

• return on investment principles and practices

• routing systems (vehicles, utilities, etc.)

• school districting information system

• social indicators information system

• spatial analysis for business

• spatial analysis techniques, • spatial data infrastructures

• spatial data transfer standard (SDTS)

• spatial data warehouse

• standard of care information obligations

• street addressing

• topology

• traffic management information system, • transit planning information system

• transportation information system

• water and wastewater information system

• urban data models

• urban development information system

• urban information system

• zoning information system

Reflections on Survey and GIS Survey Profession is property focused

Determines authoritative location

Focus on the exclusive use of tools and methodology

Develop maps that become legal documents

Has a code of ethics

Delivers value to society

Its work is focused on „property‟

What is its „Moral Imperative‟?

What is the focus of the GIS Profession? Ummm…?

Stuff surveyors don‟t want to do?

Using GIS tools?

A personal reflection: Dr. William Bunge

Author: Theoretical Geography The Fitzgerald Project The Nuclear War Atlas

Dr. William Bunge at Wayne State University

32

Dr. William Bunge at Wayne State University


URISA‟s 50th Annual Conference – GIS-Pro 2012

URISA Journal – Academic Indexing

The GIS Professional – Practitioner based articles and news

Specialty Conferences: Addressing, Assessing, Transit, Public Health – plus Caribbean Conference

Weeklong URISA GIS Leadership Academy

The Development of a Geospatial Society: Present Contributions

URISA and the development of geospatial society: Daylong URISA Workshops:

3D Geospatial: Project Implementation Methods and Best Practices

Addresses and IS/GIS Implementation: Key to GIS Success

An Overview of Open Source GIS Software

Asset Management: Planning, Strategy, and Implementation

Business Intelligence and Data Integration for the GIS Professional -NEW

Building Quality Spatial Data

Cartography and Map Design

eGovernment-Planning, Policy and the Portal

Field Automation Options for Local Government

GIS Enterprise Architecture & System Integration

GIS Program Management

GIS Strategic Planning

Introduction to Agile: Project Management and Development

An Introduction to Public Participation GIS: Using GIS to Support Community Decision Making

LIDAR Concepts, Principles and Application

Public Data, Public Access, Privacy, and Security: U.S. Law and Policy

Transportation Spatial Database Design

Quality Management: Introduction to Issue Tracking



URISA „Foundations‟

Available for download at www.urisa.org



29 regional chapters

International affiliation: SSSI in Australia and New Zealand

Founded the GIS Certification Institute (GISP Program)

Initiated the Coalition of Geospatial Organizations (COGO)

Instrumental in development of the US DOL „Geospatial Technology Competency Model‟ (GTCM)

Developed the URISA - USDOL „Geospatial Management Competency Model‟ (GMCM)

Developed the URISA GIS Capability Maturity Model (GISCMM)



URISA‟s GISCorps

Volunteer based support to emergency relief, humanitarian, health, and environmental projects around the world

1,600 volunteers

100+ Projects

2012 Presidential Award


http://www.giscorps.org/


Washington Chapter of URISA (www.waurisa.org)

2013 Washington GIS Conference – 6-8 May 2013 (300 attendees expected)

The Summit – Washington State GIS Newsletter

Summit Award – Annual Award for GIS contribution

Dick Thomas Student Paper Competition

Educational Workshops


A Personal Reflection on URISA‟s Influence:

East Bay Municipal Utility District – GIS Supervisor:

GIS planning & Implementation

Water & Wastewater Information Systems

King County GIS Center:

Centralization vs. Decentralization Issues

Data standards and data sharing protocols

Health information systems

Return on Investment


A New Approach to Performance Management King County AIMS High and Social Equity

40

GIS ROI Estimates & Benefit-Cost Analysis

Common tool for analyzing & configuring development plans

Typically result in an estimate or forecast of business benefits

ROI Estimates & Benefit-Cost Analysis

King County GIS – 1992 GIS ROI Estimate

King County GIS - Development History:

Originated with 1992 PlanGraphics study

1992 Benefit Cost Analysis

PlanGraphics identified 126 business applications and a $22 million capital cost estimate

1992-1994 King County – Seattle Metro merger

1993 joint King County – Metro GIS scoping plan – reduced $6.8 million scope approved by King County Council

1993-1997 GIS capital project executed

1997 KCGIS O&M begins

2002 KCGIS Consolidation implemented

2012 KCGIS Development:

500+/- desktop GIS users

100,000 annual internal web based GIS user sessions

2.2 million annual external web based GIS user sessions

50 GIS professionals

GIS use expanded from 12 to 35 county departments and offices

But where are we really on the optimal development of GIS in King County?

What was (is) our ROI?

GIS ROI Documentation Studies?

Why are they not required?

Why are they not performed?

GIS ROI Documentation Studies? Baltimore County, MD

Why GIS ROI Documentation Studies? State of Oregon

GIS ROI Documentation Study Breakthrough

New Zealand

GIS ROI Documentation Study New Zealand

Oregon/KCGIS GIS ROI Study Project

Conceived during 2009 URISA AC in Anaheim

Approach finalized during 2009 ULA in Seattle

State of Oregon & King County joint funding

KCGIS 2010 Priority Initiative

Managed by KCGIS Center

KCGIS GIS ROI Study

May 2010 RFP sent to targeted consultants

June 2010 consultant selection

August 2010 contract signed

July 2010 work began

September & October 2011 Preliminary Results Released

March 2012 Final Report Published

KCGIS GIS ROI Study

Consultant Team from UW Evans School of Public Affairs:

Prof. Richard W. Zerbe

Danielle Fumia & Travis Reynolds

Pradeep Singh & Tyler Scott

KCGIS GIS ROI Study

Consultant Team from UW Evans School of Public Affairs:

Benefit-Cost Analysis Center

KCGIS GIS ROI Study

Scope of Work:

Literature Review

Qualitative Interviews (n = 30)

Quantitative Survey (n = 200)

Final ROI Report

Revised Interview/Survey Instruments for future studies

With or without survey methodology:

How has GIS altered agency output levels?

Benefits associated with FTE reductions to produce the same (pre-GIS) level of output

Benefits associated with enhanced production with the same FTE levels

Three stage analysis:

Interview agency heads and key employees to assess the types of applications and business uses. Interviews were used to build an employee survey.

Employees and managers across King County responded to the survey to record their pre and current (or with vs. without) GIS productivity by output types.

Interview and survey results were compiled by output type, agency, and productivity levels. Results were then monetized.

Monetized benefits compared to detailed GIS capital O&M, and end-user costs

KCGIS GIS ROI Study: Methodology

KCGIS GIS ROI Study Results

“The most conservative estimate presented finds that the use of GIS has produced

approximately $775 million in net benefits over the eighteen year period from 1992 to

2010….

Thus a reasonable estimate of total gains is between $180 million and $87 million in

2010.”

KCGIS GIS ROI Study Results

Theoretical basis for cost and benefit calculations

Future Steps:

Article in ICMA ESRI Press Book of GIS for Elected Officials

Likely articles by Dr. Zerbe & colleagues in GFR, URISA Journal

Analyze detailed department results

Analyze detailed benefits by output type

Analyze detailed benefits by productivity type

Tell our bosses - great interest within KC government

Compare with Twin Cities/Metro GIS Parcel Data ROI study

Compliment & Inform Multnomah County ROI study

URISA ROI Workshop development

Refine methodology

Encourage/support more studies

KCGIS GIS ROI Study

Questions & Answers:

At what stage is KCGIS in the total potential business use of GIS?

Are the KCGIS results „good‟?

How do we know?

Do we need similar studies of other large counties?

What about a single „latitudinal‟ study of 15-20 mid-sized cities in Washington & Oregon & British Columbia?

Are government agency officials not now compelled to pursue full GIS development?

KCGIS GIS ROI Study

Acknowledgement:

State of Oregon GIS and Cy Smith, Oregon GIO

KCGIS Technical Committee

Richard O. Zerbe & UW GIS ROI Study Team

KCGIS Center Interview team:

George Horning, Manager

Greg Stought, Enterprise Services Manager

Dennis Higgins, GISP, Client Services Manager

Debbie Bull, GIS DBA

Greg Babinski, GISP, Finance & Marketing Manager

Questions, Comments & Discussion Learn More: • ArcNews: Summer 2012:

http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/summer12articles/king-county-documents-roi-of-gis.html

• Access full report on King County web site: www.kingcounty.gov/gis












http://www.kingcounty.gov/gis

Using GIS to „Incentivize‟ People to Change

King County, Washington

Population (2010 USCB): 1,931,249 (14th most populous US county)

Area: 2130 square miles (sea level to 8,000‟)

39 incorporated cities

Viable agricultural and private forestry areas

Remote wilderness & watershed lands

Dr. Costis Toregas at United Nations Conference on GIS - presentation titled “Geography as a Municipal Asset”

“Geography has always been a major integrative element in municipal administration. Many points of municipal policy concern are debatable, but geography can be said to be constant and decisive. The location of a tree or a city block cannot change, nor be the topic of a debate. For this reason, the spread of Geographic Information Systems (or GIS) has been rapid and dramatic in state and local government institutions. “

Microsoft

Boeing

Paccar

Nordstrom's

Amazon

Starbucks

Port of Seattle

Weyerhaeuser

Univ. of Washington

Google

Skype?

URISA and the future of geospatial society:

URISA Proceedings & URISA Journal online and searchable (project in progress – but additional financial support needed)

URISA Listserv – closed communications amongst URISA members – a virtual GIS „silicon valley‟

URISA Connect webinars – allowing delivery of education worldwide

The Development of a Geospatial Society: Future Vision


The URISA GIS Management Institute:

URISA GIS Management Body of Knowledge

URISA GIS Capability Maturity Model

URISA Geospatial Management Competency Model

URISA Accreditation of Enterprise GIS Program

URISA Accreditation of Educational Programs

URISA GIS ROI Methodology


URISA‟s GIS Management Institute

Originated with basic questions:

Is there a GIS profession?

2009 URISA adopted the GIS Capability Maturity Model 2010 -URISA Commits to Develop Tier 9: The Geospatial Management Competency Model

URISA GMCM Core Team: David DiBiase Patrick Kennelly Greg Babinski

Coordination with USDOLETA URISA‟s GMCM delivered to DOLETA June 8, 2012

http://www.urisa.org/gmcm_review

http://www.urisa.org/gmcm_review

URISA‟s GIS Management Institute Originated with basic questions: Is there a GIS profession? What is the GIS Profession‟s Moral Imperative? Does GIS provide value to society?

Is There a GIS Profession? ArcNews, Summer 2012: Strengthening the GIS Profession, by David DiBiase What is the Moral Imperative of the GIS Profession?

The GIS profession uses geographic theory, spatial analysis, and geospatial technology to help society manage the Earth‟s finite space, with its natural

resources and communities, on a just and sustainable basis for the benefit of humanity.

Does GIS Provide Value to Society? ArcNews, Summer 2012: King County Documents ROI of GIS (minimum $776 million net benefit over 18 years, $87 million in 2010) http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/index.html

http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/index.html

GIS operations are maturing – or they should be

GIS operations manage large capital investments

GIS operations require large operating budgets

GIS is a proven technology for effective municipal administration (standard of care)

GIS operations deliver huge returns on investment

Local agency leaders and managers must deploy GIS for cost-effective government services (and to comply with the standard of care)

Geospatial technology is complex, continues to evolve, and continues to provide new opportunities

The management of municipal GIS operations is complex, evolving, and requires a scientific, professional approach

URISA‟s GIS Management Institute What is the Business Need?

Is GIS management distinct from other types of municipal management? The management of GIS requires knowledge skills and abilities that set it apart from and

above many other management domains, due to its complexity, importance for effective services, and integrative role in local government enterprise operations.

Proposals that GIS operations should be supervised by licensed engineers or surveyors are not supported by the breadth of knowledge domains required for GIS management.


Knowledge

Domains

Management Areas

GIS Survey Engineering IT Project Mgt Geography

GIS Technology X O O

Survey O X O O

Engineering O X O

General IT X X O

PM X O X

Geography X X

Cartography X O X

GIS Science X O

Databases X X

Programming X X

Geospatial Law X

Contracting X O O X X

Governance X X O

The Ah-ha Moment:

GIS operational process maturity (aka the GIS Capability Maturity Model)

and…

GIS management capability (aka the Geospatial Management Competency Model)

Can both best be defined against…

A body of geospatial management best practices and standards, or the GIS Management Body of Knowledge


Develop the URISA GIS Management Body of Knowledge (GMBOK)

Maintain the URISA Geospatial Management Competency Model (GMCM)

Maintain the URISA GIS Capability Maturity Model (GCMM)

Accredit the capability and maturity of county, city, and regional GIS operations against the GCMM

Accredit GIS Management educational programs for alignment with the URISA GMBOK and GMCM

URISA‟s GIS Management Institute What will the URISA GIS Management Institute

do?

Include an advisory council from other geospatial management professional stakeholders

Include international stakeholders

Advance the future certification of GIS Managers by developing a GIS Managers designation of the GISP in partnership with GISCI

URISA‟s GIS Management Institute What will the GMI do with in cooperation with

others?

URISA developed and launched GISCI

URISA developed and manages GISCorps

URISA has 50 years of study, experience & intellectual capital related to GIS development and management

URISA has a portfolio of publications and educational offerings, including the ULA, that can be aligned to support GIS management

URISA has a history of 31 years of ESIG awards that form an initial resource for recognizing GIS management best practices

URISA has designated the development of the GIS Management Institute as a priority initiative

URISA‟s GIS Management Institute Why URISA?

URISA‟s GIS Management Institute Who will use the GMI, and why?

Babinski’s Theory of GIS Management:

As GIS Operational Maturity Improves, ROI Increases

GIS Managers – to assess their competency against the GMCM and GMBOK and plan their professional development

Organizations with GIS Operations – to assess their capability and process maturity against peer agencies and by becoming GMI accredited against the GMBOK via the GCMM

Geospatial professionals – to assess and align their own practices against the GMBOK

GIS management educational programs – to assess and refine their curriculum by becoming GMI accredited against the GMBOK, GMCM & GCMM

GIS management consultants – to assess and refine their practices against the GMBOK, GMCM & GCMM

In the future, GIS managers will use GMI products and services to prepare for achieving a GISP manager designation through GISCI

URISA‟s GIS Management Institute Who will use the GMI, and why?

URISA‟s GIS Management Institute

How will the GMI Operate?

GMBOK:

GIS Management Body of Knowledge

Municipal GIS

Operations GCMM

Accreditation

GCMM: GIS Capability Maturity Model

URISA Education

ULA & UMA

GIS Management Educational

Program Accreditation

GISCI

GIS Managers Certification Component

GMCM: Geospatial

Management Competency

Model

Future:

ROI Services

Other

Accreditation

Benchmarking


The URISA International Initiative:

Existing SSSI (Australia & New Zealand) affiliation

Proposed semi-annual Canada GIS Conference

New URISA-UAE Chapter

Request to form URISA-Poland chapter

Other possible URISA chapters (Turkey, Singapore)

Other possible URISA affiliations (Asia, Latin America, India, Africa, Others)

Re-establish URISA affiliation with BURISA


Knowledge

Platform

Sensor Web

Knowledge-Oriented

Cyberinfrastructure

TIEOS – Intelligent Taiwan

Project




R

UNow1950 2050

30%

70%

Reflections on Survey and GIS Survey Profession is property focused

Determines authoritative location

Focus on the exclusive use of tools and methodology

Develop maps that become legal documents



Its work is focused on „property‟

What is its „Moral Imperative‟?

What is the focus of the GIS Profession? Create maps from framework and business data as decision support tools

It‟s focus is on stuff that moves around and maybe changes

Time and distance

Relative location

Correlation of phenomena

Relies on tools and methodology


Has a moral imperative

Puts its tools in the hands of people


URISA – The Association for GIS Professionals

http://www.urisa.org/2013health

http://www.urisa.org/ula

Greg Babinski, MA, GISP URISA Past-President URISA GIS Management Institute Committee Chair Summit Founding Editor

Finance & Marketing Manager King County GIS Center 201 South Jackson Street, Suite 706 Seattle, WA 98104 206-263-3753 [email protected] www.kingcounty.gov/gis URISA - The Association for GIS Professionals www.urisa.org The Summit www.waurisa.org/thesummit

URISA The Development of a Geospatial Society, ROI, and Why GIS Matters

Leadership & Management

Transcript of URISA The Development of a Geospatial Society, ROI, and Why GIS Matters