Urbanization & Land Use Ecology & Design E.G. Arias et al October 12, 2004.
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Transcript of Urbanization & Land Use Ecology & Design E.G. Arias et al October 12, 2004.
Urbanization & Land UseUrbanization & Land UseEcology & DesignEcology & DesignE.G. Arias et alE.G. Arias et alOctober 12, 2004October 12, 2004
Today’s AgendaToday’s AgendaAnnouncementsAnnouncements– Test 1Test 1– Next Lecture – Energy & Sustainability, Dr. Next Lecture – Energy & Sustainability, Dr.
Dave Schaller, EPADave Schaller, EPA
Conclude PrimerConclude Primer
Urbanization and Land Use PlanningUrbanization and Land Use Planning
Population Growth, Cities & Urban Growth
POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH Exponential growth rate over the past 200 yearsExponential growth rate over the past 200 years
Up to 1800 - Up to 1800 - 1B1BUp to 1900 - Up to 1900 - 1.7B1.7BUp to 2000 - Up to 2000 - 6+B6+B
0.7B increase 1800-19000.7B increase 1800-19004.3B increase 1900-20004.3B increase 1900-2000
URBANIZATION URBANIZATION CONCENTRATION IN CITIES CONCENTRATION IN CITIESApproximately Approximately halfhalf of the 6B people lived in cities in of the 6B people lived in cities in 20002000Projections indicate that Projections indicate that 49.3%49.3% of the total world of the total world population will live in urban centers of all Developing population will live in urban centers of all Developing countries by 2015countries by 2015
Cities, Population & World Trends: The Less Developed and Developing Nations
Cities,, Population & World Trends: The Less Developed and Developing Nations
URBANIZATION RATES URBANIZATION RATES
1900 - 1900 - less than .3Bless than .3B
2000 - 2000 - around 3Baround 3B (UNCHS, 2001b) (UNCHS, 2001b)
URBANIZATION RATES ARE UNEVENLY URBANIZATION RATES ARE UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTEDDISTRIBUTED
Industrialized nationsIndustrialized nations: : declinedecline to from to from 1.1% 1.1% 0.6%0.6% between 1995 and 2015, between 1995 and 2015,
Least Developed nationsLeast Developed nations: as much as : as much as 4.6% 4.6% annual urbanization ratesannual urbanization rates projected to 2015 projected to 2015
Cities, Population & World Trends: The Less Developed and Developing Nations (continued)
GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION : : A new trend evolving from the economic A new trend evolving from the economic
sectorsector
Inevitable outcomesInevitable outcomes
social exclusionsocial exclusion - increase the - increase the “probability of land speculation, “probability of land speculation, and therefore, of increased land prices”and therefore, of increased land prices” (UNCHS, 2001a). (UNCHS, 2001a).
Human developmentHuman development - such trend, without institutional interventions, - such trend, without institutional interventions, most likely will increase difficulties for the urban poor in less developed most likely will increase difficulties for the urban poor in less developed and developing nationsand developing nations
Protect and repair the environmentProtect and repair the environment - is precisely in these countries - is precisely in these countries were squatter communities are now home from 30 to 60 percent of were squatter communities are now home from 30 to 60 percent of their urban populationstheir urban populations
Planning in the Third World - 1950’s Planning in the Third World - 1950’s – 1st and 2nd worlds 1st and 2nd worlds – 3rd world - everything else 75% of the human race3rd world - everything else 75% of the human race
UN HABITAT - 2000UN HABITAT - 2000– DevelopedDeveloped– Developing Developing – Less DevelopedLess Developed
Future challenges – Poverty and …Future challenges – Poverty and …– Housing is the major concernHousing is the major concern– FoodFood– TransportationTransportation– WaterWater– EnergyEnergy– Environment - AirEnvironment - Air– EducationEducation
Evolution of Views about Planning in the World
Urban FormUrban FormClassical Theories of urban form (at city level)Classical Theories of urban form (at city level)
Concentric Growth Theory (E. Burgess, 1925)Concentric Growth Theory (E. Burgess, 1925): tries to explain the : tries to explain the patterns of sociological phenomena in Chicago, and how a city with patterns of sociological phenomena in Chicago, and how a city with a main CBD expands through rings of residential growth in all a main CBD expands through rings of residential growth in all directions from it;directions from it;
Multi-sector Theory (H. Hoyt, 1939): Multi-sector Theory (H. Hoyt, 1939): extended the concentric extended the concentric theory and explains how similar types of land use are developed theory and explains how similar types of land use are developed along transportation axes;along transportation axes;
Multiple nuclei Theory (Harris and Ullman, 1945): Multiple nuclei Theory (Harris and Ullman, 1945): growth takes growth takes place around different urban centers (historic or contemporary) place around different urban centers (historic or contemporary) approximating a constellation pattern of development.approximating a constellation pattern of development.
Planning / Design scales
National
Regional
Local
Site
Planning / Design scales
National
Regional
Local
Site
Activities
Physical Systems
Physical Systems
Socials Systems
Socials Systems
In situ reality-Settings Processes ResultsRenewable
Non Renewable
Recoverable
Population Economics Political CulturalNatural Created
Location analysis decision PrototypesLocation analysis decision Prototypes
A
One Activity
Attribute/characteristic
Various locations
21
3
A DCB
Many Activities
Attribute /Characteristic
Same Location
1
Many Activities
Attribute /Characteristic
Reality
Various locations
1
2 3
A B C D
Understanding Urbanization DynamicsUnderstanding Urbanization Dynamics Local Local Global Linkages Global Linkages
Re-location at national scale
ScalesNational Global Local/regionalNew activity/service
locates
Re-location
Drop out
•Social•Political•Economic•Cultural
Growth
Stability
Decline
On-going processes
Land Use Land Use Level ILevel I– Urban / Agriculture / Rangeland / Forested Urban / Agriculture / Rangeland / Forested
uplands / Water / Wetlands / Barrenuplands / Water / Wetlands / Barren
Level II - UrbanLevel II - Urban– Residential / Commercial & Services / Industrial / Residential / Commercial & Services / Industrial /
Transportation / Communications & Utilities / Transportation / Communications & Utilities / Institutional / Recreational / Mixed Use / Open land & Institutional / Recreational / Mixed Use / Open land & Other Other
Level III - ResidentialLevel III - Residential– Single unit, low density (<2 DUs) / SU med. density Single unit, low density (<2 DUs) / SU med. density
(2-5) / SU high density (< 6)(2-5) / SU high density (< 6)– Multiple dwelling, low rise (2 stories), high rise (3 Multiple dwelling, low rise (2 stories), high rise (3
stories or more) designated by userstories or more) designated by user
Source: J. DeChiarra/L. Koppelman, Source: J. DeChiarra/L. Koppelman, Urban Urban Planning & Design CriteriaPlanning & Design Criteria
Census – Population Data Census – Population Data
Understanding Urbanization Dynamics in Developing and Developed Contexts:Integration of Remote Sensing and In Situ Information for Growth Management
START Workshop Module on Cities & SustainabilityE.G. Arias, R. Pujol and A. Sanchez
Relationship 3
1. Satellite Remote sensing data1,2,3
(time – series)
3. Events and Policy ActionsInstitutional reform;Economic globalization and localization;Changes in public policy;Development strategy shifting;Tourism diversification;Agricultural subsidization;
1970
1980
1990
Relationship 1 Relationship 2
2. GIS Ground Information
Natural System (eg. )
Rivers and water basin;Open space;Forested area & vegetation;Geological conditions;Rainfall;Meteorological conditions;Hydrological;
CREATED SYSTEMS
Physical Non - physical
Land useResidentialIndustrialCommercialTransportationInfrastructure SystemsEnvironmentalAir Climate
DemographicSocio/ EconomicPoliticalLegalAdministrative
DENVER METROPOLITAN & REGIONAL URBAN GROWTH &
LAND USE AND URBANIZATION IN BOULDER COUNTY
A2
A1
The Susceptibility to Change (STC)The Susceptibility to Change (STC)Recycling the City : Identifying the Development Suitability Recycling the City : Identifying the Development Suitability
Group Locational Alternatives7 or more yrs
1-2 yrs
3-6 yrs
PROBABILITIES CRITICAL
COALITION
(interest groups)
Political
Social
GIVENS
Economic
A1
A1
A1
LOCATION ALTERNATIVES
1
2
3
A1 A2
Locational Suitability for Redevelopment:
The Recycled City
SHORTEST DISTANCE
DECREASE TIME
NOTION OF MOVEMENT : OBECTIVES & CONCEQUENCES
Destinations
Industry
Recreation
Education
Spatial fragmentation
Social fragmentation
Origins OriginsEnvironmental integrity
Increase Distance and Decrease Time
The origins and destinations relationship is regulated by land-use instruments (zoning or growth management) which limit the type, density and location of urban activities and land use; or by the carrying capacity of systems that sustains such activities.
growth management
LEVELS OF KNOLEDGE MODEL FOR LEVELS OF KNOLEDGE MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AND ENERGY USE IN CITIES
VEHICLE
CITY
REGIONAL
WHOLE CITY
URBAN PLANNING
WITHIN VEHICLE
(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)
VEHICLE TO VEHICLE
(TRAFFIC ENGINEERING)
ZONES OF CITY
(TRANSPORT PLANNING)
Kenworthy, J.R. and Newman, P.W.G. (1989)
Public transportationPublic transportation
+/- 39% of operating cost of public transportation is paid by fares +/- 39% of operating cost of public transportation is paid by fares 60% of cost is paid by Governments60% of cost is paid by Governments
Private (Car)Private (Car)
Paid mostly by owners (purchase, fuel, maintenance, insurance, Paid mostly by owners (purchase, fuel, maintenance, insurance, parking etc.)parking etc.)
Public roads and highways are paid by a variety of taxes Public roads and highways are paid by a variety of taxes Charges on licenses, registration, gas taxes, Charges on licenses, registration, gas taxes,
Highway Trust FundHighway Trust FundFunding for Federal highways constructionFunding for Federal highways construction
ECONOMICS of TRANSPORTATIONECONOMICS of TRANSPORTATION
Source: Contemporary Urban PlanningJ. Levy (2003).
Emerging insights in D&P, Land Emerging insights in D&P, Land Use and UrbanizationUse and Urbanization
Sustainability Sustainability Equitable & SustainableEquitable & Sustainable
Unlimited resources Unlimited resources Finite ResourcesFinite Resources
Continuous growth & change Continuous growth & change
notions of evolutionnotions of evolution
Participatory designParticipatory design
Useful & Usable TechnologiesUseful & Usable Technologies
Looking Ahead: A Design/Planning Thought
The future is not out there to be discovered,
it needs to be designed and implemented by us … by you!!!