Urban Washington: Apathy or Action? Report of the Governor ... · The Governor selected Secretory...
69
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 042 858 UD 010 590 TITLE Urban Washington: Apathy or Action? Report of the Governor's Council on Urban Affairs. INSTITUTION Governor's Council on Urban Affairs, Olympia, Wash. PUB DATE Nov 68 NOTE 68p. EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS IDENTIFIERS EDRS Price MF-$0.50 HC-$3.50 *City Problems, Economic Development, Economic Disadvantagement, Educational Planning, Educational Problems, Health Needs, *Housing Needs, Job Market, Job Training, *Rural Environment, Social Action, State Programs, Urban Education, *Urban Environment *Washington ABSTRACT This report of the Urban Affairs Council of the State of Washington relates to discussion of and recommendations thereof on the following topics: job training and opportunities--job development, legal restrictions, and related services; housing--acquisition and dispersal of information, construction, conservation, and social choice; health care--dental care, health manpower, nutrition, escalation of health facility costs; addictions and related problems, the farm laborer, environmental sanitation, maternal and child health care, delivery of health care services to minority and low-income groups, and general policy recommendations; education--finances, organization, personnel, curriculum, and research; the physical environment--urban livability, property taxation, transportation, pollution, and governmental modernization; and, the non-urban sector--employment, farm laborers, education, health care, transportation, law and justice, citizen involvement in civic affairs, governmental reorganization, taxation, the aged, Indian affairs, and general recommendations. (JM)
Transcript of Urban Washington: Apathy or Action? Report of the Governor ... · The Governor selected Secretory...
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 042 858 UD 010 590
TITLE Urban Washington: Apathy or Action? Report of theGovernor's Council on Urban Affairs.
INSTITUTION Governor's Council on Urban Affairs, Olympia, Wash.PUB DATE Nov 68NOTE 68p.
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
IDENTIFIERS
EDRS Price MF-$0.50 HC-$3.50*City Problems, Economic Development, EconomicDisadvantagement, Educational Planning, EducationalProblems, Health Needs, *Housing Needs, Job Market,Job Training, *Rural Environment, Social Action,State Programs, Urban Education, *Urban Environment*Washington
ABSTRACTThis report of the Urban Affairs Council of the
State of Washington relates to discussion of and recommendationsthereof on the following topics: job training and opportunities--jobdevelopment, legal restrictions, and related services;housing--acquisition and dispersal of information, construction,conservation, and social choice; health care--dental care, healthmanpower, nutrition, escalation of health facility costs; addictionsand related problems, the farm laborer, environmental sanitation,maternal and child health care, delivery of health care services tominority and low-income groups, and general policy recommendations;education--finances, organization, personnel, curriculum, andresearch; the physical environment--urban livability, propertytaxation, transportation, pollution, and governmental modernization;and, the non-urban sector--employment, farm laborers, education,health care, transportation, law and justice, citizen involvement incivic affairs, governmental reorganization, taxation, the aged,Indian affairs, and general recommendations. (JM)
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NN
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M. O
p go
o.C
A n
on F
owle
rs O
N r
oam
,
...P
RE
FA
CE
Our
tim
e is
up.
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te is
no
long
er th
e sp
arse
lypo
pula
ted,
fres
h ai
r, w
ide-
open
-spa
ces
refu
ge fr
om th
e co
nges
ted
met
ropo
is o
n ar
eas
of th
e E
cst,
Mid
wes
t, an
d so
uthe
rn C
alifo
rnia
.S
ince
195
0, o
ur s
tate
pop
ulat
ion
has
gain
ed a
ppro
xim
atel
y on
em
illio
n ne
w te
side
nes.
Alm
ost a
ll of
our
new
res
iden
ts, 9
7 pe
rce
nt, w
ere
adde
d in
urb
an a
reas
. eig
ht o
f ten
in th
e S
eattl
e,T
acom
a, S
poka
ne, a
nd V
anco
uver
/Por
tland
met
ropo
litan
reg
icns
.T
he la
test
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Cen
sus
Bur
eau
repo
rt (
rele
ased
Sep
tem
-be
r, 1
968)
est
imat
ed W
ashi
ngto
n's
popu
latio
n at
3,7
76,0
00. I
non
ly 1
6 ye
ars,
our
sta
te p
opul
atio
n is
exp
ecte
d to
top
5,00
0,00
0.T
he A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f Eng
inee
rs p
roje
cts
that
with
in 5
0 ye
ars
ther
ew
ill b
e m
ore
than
sev
en m
illio
n pe
ople
in th
e E
vere
tt-S
eottl
e-T
a-co
n.a
met
ropo
litan
are
a al
one.
"Our
tim
e is
up,
" G
over
nor
Dan
iel J
. Eva
ns h
as d
ecla
red,
"we
con
no lo
nger
;gna
te th
e fa
ct th
at o
ur to
wns
nav
e be
com
ean
d th
at o
ur c
ities
hav
e 1-
...cc
arne
rer
;iono
l urb
an s
praw
ls.
We
cann
ot ig
nore
the
free
way
s te
arin
g *r
ough
the
hear
s of
our
citie
s, th
e po
llutio
n el
oudi
rra
both
our
hor
izon
and
our
take
s, th
ero
tting
slu
ms
slow
ly c
reep
ing
into
our
citi
es."
Urb
an g
row
th. a
nd it
s m
assi
ve a
ttend
ant p
robl
ems
cann
ot b
eig
nore
d. M
ore
irnpo
rtan
tl., w
e ca
nnot
igno
re th
e ex
citin
g po
ssi-
bilit
ies
char
acte
ristic
of u
rban
life
.
7:1
etre
,,,"W
e fa
ce a
futu
re o
f uni
mag
inob
le w
onde
rs a
nd a
ccom
plis
h."
7."-
17:::
mer
its,"
Gov
erno
r E
vans
has
sai
dIt
is c
ruci
al *
la w
e be
gin
a
now
to p
lan
for
this
futu
re, t
o bu
ild th
e ki
nd o
f citi
es ;h
at d
o no
tcr
ush
man
's s
pirit
, but
rat
her
expa
nd h
is h
oriz
ons
and
enric
h hi
slif
e." The
adv
ent o
f the
urb
an li
fe d
oes
pose
thes
e tv
Aa
At t
his
key
turn
ing
poin
t in
Was
hing
ton'
s hi
stor
y, it
is "
wo,
"410
::w
ill d
ecid
e, b
y ou
r fo
resi
ght a
nd o
ur p
erso
nal a
ncro
alle
ctiv
eco
mm
itmen
t to
actio
n, th
e di
rect
ion
this
sta
te w
ill ta
ke. U
rban
livin
g ca
n of
fer
the
envi
rons
for
the
high
est l
evel
of
hum
an..
civi
lizat
ion.
Inve
rsel
y, w
e ha
ve s
een
muc
h ev
iden
ce In
rec
ent
year
s th
at in
hum
ane,
mis
erab
le c
ondi
tions
in s
ome
urba
n co
re-
area
s co
n le
ad to
a b
rute
) br
eakd
own
of h
uman
civ
iliza
tion.
'T
here
.s n
o qu
estio
n os
to w
hich
of t
he a
ltern
ativ
es is
pre
fera
ble
for
Was
hing
ton
citiz
ens.
.y
It is
in th
is s
pirit
that
the
Gov
erno
r cr
eate
d th
e U
rban
Affa
irs r
'C
ounc
il in
Oct
ebec
, 196
7, th
roug
h an
Exe
cutiv
e O
rder
, sta
ting
that
the
"sol
utio
n, to
thes
e ur
ban
prob
lem
s pr
esen
t to
us a
nen
orm
ous
chal
leng
e an
d a
com
mitm
ent-
Whi
ch w
ill :r
equi
re th
eta
lent
s an
d en
ergy
of a
ll ou
r pe
ople
, bot
h pr
ivat
e ci
tizen
s sa
ndpu
blic
offi
ciar
s.
The
Gov
erno
r se
lect
ed S
ecre
tory
of S
tate
A. L
udlo
w K
ram
er to
chai
r th
e C
ounc
il. S
ecre
tary
Kra
mer
has
an
exte
nsiv
e ba
ckgr
ound
in th
e or
eo o
f urb
an p
robl
ems,
incl
udin
g se
rvic
e on
the
Sea
ttle
City
Cou
ncil,
ser
vice
as
the
Gov
erno
r's U
rban
Affa
irs C
oord
inat
orfo
r 19
65 -
66, a
nd s
ervi
ce a
s co
-cha
irmen
of t
he C
eci i
ons
for
Pro
gres
s C
onfe
renc
e.W
ith S
ecre
tory
Kro
mer
's a
ssis
tanc
e, th
e G
over
nor
appo
inte
d18
lay-
citiz
ens,
eig
ht e
lect
ed o
ffici
als,
eig
ht e
x of
ficio
mem
bers
who
hol
d no
n-el
ectiv
e go
vern
men
tal p
ositi
ons,
and
eig
ht S
tate
gove
rnm
ent p
rofe
ssio
nals
. The
y w
ere
orga
nize
d in
to s
ix c
omm
it-te
es to
inve
stig
,ite
the
prob
lem
s of
urb
an g
row
th. T
hese
com
mit-
tees
wer
e: E
duca
tion,
Job
Tra
inin
g an
d O
ppor
tuni
ties,
Hou
sing
,H
ealth
Cor
e, th
e P
hysi
cal E
nviro
nmen
t, an
d th
e N
on-U
rban
Sec
tor.
The
follo
win
g ar
e th
e m
embe
rs o
f the
Urb
an A
ffairs
Cou
ncil:
JOB
TR
AIN
ING
AN
D O
PP
OR
TU
NIT
IES
Art
hur
A. F
letc
her,
Cha
irman
. sou
nder
and
pre
side
nt o
fth
e E
ast P
asco
Sel
f-he
lp C
oope
rativ
e A
ssoc
iatio
n, m
embe
rof
the
Pas
co C
ity C
ounc
il, a
nd p
rese
ntly
an
Em
ploy
eeR
elat
ions
Spe
cial
ist f
or th
e H
anfo
rd C
ontr
acto
rs a
t the
Han
ford
Ato
mic
Ene
rgy
Fac
ility
.T
hom
as E
. Soi
rie--
Tre
asur
er a
nd m
embe
r of
the
Exe
cu-
tive
Com
mitt
ee o
f For
war
d T
hurs
t, m
embe
r of
the
Boa
rdof
Dire
ctor
s of
the
Sea
ttle
Are
a In
dust
rial C
ounc
il an
dG
reat
er S
eattl
e, a
nd p
rese
ntly
pre
side
nt o
f Pac
ific
Nor
th-
wes
t Bel
l.A
ustin
St.
Laur
ent E
xecu
tive
secr
etar
y fo
r th
e S
eattl
eB
uild
ing
and
Con
stru
ctio
n T
rade
s C
ovnc
it or
the
AF
L-C
IO.
The
Hon
orab
le C
harle
s Z
. Sm
ith F
orm
er ju
dge
of th
eM
unic
ipal
Cou
rt o
f Sea
ttle
Crim
inal
Dep
artm
ent,
chai
rman
of th
e S
teer
ing
Com
mitt
ee o
f the
Sea
ttle
Cen
tral
Are
aA
dvis
ory
Gro
up, a
nd p
rese
ntly
Kin
g C
ount
y S
uper
ior
Cou
rt J
udge
.A
lfred
E. C
.ow
late
--F
orm
er c
hairm
an o
f the
Civ
il R
ight
sC
omm
ittee
and
form
er E
xecu
tive
Sec
reta
ry o
f the
Was
h-in
gton
;tot
e B
oard
Aga
inst
Dis
crim
inat
ion.
Byr
on E
. Bro
dyD
irect
or, W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Offi
ce o
f Eco
-no
mic
Opp
ortu
nity
.M
n. M
axin
e E
. Do
h.C
omm
issi
oner
, Was
hing
ton
Sta
teE
mpl
oym
ent S
ecur
ity D
epar
tmen
t.Ly
le M
. lin
imeC
hief
of M
anpo
wer
Tra
inin
g an
d M
obil-
ity, W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Em
ploy
men
t Sec
urity
Dep
artm
ent.
HO
US
ING D
avid
M. S
cott,
Cha
irman
. Mem
ber
of th
e K
ing
Cou
nty
Des
ign
Com
mis
sion
, mem
ber
of th
e B
oard
of D
irect
ors
ofth
e A
mer
ican
Inst
itute
of A
rchi
tect
s, a
nd c
hairm
an o
f the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Arc
hite
ctur
e, W
oshi
ngto
n S
tate
Uni
vers
ity.
Jam
es R
. Clic
kFor
mer
mem
ber
of th
e M
ount
lake
Ter
-ra
ce C
ity C
ounc
il an
d fo
rmer
cha
irman
of t
he S
outh
wes
tS
noho
mis
h C
ount
y R
egio
nal P
lann
ing
Cou
ncil.
The
Rev
eren
d Jo
hn H
. Ada
ms
On
July
1, 1
968,
Mr.
Ada
ms
term
inat
ed h
is m
embe
rshi
p on
the
Urb
an A
ffairs
Cou
ncil
to a
ccep
t a p
ositi
on in
Los
Ang
eles
, Cal
iforn
ia.
The
Hon
orab
le P
hylli
s La
mph
ereC
hairm
an o
f the
Sea
t-tle
City
Cou
ncil
Pla
nnin
g C
omm
ittee
, for
mer
Vic
e-pr
esi-
dent
of F
orw
ard
Thr
ust,
and
pres
ently
Sea
ttle
City
Cou
n-ci
lman
.R
icha
rd W
. Hem
sted
Adv
isor
y m
embe
r of
the
Gov
er-
nor's
For
m L
abor
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
, lia
ison
for
publ
icse
rvic
e de
part
men
t of S
tate
gov
ernm
ent,
and
pres
ently
the
Lesa
l Ass
ista
nt to
Gov
erno
r D
anie
l J. E
vans
.W
illia
m G
. Sal
ineF
orm
er E
xec'
itve
Dire
ctor
for
Tac
oma-
Pie
rce
Cou
nty
Opp
ortu
nity
and
Dev
elop
men
t, in
c., f
orm
erP
lann
ing
Dire
ctor
for
the
Tac
oma
Dep
ortm
ent o
f Urb
anR
enew
al, a
nd p
rese
ntly
Sup
ervi
sor
of C
omm
unity
Affa
irsfo
r th
e W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Pla
nnin
g an
d C
omm
unity
Af-
fairs
Age
ncy.
HE
ALT
H C
AR
E
Mer
l* W
. Haf
fner
, Cha
irman
. Cha
irman
of t
he E
nviro
n-m
enta
l Tas
k F
orce
Com
mitt
ee o
f the
Gov
erno
r's C
ompr
e-he
nsiv
e H
ealth
Pla
nnin
g C
ounc
il, B
oard
mem
ber
of S
po-
kane
Cou
nty
Com
preh
ensi
ve H
ealth
Cou
ncil,
and
form
erch
airm
an a
nd le
cde
of th
e W
orld
Foo
d C
onfp
ron"
,_ba
rs. r
t. n.
'Bet
ty)
Hor
neC
hairm
an o
f the
Hum
an R
ela-
tions
Com
mitt
ee o
f the
Was
hing
ton
Con
gres
s of
Par
ents
i'nd
Tea
cher
s, c
hairm
an o
f the
Cow
litz
Cou
nty
Adv
isor
yC
omm
ittee
to th
e D
epar
tmen
t of P
ublic
Ass
ista
nce,
and
form
er m
embe
r of
the
YW
CA
Nat
iona
l Sta
ff of
Indi
a,B
urm
a, P
akis
tan,
and
Cey
lon.
The
Rev
eren
d M
ine°
Kat
ogiri
--V
ice-
pres
iden
t of t
he S
eat-
tle P
lann
ing
and
Red
evel
opm
ent C
ounc
il, 2
nd V
ice-
pres
i-de
nt o
f the
Sea
ttle
Urb
an le
ague
, and
mem
ber
of th
eW
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
to th
e U
nite
dS
tate
s C
ivil
Rig
hts
Com
mis
sion
.T
he H
onor
able
Dav
id H
. Rod
gers
For
mer
mem
ber
of th
eS
poka
ne C
ity C
ounc
il an
d pr
esen
tly M
ayor
of s
he c
ity o
fS
poka
ne.
Dr.
Ric
hard
H. S
lavi
nFor
mer
Spe
cial
Ass
ista
nt to
the
Gov
erno
r of
Wes
t Virg
inia
, Sta
te C
oord
inat
or fo
r W
ash-
ingt
on S
tate
Com
preh
ensi
ve H
ealth
Pla
nnin
g, M
odel
Cit-
ies
Coo
rdin
ator
for
Gov
erno
r E
vans
, and
pre
sent
ly D
irec-
tor
of th
e W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Pla
nnin
g an
d C
omm
unity
Affa
irs A
genc
y.D
r. T
hom
as A
nder
son-
-Ass
ista
nt D
irect
or, O
ffice
of P
lan-
ning
and
Eva
luat
ion,
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth.
Fra
nk D
. Bak
erC
hief
, Com
preh
ensi
ve H
ealth
Pla
nnin
gS
ectio
n, W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Pla
nnin
g an
d C
omm
unity
Af-
fairs
Age
ncy.
ED
UC
AT
ION
Rob
ert C
. And
erso
n, C
hairm
an. M
errie
r of
the
Eve
rett
Sch
ool B
oard
and
cha
irman
of t
he E
vere
tt A
dvis
ory
Cou
n-ci
l to
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te B
oard
Aga
inst
Dis
crim
inat
ion,
and
pres
ently
Per
sonn
e! O
ffice
r fo
r th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Was
hing
ton.
Fra
nk H
onaw
aitL
--F
orm
er p
rinci
p,-I
of G
arfie
ld H
igh
Sch
ool,
form
er c
onsu
ltant
to th
e ln
terg
roup
Rel
atio
ns D
e-po
rtm
ent o
f the
Sea
ttle
Pub
lic s
choo
ls, a
nd p
rese
ntly
prin
cipa
l of F
rank
lin H
igh
Sch
ool,
Sea
ttle.
The
Ver
y R
ever
end
John
A. F
itter
erF
orm
er c
hairm
an o
fth
e W
ashi
ngto
n C
ounc
il of
the
Nat
iona
l :ou
ncil
on C
rime
and
Del
inqu
ency
and
form
er V
ice-
pres
iden
t of I
ndep
end-
ent C
olle
ges
of W
ashi
ngto
n. P
resi
dent
of S
eattl
e U
nive
r-si
ty. V
ice-
chai
rman
of t
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il.M
rs. F
red
(Hel
en)
Rod
keM
embe
r of
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te B
oard
of E
duca
tion,
form
er m
embe
r of
Pre
side
nt J
.F
. Ken
nedy
's P
anel
of C
onsu
ltant
s on
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
-tio
n, a
nd fo
rmer
pre
side
nt o
f the
Nat
iona
l Sch
ool B
oard
sA
ssoc
iatio
n.M
rs. A
lber
t (R
ober
ta)
Bar
rFor
mer
mem
ber
of th
e W
ash-
ingt
on S
tate
Boa
rd A
gain
st D
iscr
imin
atio
n an
d pr
esen
tlyV
ice-
Prin
cipa
l of F
rank
lin H
igh
Sch
ool,
Sea
r ie
.D
avid
W. P
eyto
nFor
mer
mem
ber
of P
resi
dent
Dw
ight
D. E
isen
how
er's
Whi
te H
ouse
sta
ff an
d pr
esen
tly th
eP
lann
ing
and
Pro
gram
Ass
ista
nt to
Gov
erno
r D
anie
l .1.
Eva
ns.
TH
E P
HY
SIC
AL
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
Lang
don
S. S
imon
s, J
r., C
hairm
an. C
hairm
an o
f the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te P
lann
ing
Adv
isor
y C
ounc
il, p
resi
dent
of
Des
ign
for
Was
hing
ton,
and
pre
side
nt o
f the
Fou
ndat
ion
for
Env
ironm
enta
l Des
ign.
Kin
g F
. Col
eVol
unte
er s
ecre
tary
of t
he A
ssoc
iatio
ns fo
ra
Bet
ter
Com
mun
ity (
AB
C),
mem
ber
of th
e B
oard
of T
rus-
tees
for
Des
ign
for
Was
hing
ton,
and
pre
sent
ly E
xecu
tive
Sec
reto
ry o
f Spo
kane
Unl
imite
d, In
c.C
arte
r A
. Wat
sonF
orm
er B
ellin
gham
City
Cou
ncilm
an,
chai
rman
of t
he B
ellin
gham
Pla
nnin
g C
omm
issi
on, a
ndpr
esen
tly m
anag
er o
f mar
ket D
evel
opm
ent,
Bel
lingh
amD
ivis
ion,
Geo
rgia
Pac
ific
Cor
pora
tion.
The
Hon
orab
le R
onal
d L
Hen
dryM
embe
r of
the
Was
h-in
gton
Sta
te J
udic
ial C
ounc
il, m
embe
r of
the
Boa
rd o
fD
irect
ors
of T
acom
a-P
ierc
e C
ount
y O
ppor
tuni
ty a
nd D
e-ve
lopm
ent,
Inc.
, and
Pie
rce
Cou
nty
Pro
secu
ting
Atto
rney
.T
he H
onor
able
J. D
. Bra
man
Mem
ber
of th
e ad
viso
ryC
ounc
il of
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Con
fere
nce
of M
ayor
s, m
em-
ber
of th
e E
xecu
tive
Com
mitt
ee o
f the
Not
iona
l Lea
gue
ofC
ities
, cha
irman
of t
he N
otio
nal L
eagu
e of
Citi
es C
omm
it-te
e on
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
and
Com
mun
icat
ion,
and
May
or o
fth
e ci
ty o
f Sea
ttle.
Cha
rles
E. R
obin
sonM
embe
r of
the
Con
stitu
tiona
l Rev
i-si
on C
omm
ittee
and
Ass
ista
nt S
ecre
tary
of S
tate
. For
mer
Spe
cial
Age
nt w
ith th
e F
eder
al B
urea
u of
Inve
stig
atio
n.R
. Phi
lip C
lark
Rec
reat
ion
Res
ourc
e S
peci
alis
t for
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te ln
tera
genc
y C
omm
ittee
for
Out
door
Rec
reat
ion.
Cha
rles
0. M
orga
nMem
ber
of th
e A
mer
ican
New
spa-
per
Rep
rese
ntat
ives
Boa
rd a
nd p
ublis
her
of th
e E
ast S
ide
Jour
nal (
Kirk
land
).E
rnes
t Dra
pele
On
Apr
il 12
, 196
8, M
r. D
rape
la te
rmi-
nate
d hi
s m
embe
rshi
p on
the
Urb
an A
ffairs
Cou
ncil
toac
cept
a p
ositi
on in
Eug
ene,
Ore
gon.
NO
N-U
RB
AN
SE
CT
OR
Phi
lip E
. Wai
nsco
tt, C
hairm
an. F
orm
er m
embe
r of
the
Wat
ervi
lle C
ity C
ounc
il, p
resi
dent
of t
he W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Cro
p Im
prov
emen
t Ass
ocia
tion
and
mem
ber
or th
e W
ater
-vi
lle S
choo
l Boa
rd.
Will
iam
B. B
onne
ttRet
ired
Ass
ista
nt D
ivis
ion
Man
ager
of P
uget
Sou
nd P
ower
and
Lig
ht C
ompa
ny.
Sta
nton
W. N
ystr
omM
embe
r of
the
Boa
rd o
f Dire
ctor
sof
the
Cla
rk-S
korn
ania
Dev
elop
men
t Cor
pora
tion,
and
mem
ber
of th
e C
lark
Cou
nty
Com
mitt
ee o
n S
choo
l Dis
tric
tO
rgan
izat
ion.
The
Hon
orab
le L
enor
e M
. Lam
bert
Cha
irman
of t
heY
akim
a C
ount
y H
ealth
Boa
rd, m
embe
r of
the
Boa
rd o
f
the
Nat
iona
l Cou
ncil
of A
lcoh
olis
m, a
nd Y
okim
o C
ityC
ounc
ilman
.D
onal
d M
oosF
orm
er m
embe
r of
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
teH
ouse
of R
epre
sent
ativ
es, m
embe
r of
the
Gov
erno
r's A
d-vi
sory
Cou
ncil
on c
orm
Lab
or, a
nd p
rese
ntly
Dire
ctor
of
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te D
epor
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re.
John
C. F
ortle
y--A
ssoc
iate
Dire
ctor
of t
he W
ashi
ngto
nS
tate
Offi
ce o
f Eco
nom
ic O
ppor
tuni
ty.
Sam
S. R
eed,
Spo
kane
, is
the
Exe
cutiv
e D
irect
or o
f the
Cou
ncil.
Mr.
Ree
d's
educ
atio
nal b
ackg
roun
d in
clud
es o
Bac
helo
r of
Art
;de
gree
in s
ocia
l stu
dies
and
a M
aste
r of
Art
s in
pol
itica
l sci
ence
horn
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
. As
Sec
reta
ry K
rom
er's
Adm
inis
-tr
ativ
e A
ssis
tant
in 1
966,
Mr.
Ree
d w
as r
espo
nsib
le fo
r m
uch
ofth
e re
sear
ch fo
r th
e 19
67 E
xecu
tive
Req
uest
urb
an a
ffairs
legi
sla-
tion.
Mrs
. Sus
an L
. Woo
dard
, Oly
mpi
a, is
the
Cou
ncil'
s se
cret
ary.
Rol
and
J. C
ole,
o H
arva
rd U
nive
rsity
Und
ergr
adua
te d
id m
uch
ofth
e re
sear
chin
g an
d w
ritin
a fo
r th
e re
port
as
a su
mm
er in
tern
.D
ee W
. Jon
es, S
eattl
e, s
erve
d as
the
Info
rmat
ion
Coo
rdin
ator
for
the
Cou
ncil.
Fur
ther
sta
ff as
sist
ance
wns
pro
vide
d by
the
exec
utiv
e se
cre-
tor.
zs o
f eac
h of
the
subc
omm
ittee
s. T
he s
ix c
omm
ittee
s us
ed o
varie
ty o
f met
hods
to d
evel
op s
olut
ions
to W
ashi
ngto
n's
urba
npr
oble
ms.
The
se in
clud
ed p
ublic
hea
rings
, for
ums,
ope
mee
tings
,to
urs.
inte
rvie
ws
with
exp
erts
, pan
el d
iscu
ssio
ns, a
nd c
lose
d se
s-si
ons
with
bot
h, e
xper
ts a
nd la
ymen
. The
sta
ff su
pple
men
ted
this
wor
k w
ith a
dditi
onal
res
earc
h.T
he s
taff
pulle
d to
geth
er th
e w
ork
done
by
the
com
mitt
ees
ino
serie
s of
dra
fts w
hich
the
com
mitt
ee m
embe
rs r
evis
ed a
ndap
prov
ed. E
ach
reco
mm
enda
tion
of a
com
mitt
ee w
as v
oted
on
byth
e fu
ll C
ounc
il. M
ost o
f the
rec
omm
encl
ario
ns w
ere
pass
ed w
ithun
anim
ity. T
his
is n
ot to
say
Tha
r al
l mem
bers
wer
e in
per
fect
acco
rd w
ith th
e fin
al r
ecom
men
datio
ns. I
t is
note
wor
thy,
thou
gh,
that
in s
pite
of t
he h
ighl
y em
otio
nal a
nd c
ontr
over
siol
nat
ure
ofth
e ur
ban
issu
es u
nder
con
side
ratio
n, a
nd th
e he
tero
gene
ity o
fth
e C
ounc
il m
embe
rshi
p, n
o m
embe
r fil
ed a
min
ority
rep
ort.
The
Urb
an A
ffairs
Cou
ncil,
in it
s ad
viso
ry c
apac
ity, t
akes
the
posi
tion
that
its
role
is to
set
goa
ts. T
he C
ounc
i! pr
esen
ts th
ese
goal
s, a
s re
com
men
datio
ns, t
o th
e G
over
nor
real
izin
g th
at h
e, h
isad
min
istr
atio
n, a
nd th
e Le
gisl
atur
e m
ust s
et p
riorit
ies
base
d on
am
ultit
ude
of fa
ctor
s in
clud
ing
budg
etar
y lim
itatio
ns.
The
Cou
ncil
also
take
s th
e po
sitio
n th
at w
ith it
s tim
e lim
ita-
tions
, its
sco
pe m
ost n
eces
saril
y be
sel
ectiv
e. T
he u
rban
affa
irsfie
ld is
vas
t. T
here
is n
o si
ngle
cau
se o
f urb
an p
robl
ems.
A
seem
ingl
y in
finite
num
ber
of in
terr
elat
ed fa
ctor
s m
ust b
e co
nsid
-er
ed. S
peci
fic a
spec
ts o
f the
pro
blem
s of
job
trai
ning
and
opp
or-
tuni
ties,
hou
sing
, hea
lth, e
duca
tion,
the
phys
ical
env
ironm
ent,
and
the
non-
urba
n se
ctor
wer
e se
lect
ed. E
och
obvi
ousl
y af
fect
sth
e ot
hers
. A p
erso
n is
jobl
ess,
for
exam
ple,
nor
sim
ply
beca
use
ther
e ar
e fe
w jo
bs a
vaila
ble,
but
als
o be
caus
e of
edu
catio
nal,
heal
th, t
rans
port
atio
n, o
r ho
usin
g pr
oble
ms,
or
som
e co
mbi
natio
nth
ereo
f. F
or th
is r
easo
n, th
e re
ader
will
find
som
e co
mm
enta
ries,
tren
ds, a
nd r
ecom
men
datio
ns r
eapp
earin
g in
var
ious
sec
tions
of
the
repo
rt.
Bec
ause
of t
his
sele
ctiv
ity, m
assi
ve p
robl
ems
like
crim
e, r
ace
rela
tions
, gov
ernm
enta
l mod
erni
zatio
n, ta
x re
form
, tra
nspo
rtat
ion
reso
urce
con
serv
atio
n, m
enta
l hea
lth a
nd r
etor
cic.
tion,
voc
atio
nal
reha
bilit
atio
n, e
t al,
whi
le c
onsi
dere
d im
port
ant,
wer
e no
t cov
-er
ed, o
r th
ey w
ere
give
n br
ief,
gene
ral c
over
age
in th
is r
epor
t.T
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il re
aliz
ed th
at th
e pr
oble
ms
of r
ace
rela
tions
, crim
e, a
nd c
ivil
diso
rder
cou
ld n
ot b
e ex
clud
ed fr
om it
sco
ncer
ns. T
here
fore
, the
Cou
ncil
crea
ted
a C
omm
issi
on o
n th
eC
ause
and
pre
vent
ion
of C
ivil
Dis
orde
r in
Apr
il, 1
968.
Som
em
embe
rs o
f the
Com
mis
sion
are
on
the
Cou
ncil,
whi
le o
ther
mem
bers
wer
e ap
poin
ted
spec
ifica
lly fo
r th
is ta
sk. B
ruce
K. C
hap-
man
, a p
rofe
ssio
nal w
riter
, and
Fra
nklin
D. R
aine
s, a
Har
vard
Uni
vers
ity u
nder
grad
uate
, pro
vide
sta
ff su
ppor
t. T
he r
epor
t of t
heC
ounc
il's
Com
m's
sion
on
the
Cau
se a
nd P
reve
ntio
n of
Civ
il D
isor
-de
r w
ill b
e re
leas
ed w
ithin
a m
onth
afte
r th
is r
epor
t.It
will
grea
tly s
uppl
emen
t the
Urb
an A
ffairs
Cou
nci!
repo
rt a
s it
prob
esm
ore
deep
ly in
to th
e pr
oble
ms
of r
ace
and
diso
rder
with
exp
osi-
tory
writ
ing
and
stat
istic
al ta
bles
.O
ver
all,
the
Urb
an A
ffairs
Cou
ncil,
its
subc
omm
ittee
s, a
nd it
sC
omm
issi
on o
n th
e C
ause
and
Pre
vent
ion
of C
ivil
Dis
orde
r di
scov
-er
ed p
ress
ing
and
som
etim
es d
istu
rbin
g ne
eds
for
chan
ge w
ithin
our
stat
e. it
bec
ame
appa
rent
qui
te e
arly
in th
e C
ounc
il's
wor
kth
at a
dvis
ing
the
Gov
erno
r an
d th
e Le
gisl
atur
e of
thes
e cr
itica
lne
eds
wou
ld n
ot b
e su
ffici
ent.
Gov
ernm
ent a
lone
can
not s
olve
Was
hing
ton'
s pr
oble
ms.
A c
omm
itmen
t to
actio
n by
bor
n th
epu
blic
and
the
priv
ate
sect
ors
is e
ssen
tial t
o ot
tain
the
satis
fac-
tory
res
olut
ion
of o
ur u
rban
pro
blem
s. T
he p
oor
and
the
disa
d-va
ntag
ed, e
spec
ially
Neg
roes
, Am
eric
an In
dian
s, a
nd M
exic
an-
Am
eric
ans,
crit
ical
ly n
eed
soci
al a
nd v
ocat
iona
l ski
lls to
be
able
toes
cape
thei
r co
llect
ive
plig
ht. T
hrou
ghou
t the
sta
te w
e fo
und
thes
e pe
ople
eag
er to
esc
ape.
Mat
eria
lly s
ucce
ssM
citi
zens
nee
dto
dev
elop
a g
reat
er s
ensi
tivity
to o
ther
rac
ial a
nd e
thni
c cu
lture
san
d to
dev
elop
an
insi
ght i
nto
the
esse
ntia
l ing
redi
ents
of v
iabl
eco
mm
uniti
es.
An
apat
hetic
citi
zenr
y ca
n on
ly r
esul
t in
a de
terio
ratin
g si
tua-
tion.
The
ans
wer
we
advo
cate
is fo
r ea
ch o
f us
who
live
inW
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
to m
ake
a pe
rson
al c
omm
itmen
t to
actio
n.
TA
BLE
OF
CO
NT
EN
TS
$JO
B T
RA
ININ
G A
ND
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITIE
Slo
b D
evel
opm
ent
Lega
l Res
tric
tions
Rel
ated
Ser
vice
sC
oncl
usio
n,
n. H
OU
SIN
GA
cqui
sitio
n an
d D
ispe
rsal
of I
nfor
mat
ion
Con
stru
ctio
nC
onse
rvat
ion
Soc
ial C
hoic
eC
oncl
usio
n
Paw
1 2 6 8 9
M. H
EA
LTH
CA
RE
19D
enta
l Car
e.
20H
ealth
Man
pow
er22
Nut
ritio
n23
.....
Esc
alat
ion
of H
ealth
Fac
ility
Cos
ts23
Add
ictio
ns a
nd R
elat
ed P
robl
ems
24T
he F
orm
Lab
orer
25E
nviro
nmen
tal S
anita
tion
26M
ater
nal a
nd C
hild
Hea
lth C
are
26D
eliv
ery
of H
ealth
Car
e S
apvi
ces
to M
inor
iyan
d Lo
w-
Inco
me
Gro
ups
27G
ener
al P
olic
y R
ecom
men
datio
ns23
Con
clus
ion
28
IV. E
DU
CA
TIO
N29
Fin
ance
s30
Org
aniz
atio
n32
Per
sonn
el36
Cur
ricul
um40
Res
earc
h42
Con
clus
ion
42
V. T
HE
PH
YS
ICA
L E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
T43
Urb
an L
ivab
ility
....
43P
rope
rty
Tax
atio
n45
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
...
48P
ollu
tion
.....
50G
over
nmen
tal M
oder
niza
tion
51C
oncl
usio
n52
VI.
TH
E N
ON
-UR
BA
N S
EC
TO
R...
..
..
53E
mpl
oym
ent
.....
54F
arm
Lab
orer
s...
.55
Edu
catio
n56
Hea
lth C
ore
....
..57
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
58Lo
w a
nd J
ustic
e58
Citi
zen
Invo
lvem
ent i
n C
ivic
Affa
irs58
Gov
ernm
enta
l Reo
rgan
izat
ion
59T
axat
ion
..
59T
he A
ged
60In
dian
Affa
irs61
Gen
eral
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.61
Con
clus
ion
......
... .
61
AC
KN
OW
LED
GE
ME
NT
S62
CH
AP
TE
R 1
JOB
TR
AIN
ING
AN
DO
PP
OR
TU
NIT
IES
I was
une
mpl
oyed
from
Dec
embe
r to
Apr
il. I
got s
ick
of it
. Iw
ent i
n fo
r a
perio
dic
inte
rvie
w. T
hey
aske
d qu
estio
ns li
ke, "
How
for
will
you
driv
er' I
sim
ply
wro
te o
n th
e ba
ck, -
ru p
ick
7pro
cks
or a
nyth
ing:
" t w
as c
oile
d T
uesd
ay to
be
empl
or in
the
proc
essi
ng p
lant
. With
the
hous
ing
situ
atio
n, h
owev
er, y
ou c
an't
lake
a jo
b an
ywhe
re u
nles
s yo
u ho
ve a
goo
d ca
r. T
his
tow
n ha
sha
d it.
Thi
s to
wn
fow
ls th
e m
inor
ity is
a s
lave
forc
e, n
ot a
tabo
rfo
rce.
'
Mow
a p
erso
n m
akes
a li
ving
is a
vita
l det
erm
inan
t of h
isin
divi
dual
and
soc
ial w
ell-b
eing
. Alm
ost e
very
per
son
feel
s th
ene
ed to
con
trib
ute
to h
is o
wn
wel
fare
thro
ugh
his
own
effo
rts.
Avi
able
soc
iety
mus
t pro
vide
an
oppo
rtun
ity fo
r ev
ery
pers
on to
fulfi
ll th
is b
asic
nee
d.E
mpl
oym
ent p
robl
ems
hcve
dra
stic
soc
ial i
mpa
ct. M
uch
of th
eal
iena
tion
of a
min
ority
per
son,
for
exam
ple,
is c
ause
d by
the
natu
re o
f his
wor
k. T
hose
that
ore
forc
ed o
ut o
f em
ploy
men
t or
deni
ed p
artic
ipat
ion
in p
rogr
essi
ve, m
eani
ngfu
l job
s fe
el a
res
ent-
men
t tow
ard
soci
ety
that
has
man
ifest
ed it
self
in r
acia
l vio
lenc
e.T
hose
mol
e m
embe
:s o
f a fa
mily
who
Can
not a
dequ
atel
ysu
ppor
t the
ir fa
mili
es fe
el a
sen
se o
f sha
me
and
inad
equa
cy th
atca
uses
som
e to
leav
e th
eir
hom
es. C
onse
quen
tly, t
heir
child
ren
grow
up
with
out f
athe
rs a
nd, m
ore
ofte
n th
an n
ot, g
radu
ate
into
the
som
e cy
cle
of u
nem
ploy
men
t, fr
ustr
atio
n an
d de
sert
ion.
Jobs
not
onl
y pr
ovid
e se
curit
y in
the
pres
ent t
o th
e in
divi
dual
,th
ey in
sure
the
futu
re fo
r so
ciet
y as
wel
l. S
ome
of th
e m
ost v
ita,
grow
th s
ervi
cesh
ealth
car
e, e
duca
tion,
hou
sing
, pla
nnin
g, a
ndod
min
istr
atio
n of
all
type
sreq
uire
trem
endo
us in
crea
ses
inm
anpo
wer
. Not
onl
y do
peo
ple
need
jobs
, but
r;!c
i job
mar
ket
need
s pe
ople
. The
gre
ates
t soc
ial b
enef
it w
ill r
esul
t fro
m b
ringi
ngth
ese
two
toge
ther
.D
urin
g A
pril,
May
and
Jun
e, th
e Jo
b T
rain
ing
and
Opp
ortu
ni-
ties
Com
mitt
ee h
eld
foru
ms
in s
even
Was
hing
ton
com
mun
ities
Tri-
Citi
es (
Pas
co),
Bre
mer
ton,
Tac
oma,
Spo
kane
, Mos
es L
oke,
Yak
-im
a, a
nd E
vere
tt.
'Tes
timon
y re
ceiv
ed a
t the
Mos
es L
ake
Job
Tra
inin
g an
d O
p-po
rtun
ities
Com
mitt
ee h
earin
g on
May
22,
196
8.
The
maj
or o
ojec
tives
of t
hese
foru
ms
wer
e to
iden
tify
prim
ary
need
s fo
r im
prov
ing
stat
ewid
e jo
b tr
aini
ng a
nd jo
b op
port
uniti
esfo
r th
e di
sadv
anta
ged,
to e
xcha
nge
idea
s, a
nd to
hea
r sp
ecifi
cte
stim
ony
in s
uppo
rt o
f ind
ivid
ual a
nd c
omm
unity
nee
ds.
The
usu
al fo
rum
form
at w
as to
hea
r an
d di
scus
s in
form
atio
npr
esen
ted
by r
epre
sent
ativ
es o
f pub
lic a
nd p
rivat
e ag
enci
es,
labo
r an
d ed
ucat
iona
l ins
titut
ions
in th
e af
tern
oon,
and
hea
r fr
ompe
ople
who
hav
e un
derg
one
trai
ning
, rep
rese
ntat
ives
from
civ
ilrig
hts
and
chur
ch g
roup
s, a
nd o
ther
inte
rest
ed c
itize
ns in
the
even
ing.
Info
rmat
ion
hear
d fr
om th
ose
in th
e af
tern
oon
ofte
npr
ovid
ed a
sho
rp c
ontr
ast t
o th
at h
eard
in th
e ev
enin
g.P
eopl
e sp
eaki
ng to
the
com
mitt
ee in
the
afte
rnoo
n se
ssio
nsin
clud
ed th
e m
ayor
s of
sev
eral
of t
hese
citi
es, C
omm
unity
Act
ion
Pro
gram
dire
ctor
s, r
epre
sent
ativ
es o
f priv
ate
indu
stry
, rep
rese
nta-
tivzs
from
all
leve
ls o
f gov
ernm
ent,
the
loca
l dire
ctor
s of
Em
ploy
-m
ent S
ecur
ity, a
nd m
ony
mor
e. T
he C
omm
ittee
als
o he
ard
alco
-ho
lism
exp
erts
, nar
cotic
s ex
pert
s, a
nd ju
veni
le o
ffice
rs.
The
sta
ff ha
s w
orke
d cl
osel
y w
ith th
e G
over
nor's
Offi
ce, t
heE
mpl
oym
ent S
ecur
ity D
epor
tmen
t, an
d th
e D
epor
tmen
t of P
ublic
Ass
ista
nce
to o
btai
n ad
ditio
nal i
nfor
mat
ion
that
was
not
pre
-se
nted
at t
hese
foru
ms.
Alth
ough
ther
e ho
ve b
een
mea
sura
ble
gain
s in
the
pers
onal
inco
me
of m
any
of o
ur s
tate
's c
itize
ns, t
he c
ondi
tions
of m
any
ofou
r ci
tizen
spar
ticul
arly
man
y S
tock
s, M
exic
an-A
mer
ican
s, a
ndA
mer
ican
Indi
ansi
s on
e of
dep
rivat
ion
and
hope
less
ness
.T
he r
easo
n to
r th
is c
ondi
tion
lies
in th
ree
area
s th
at n
eed
aco
ncen
trat
ed a
ttack
unem
ploy
men
t, un
dere
mpl
oym
ent,
and
lack
of e
ntre
pren
euria
l ski
lls.
Une
mpl
oym
ent i
s th
e m
ost o
bvio
us o
f the
thre
e, a
nd th
e on
eth
at th
e F
eder
al g
over
nmen
t and
priv
ate
ente
rpris
e th
roug
hout
the
notio
n ha
ve b
egun
to a
ttack
join
tly. T
he p
robl
em is
not
the
lock
of j
obs.
We
have
a r
apid
ly e
xpan
ding
eco
nom
y in
Was
hing
-to
n an
d ne
w jo
bs a
re o
peni
ng fo
ster
than
em
ploy
ers
can
fill
them
. An
acut
e pr
oble
m is
that
une
mpl
oym
ent t
ends
to b
e co
ncen
-tr
ated
, ins
tead
of s
prea
d th
roug
hout
the
com
mun
ity. I
n W
ashi
ng-
ton,
une
mpl
oym
ent c
once
ntra
tes
in c
ore
city
are
as a
nd in
isol
ated
rura
l are
as. T
he u
nem
ploy
ed u
sual
ly li
ve in
thes
e ar
eas,
and
thei
rin
abili
ty to
pay
for
inno
vativ
e pr
ogra
ms
in th
eir
com
mun
itysc
hool
s, a
dequ
ate
hous
ing,
and
suf
ficie
nt g
over
nmen
tal s
ervi
ces
tend
s to
per
petu
ate
unem
ploy
men
t.T
he c
once
ntra
tion
adds
to th
e pr
oble
m in
sev
eral
way
s. F
orin
stan
ce, t
hose
on
relie
f in
the
Cen
tral
Are
a of
Sea
ttle
mig
ht fi
ndjo
bs in
the
rapi
dly
expa
ndin
g jo
b m
arke
t in
Eve
rett,
but
they
con
neith
er a
fford
to m
ove
to E
vere
tt no
r bu
y av
aila
ble
hous
ing
ifth
ey c
ould
get
ther
e. T
hese
are
as c
anno
t sup
port
the
spec
ial
levi
es n
eces
sary
for
thei
r sc
hool
s to
dev
elop
pro
gram
s de
sign
ed
O
to r
esol
ve th
e un
ique
con
figur
atio
n of
pro
blem
s of
the
com
mu-
nity
's c
hild
ren,
so
the
youn
g gr
ow u
p un
trai
ned
and,
con
se-
quea
rly, u
nabl
e is
hol
d a
job.
The
inab
ility
to g
et to
a h
ealth
prof
essi
onal
, the
tact
that
non
e liv
e ne
arby
, mea
ns th
at m
any
peop
le b
ecom
e ph
ysic
ally
ham
pere
d in
thei
r ab
ility
to w
ork.
In th
ose
plac
es w
here
the
unem
ploy
ed c
an g
et jo
bs, a
rtifi
cial
stan
dard
s an
d di
scrim
inat
ion
by e
mpl
oyer
s co
n pr
even
t the
sepe
ople
Fro
m b
eing
em
ploy
ed. L
ack
of a
dequ
ate
educ
atio
n or
voca
tiona
l ski
lls c
on p
ose
o ba
rrie
r. L
egal
pro
blem
s, li
ke th
eth
reat
of g
arni
shm
ent a
nd th
e in
abili
ty to
be
elig
ible
for
bond
ing,
also
hin
der
the
empl
oym
ent o
f the
une
mpl
oyed
. The
nee
d fo
rsu
perv
isio
n fo
r th
eir
child
ren
keep
s m
any
mot
hers
now
rec
eivi
ngw
elfa
re p
aym
ents
from
wor
king
or
enga
ging
in tr
aini
ng p
ro-
gram
s.
It
of,
II
a-
al%
r
Vb,
F.
Clo
sely
aki
n to
the
prob
lem
of u
nem
ploy
men
t, an
d al
mos
tal
way
s pr
esen
t in
the
som
e ar
ea, i
s th
e pr
oble
m o
f und
erem
ploy
-m
ent.
Str
ictly
def
ined
, und
erem
ploy
men
t is
a po
rt-t
ime
job
or a
full-
time
job
that
pay
s le
ss th
an 5
3,00
0 a
year
. One
maj
orpr
oble
m o
f und
erem
ploy
men
t is
that
it d
isco
urag
es fu
ll em
ploy
-m
ent.
Our
sys
tem
of t
akin
g a
dolla
r of
wel
forz
aw
ay fo
r ev
ery
dolla
r of
inco
me
disc
oura
ges
peop
le o
n w
elfa
re fr
om ta
king
any
type
of a
por
t-tim
e jo
b. T
he fa
ct th
at m
any
of th
e un
empl
oyed
can
only
look
forw
ard
to b
eing
und
erem
ploy
ed d
isco
urag
es th
eef
fort
it ta
kes
to fi
nd a
job.
The
y sa
id to
vs,
"W
hy fi
ght d
iscr
imi-
natio
n, la
ck o
f tra
inin
g, tr
onsp
orto
tion
away
from
hom
e, a
nd th
eph
ysic
al e
ffort
invo
lved
for
o m
ere
S3,
000
a ye
ar?"
In a
bro
ader
def
initi
on, u
nder
empl
oym
ent b
ecom
es a
n ev
enm
ore
criti
cal p
robl
em. I
f we
defin
e un
dere
mpl
oym
ent a
s w
orki
ngat
a jo
b be
low
one
's a
ppar
ent p
oten
tial c
apab
ility
, it b
ecom
es a
prob
lem
of a
ll so
ciet
y, n
ot ju
st th
ose
of lo
w in
com
e. A
free
ente
rpris
e sy
stem
dem
ands
a c
omm
itmen
t to
the
wor
ld o
f wor
k,an
d if
such
a s
yste
m is
to fl
ouris
h it
mus
t pro
vide
an
oppo
rtun
ityfo
r in
divi
dual
s to
fulf:
;; th
emse
lves
by
wor
king
with
in it
. Thu
s,m
ake-
wor
k pr
ogra
ms,
whe
ther
in 1
938
or 1
968
ore
not t
hean
swer
. Our
soc
iety
face
s gr
ove
dom
estic
pro
blem
s in
volv
ing
popu
latio
n, u
nem
ploy
men
t, ed
ucat
ion,
hea
lth, h
ousi
ng, a
nd th
eph
ysic
al e
nviro
nmen
t. T
he u
nem
ploy
ed a
nd th
e un
dere
mpl
oyed
mus
t sha
re in
mee
ting
thos
e ch
alle
nges
, ins
tead
of b
eing
par
t of
the
chal
leng
e.T
he th
ird a
rea
of th
e jo
b pr
oble
m, a
nd o
ne r
elat
ed b
oth
toun
empl
oym
ent a
nd u
nder
empl
oym
ent,
is th
e la
ck o
f ent
repr
e-ne
uria
l ski
lls a
mon
g m
any
of W
ashi
ngto
n's
resi
dent
s. W
hile
man
y of
the
unem
ploy
ed a
nd u
nder
empl
oyed
espe
cial
ly r
acia
lm
inor
ities
and
eth
nic
min
oriti
esca
n no
w o
btai
n ca
pito
l for
the
first
tim
e to
ope
n th
eir
own
busi
ness
, the
y do
not
hav
e m
anag
e-ria
l ski
lls to
ope
rate
a b
usin
ess
with
exp
ert a
ssis
tanc
e. It
is n
otpa
rt o
f the
fam
ily n
or c
ultu
ral b
ackg
roun
d of
the
disa
dvan
tage
dto
hav
e le
arne
d ca
pita
listic
ski
lls; i
.e.,
expe
rienc
e in
sel
ling
inex
-pe
nsiv
e ite
ms,
rel
ativ
es in
bus
ines
s al
read
y, e
xper
ienc
e w
ithbu
dget
ing
and
inve
stin
g on
e's
allo
wan
ce, a
nd e
nrol
lmen
t in
col-
lege
and
bus
ines
s sc
hool
cou
rses
whe
re e
ntre
pren
eurs
hip
ista
ught
by
expe
rts.
If gi
ven
trai
ning
in e
ntre
pren
eurs
hip,
how
ever
, the
y co
uld
poss
ibly
bec
ome
man
ager
s an
d en
trep
rene
urs
in th
e O
vate
en-
terp
rise
syst
em. T
he u
nem
ploy
ed c
ould
sta
rt h
iring
the
unem
-pl
oyed
aro
und
them
an,
" th
e un
dere
mpl
oyed
cou
ld fi
nd n
ewfu
lfillm
ent i
n be
ing
th.::
;, ow
n bo
ss a
nd h
avin
g th
eir
futu
re li
mite
don
ly b
y th
eir
own
tale
nts.
The
lack
of B
lack
cap
italis
m, I
ndia
nca
pita
lism
, and
Mex
ican
-Am
eric
an c
apita
lism
is a
sho
rtco
min
gW
ashi
ngto
n m
ust b
egin
to o
verc
ome.
JOB
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
In a
ny d
iscu
ssio
n of
job
trai
ning
and
opp
ortu
nitie
s, o
ne m
ust
face
squ
arel
y th
e re
late
d pr
oble
ms
of u
nem
ploy
men
t and
und
er-
empl
oym
ent.
The
pro
blem
of a
suf
ficie
nt n
umbe
r of
jobs
in W
ashi
ngto
n is
man
y-fo
ld. O
ne fa
cet i
s di
scrim
inat
ion.
The
une
mpl
oym
ent r
ate
amon
g no
nwhi
tes
is tw
ice
that
of w
hite
s. P
actic
c.ill
y al
l the
adm
inis
trat
ive
jobs
are
hel
d by
whi
tes.
Orie
ntal
s ho
ve b
een
fairl
ysu
cces
sful
, but
Indi
ans,
Mex
ican
-Am
eric
ans,
and
Neg
roes
con
.N
NW
, to
face
job
disc
rimin
atio
n in
man
y ar
eas
of th
e st
ate.
The
elim
inat
irm o
f dis
crim
inat
ion
does
not
req
uire
sw
eepi
ng c
hang
esin
our
eco
nom
y or
mas
sive
; add
ition
s to
our
gov
ernm
enta
l age
n-ci
es. I
t con
be
acco
mpl
ishe
d on
ly if
the
will
to d
o so
con
be
gene
rate
d. T
he le
ader
ship
mus
t com
e fr
om th
e em
ploy
er c
omm
u-ni
ty o
f Was
hing
ton
stat
e.O
bvio
usly
the
Str
e.T
. can
not s
impl
y ou
tlaw
dis
crim
inat
ion
with
-ou
t enf
orce
men
t, an
d to
enf
orce
suc
h o
tow
in e
very
bus
ines
sth
roug
hout
the
stat
e is
a m
assi
ve ta
sk. Y
et, o
ne p
lace
whe
re th
eS
tate
con
mak
e su
re n
o di
scrim
inat
ion
exis
ts is
whe
re th
e S
tate
acts
as
the
dire
ct o
r in
dire
ct e
mpl
oyer
. The
Sta
te is
the
indi
rect
empl
oyer
in c
ontr
actu
al a
rran
gem
ents
with
priv
ate
indu
stry
, and
perm
its e
mpl
oym
ent w
hen
licen
sing
cer
tain
bus
ines
ses.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
te r
equi
re, i
n de
alin
g w
ith p
rivat
ebu
sine
sses
whe
re c
ontr
actu
al a
nd li
cens
ing
arra
ngem
ents
are
inef
fect
, vig
orou
s en
forc
eam
mt o
f ant
i-dis
crim
inat
ion
law
s.
Man
y ef
fort
s to
dev
elop
jobs
for
the
hard
-cor
e cn
empl
oyed
have
faile
d. Q
uite
ofte
n th
e m
en o
r w
omen
onl
y la
st fo
r a
shor
ttim
e be
fore
they
eith
er q
uit o
r or
e fir
ed. T
his
patte
rn c
ause
s m
any
empl
oyer
s to
bec
ome
relu
ctan
t to
hire
them
. It h
as b
een
foun
d,ho
wev
er, t
hat w
hen
empl
oyer
s an
d su
perv
isor
y pe
rson
nel o
retr
aine
d to
wor
k w
ith th
e ha
rd-c
ore
unem
p:oy
ed, t
he r
ecor
d of
rete
ntio
n im
prov
es c
onsi
dera
bly.
In m
any
case
s, c
ultu
ral d
iffer
-en
ces
prev
ent t
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f goo
d ra
ppor
t and
, con
se-
quen
tly, c
ouse
em
ploy
er/e
mpl
oyee
mis
unde
rsta
ndin
gs. T
hese
con
be r
esol
ved
with
effe
ctiv
e ed
ucat
iona
l pro
gram
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
trai
ning
in e
mpl
oyin
g th
e ha
-d-c
ore
un-
empl
oyed
be
give
n to
pub
lic a
nd p
r:va
tip e
mpl
oyer
s an
d su
perv
i-so
ry p
erso
nnel
by
such
org
aniz
atio
ns a
s co
mm
unity
col
lege
s an
dM
a N
atio
nal A
llian
ce o
f Bus
ines
smen
.
Ofte
n, h
owev
er c
ompa
nies
, par
ticul
arly
sm
all b
usin
esse
s,ca
nnot
affo
rd to
sen
d th
eir
supe
rvis
ors
to s
choo
l to
rece
ive
such
trai
ning
. The
refo
re, t
he tr
aini
ng m
ust b
e of
fere
d in
flex
ible
pro
-
gram
s th
at, f
or e
xam
ple,
cou
ld b
e gi
ven
crt t
he p
lace
of b
usin
ess.
Ano
ther
maj
or jo
b de
velo
pmen
t pro
blem
is th
e ne
ed fo
r m
ore
entr
y-le
vel p
ositi
ons.
Too
ofte
n th
e jo
bs th
at a
re o
ffere
d de
man
dpr
ior
trai
ning
and
prio
r ex
perie
nce.
As
such
, we
need
add
ition
alap
pren
tices
hip
oppo
rtun
ities
, mor
e pa
rapr
ofes
sion
als
in a
ll th
epr
ofes
sion
s, a
nd m
ore
on-t
he-jo
b tw
inin
g pr
ogra
ms.
A le
arni
ng
2Or
SO
CIO
EC
ON
OM
IC P
RO
FIL
ES
*N
ON
WH
ITE
RA
CIA
L G
RO
UP
S,W
AS
HIN
GT
ON
: 196
0
20
z
WH
IT!
fig N
ISI
.1.A
P11
01,M
O A
MA
.
ro
fOU
CA
NO
Noc
curA
tion
INC
OM
E
posi
tion
both
sat
isfie
s th
e im
med
iate
nee
d fo
r em
ploy
men
t and
prov
ides
the
best
job
trai
ning
exp
erie
nce.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Gov
erno
r an
d th
e Le
gisl
atur
e pr
ovid
ein
cent
ives
to in
dust
ry fo
r m
ore
on-t
he-jo
b tr
aini
ng, s
uch
as p
ossi
-bl
e ta
x cr
edits
, and
str
aigh
t pay
men
t for
inst
ruct
ion
cost
s.
Whe
n th
e ha
rd-c
ore
unem
ploy
ed a
nd u
nder
empl
oyed
citi
zens
find
wor
k at
the
low
est e
ntry
leve
l,it
is e
ssen
tial t
hat w
hen
mer
ited,
they
be
prov
ided
upw
ard
mob
ility
. Unf
ortu
nate
ly, t
hem
ovem
ent i
s of
ten
late
ral a
nd m
en a
re fo
und
still
wor
king
at t
helo
wes
t lev
el a
fter
year
s of
em
ploy
men
t. It
is im
port
ant t
hat t
his
prob
lem
be
atta
cked
.
TR
EN
DS
IN O
CC
UP
AT
ION
AL
ST
AT
US
: MA
LE L
AB
OR
FO
RC
E*
NO
NW
HIT
E R
AC
IAL
GR
OU
PS
, WA
SH
ING
TO
N: 1
940
TO
196
0
PR
OF
ES
SIO
NA
L, T
EC
HN
ICA
L,E
TC
. WO
RK
ER
S30 25 20 10 5 0
,- -
....
-"A ...
.C
HIN
ES
E,,,I _ /
-'-
1/
I-
Il'
_WH
ITE
-~
JAP
AN
ES
E,
/".
/,.-
I, '
.....,
.....'
NE
OP
0-.
A.,
N.0
1.A
.N...
..""
....
-...
"..
.... F
ILIP
INO
1
30 25 20 IS 10 5 0
MA
NA
GE
RS
, OF
FIC
IALS
AN
D P
RO
PR
IET
OR
S*
F
44E
1.1
!AC
.*I I
..,04
......
`a
L....
......
"....
\ ,C
HIN
ES
E-
s,-.
- h....
./JA
PA
NE
SE
......
..\ ..r,
......
.... ...
......
....,
.--
-W
HIT
EN
....
--m
i -
-
...,,N
FO
RO ...
:=21
/.-
IND
IAN
./F
ILIP
INO
'''.
1940
1950
1960
1940
*011
111.
110/
1 14
.....
OF
401
AN
D 0
71
1950
1960
The
rur
al a
reas
and
cor
e ci
ty a
reas
hav
e a
prob
lem
of j
oblo
catio
r. It
doe
s no
goo
d fo
r th
e un
empl
oyed
in P
asco
or
Spo
-
kane
to k
now
that
num
erou
s jo
bs a
re o
peni
ng in
Eve
rett.
Ifit
caus
es th
em to
mov
e an
d ad
d to
the
tide
of u
ntra
ined
and
unem
ploy
ed in
our
citi
es, i
t hes
a n
egat
ive
impa
ct in
Was
hing
ton.
We
have
not
giv
en e
noug
h at
tent
ion
to b
ringi
ng jo
bs to
the
peop
le r
athe
r th
an b
ringi
ng th
e pe
ople
to jo
ts. T
his
can
be d
one
in s
ever
al w
ays.
The
firs
t way
is to
loca
te e
ssen
tial g
o%,e
rnm
enta
l age
ncie
s in
targ
et a
reas
of u
nem
ploy
men
t and
und
erem
ploy
men
t. S
uch
agen
-de
s co
uld
then
hire
dire
ctly
from
the
area
and
hel
p to
rel
ieve
the
prob
lem
. How
ever
, whe
ther
loca
ted
in a
dep
ress
ed a
rea
or n
ot,
loca
l gov
ernm
ent s
houl
d be
one
age
ncy
invo
lved
in th
is p
robl
em.
Loca
l gov
ernm
ents
, how
ever
, lac
k th
e ne
cess
ary
finan
cial
re-
sour
ces.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
cou
nty
and
mun
icip
al g
over
nmen
ts r
e-ce
ive
stat
e fu
nds
to c
reat
e po
sitiv
e an
d ef
fect
ive
prog
ram
s to
empl
oy a
nd tr
ain
the
disa
dvan
tage
d.
The
sec
ond
is to
enc
oura
ge p
rivat
e in
dust
ry to
loca
te in
suc
har
eas.
Thi
s ca
n be
don
e in
a v
arie
ty o
f way
s. T
he a
ppro
pria
tego
vern
men
tal a
genc
y ca
n re
mov
e zo
ning
res
tric
tions
or
add
tax
and
subs
idy
ince
ntiv
es. T
rans
port
atio
n ro
utes
can
be
chan
nele
dso
that
bus
ines
ses
can
prof
itabl
y se
ll fr
om th
ese
area
s.In
ord
er to
enc
oura
ge in
dust
ry to
loca
te in
non
- in
dust
rial
plac
es, t
hese
are
as m
ust h
ave
the
help
of l
ac:a
l and
sta
te g
over
n-m
ent.
In lo
cal g
over
nmen
t, th
e po
rt d
istr
ict i
s on
e ty
pe o
f gov
ern-
men
t tha
t cou
ld h
elp
attr
act b
usin
esse
s. Y
et, i
n m
any
area
s so
man
y po
rt d
istr
icts
exi
st th
at n
o on
e is
big
eno
ugh
to d
o an
effe
ctiv
e jo
b. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
cons
olid
atio
n of
exi
stin
g po
rt d
istr
icts
whe
reth
ere
has
been
an
unre
ason
able
pro
lifer
atio
n in
ord
er to
max
i-m
ize
t'ne
poss
ibili
ty o
f ind
ustr
ial p
rom
otio
n.
Sta
te g
over
nmen
t cou
ld h
elp
thro
ugh
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
-m
erce
and
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mer
ce a
nd E
co-
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent h
ave
a un
it th
at w
ould
ass
ist n
on-in
dust
rial
area
s (i.
e., r
ural
or
core
city
are
as)
gain
eco
nom
ic in
depe
nden
ce.
Fin
ally
, we
can
wor
k to
dev
elop
jobs
am
ong
the
disa
dvan
-ta
ged
peop
le th
emse
lves
. Tra
inin
g an
d ca
pita
l far
bot
h in
divi
dual
i
1 + 1
STA
TE
OF
WA
SHIN
GT
ON
UN
EM
PLO
YM
EN
T T
OT
ALS
and
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
SA
NN
UA
L A
VE
RA
GE
, 196
7, IN
SE
LEC
TE
D A
RE
AS
and
com
mun
ity b
usin
esse
s, s
tore
s, a
nd b
anks
is a
n ef
ficie
nt a
ndfa
r-re
achi
ng w
ay to
pro
vide
mea
ning
ful e
mpl
oym
ent f
or th
e un
-em
ploy
ed a
nd th
e un
dere
mpl
oyed
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Com
mer
ce a
nd E
co-
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent t
ake
a st
rong
, effe
ctiv
e ro
le in
wor
king
with
the
priv
ate
sect
or to
ass
ist i
n th
e de
velo
pmen
t of e
ntre
pren
euria
lsk
ills
and
busi
ness
es a
mon
g m
inor
ity r
acia
l gro
ups
in W
ashi
ng-
ton.
LEG
AL
RE
ST
RIC
TIO
NS
Lega
l res
tric
tions
pos
e a
form
idab
le p
robl
em to
the
hard
-cor
eun
empl
oyed
. Man
y pe
ople
in th
is s
tate
are
will
ing
to w
ork
and
have
jobs
offe
red
to th
em. O
bsta
cles
suc
h as
bon
ding
req
uire
-m
ents
, gar
nish
men
t of w
ages
, and
the
law
s su
rrou
ndin
g th
ehi
ring
and
use
of y
oung
peo
ple,
how
ever
, inh
ibit
the
acqu
isiti
onan
d/or
pur
suit
of e
mpl
oym
ent.
Man
y le
gal b
arrie
rs a
re c
ount
er-
prod
uciv
e an
d sh
ould
be
revi
sed
both
to s
atis
fy th
eir
orig
inal
purp
ose
and
to c
ease
to a
ct a
s a
hind
ranc
e to
the
hirin
g of
the
unem
ploy
ed.
Man
y pe
ople
can
not w
ork
in c
erta
in jo
bs b
ecau
se n
o fin
anci
alin
stitu
tion
is w
illin
g to
bon
d th
em. E
ither
they
hav
e be
en a
cre
dit
risk
or h
ave
som
ethi
ng d
etrim
enta
l on
thei
r pe
rson
al r
ecor
d. T
his
need
not
hap
pen.
Met
ropo
litan
are
as li
ke L
os A
ngel
es h
ave
ex-
perim
ente
d ve
ry s
ucce
ssfu
lly w
ith p
ublic
bon
ding
uni
ons
for
thes
epe
ople
. Suc
h un
ions
cou
ld b
e fo
rmed
her
e ea
sily
and
with
littl
eco
st. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Em
ploy
men
t Sec
urity
be p
rovi
ded
fund
s an
d w
ork
with
the
Sta
te B
anki
ng A
ssoc
iatio
nto
cre
ate
a pr
ogra
m to
pro
vide
bon
ds fo
r th
ose
who
hav
e be
enpr
even
ted
from
wor
king
.
Ano
ther
ser
ious
pro
blem
is p
osed
by
our
garn
ishm
ent l
aws.
Und
er th
e ga
rnis
hmen
t pro
cedu
re, a
cre
dito
r ca
n re
quire
the
empl
oyer
of h
is d
ebto
r to
with
hold
mos
t of t
he d
ebto
r's w
ages
and
have
them
pai
d ov
er to
the
cred
itor
to s
atis
fy h
is d
ebt.
Inth
is s
tate
, the
cre
dito
r ca
n ha
ve th
e de
btor
's w
ages
with
held
eve
npr
ior
to o
btai
ning
a c
ourt
judg
men
t tha
t the
deb
t is
actu
ally
owin
g. T
his
prov
ides
the
cred
itor
with
eno
rmou
s le
vera
ge o
ver
his
debt
or w
ho u
sual
ly is
a w
age
earn
er b
uyin
g m
erch
andi
se o
n tim
ean
d w
ho h
as n
o sa
ving
s to
fall
back
on
pend
ing
a de
term
inat
ion
of w
heth
er th
e am
ount
cla
imed
is a
ctua
lly o
win
g. O
ften
the
rr
:37
400
debt
or is
forc
ed to
pay
wha
teve
r th
e cr
edito
r cl
aim
s is
ow
ing
plus
cost
s an
d at
torn
ey's
fees
with
out e
ver
havi
ng a
cou
rt c
onsi
der
the
mat
ter,
sin
ce th
is is
the
only
way
he
will
be
able
to o
btai
n hi
sw
ages
and
avo
id b
eing
fire
d T
hus,
our
gar
nish
men
t law
s co
m-
poun
d th
e pr
oble
ms
of th
e un
empl
oyed
and
und
erem
ploy
ed.
Em
ploy
ers
are
relu
ctan
t to
hire
and
are
qui
ck to
fire
per
sons
who
se w
ages
are
like
ly to
be
subj
ecte
d to
gar
nish
men
t and
the
ease
of o
btai
ning
a g
arni
shm
ent a
ctua
lly e
ncou
rage
s le
ss s
crup
u-lo
uc m
erch
ants
to e
xten
d cr
edit
to p
oor
cred
it ris
ks. W
hile
cre
dit
coun
selin
g an
d cr
edit
assi
stan
ce c
ould
be
mor
e w
idel
y an
dch
eapl
y av
aila
ble
to th
e po
or, l
egis
lativ
e re
form
is n
eede
d. T
here
-fo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
legi
slat
ion
whi
ch w
ill p
rohi
bit t
he g
arni
sh-
men
t of w
ages
prio
r to
the
entr
y of
judg
men
t and
the
liber
aliz
a-tio
n of
wag
e ex
empt
ions
so
that
deb
tors
wiil
be
able
to m
aint
ain
an a
dequ
ate
stan
dard
of l
ivin
g.W
e fu
rthe
r re
com
men
d an
ana
lysi
s in
dep
th b
e m
ade
by th
eS
tate
Ban
king
Ass
ocia
tion,
the
Sta
te B
ar A
ssoc
iatio
n, a
ppro
pria
test
ate
agen
cies
and
rep
rese
ntat
ives
of t
he p
oor
with
the
obje
ctiv
eof
dev
elop
ing
long
er-r
ange
sol
utio
ns fo
r th
e fin
anci
al p
robl
ems
ofde
btor
s an
d th
e po
or.
The
use
of t
ests
as
a ba
sis
for
hirin
gis
ano
ther
ser
ious
prob
lem
. The
use
of C
ivil
Ser
vice
test
s in
sta
te g
over
nmen
t, fo
rin
stan
ce, a
cts
as a
sub
tle fo
rm o
f dis
crim
inat
ion
agai
nst t
hose
inm
inor
ity c
ultu
ral b
ackg
roun
ds. T
ests
that
put
a p
rem
ium
upo
nac
quire
d kn
owle
dge
rath
er th
an n
atur
al a
bilit
y ar
e un
fair
toth
ose
who
atte
nded
poo
r sc
hool
s or
wer
e ra
ised
in a
n en
viro
n-m
ent t
hat d
id n
ot p
rovi
de in
telle
ctua
l stim
uli.
The
arg
umen
t is
not
agai
nst t
ests
per
se.
The
y ar
e a
valu
able
tool
in e
limin
atin
g ov
ert
favo
ritis
m a
nd a
ssur
ing
that
the
com
pete
nt a
re h
ired.
The
y m
ust
be c
onst
antly
re-
exam
ined
, how
ever
, to
mak
e th
em a
s fa
ir to
all
grou
ps a
s po
ssib
le, a
nd to
ass
ure
that
they
test
job
com
pete
nce
rath
er th
an s
impl
y ac
quire
d "b
ook
know
ledg
e" o
r fa
mili
arity
with
whi
te, m
iddl
e cl
ass
envi
rons
. In
any
case
, the
y sh
ould
not
be
the
sole
crit
erio
n fo
r em
ploy
men
t. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Was
hing
t-m
Sta
te C
ivil
Ser
vice
and
priv
ate
empl
oyer
s' a
ptitu
de te
sts
not b
e th
e so
le b
asis
for
em-
ploy
men
t. W
e fu
rthe
r re
com
men
d th
at b
oth
gove
rnm
enta
l and
priv
ate
empl
oyer
s re
-exa
min
e te
stin
g an
d in
terv
iew
ing
proc
edes
to e
limin
ate
cultu
ral b
ias.
Ano
ther
ser
ies
of le
gal r
estr
ictio
ns d
isco
urag
es th
e hi
ring
ofyo
ung
peop
le. M
inim
um w
age
law
s ar
e an
exc
elle
nt c
once
pt. I
nth
e ca
se o
f min
ors,
how
ever
, the
y of
ten
prec
lude
lear
ning
jobs
and
incr
ease
em
ploy
er r
eluc
tanc
e to
hire
this
age
gro
up. T
here
quire
men
t of a
writ
ten
perm
it fo
r ea
ch e
mpl
oyee
und
er th
e ag
eof
18
is s
uch
a bo
ther
that
man
y em
ploy
ers
will
not
hire
them
.T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Lab
or a
nd In
dust
ries
and
the
Legi
slat
ive
Cou
ncil
Com
mitt
ee o
n La
bor
re-e
xam
ine
the
out-
date
d ch
ild la
bor
law
s an
d gi
ve c
onsi
dera
tion
to e
stab
lishi
ngw
ork
expe
rienc
e tr
aini
ng p
rogr
ams
for
yout
h.
I
t'
Sta
te w
elfa
re la
ws
crea
te a
noth
er m
ajor
lega
l pro
blem
. Firs
t,ca
se w
orke
rs in
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Pub
lic A
ssis
tanc
e ar
e pr
e-ve
nted
by
the
lega
l def
initi
on o
f a c
ase
(i.e.
, usu
ally
onl
y th
eun
empl
oyed
) an
d th
e re
quire
d ca
se lo
ad fr
om w
orki
ng w
ith m
ost
clie
nts
afte
r th
ey a
re e
mpl
oyed
. In
mos
t cas
es, t
his
addi
tiona
lco
unse
ling
is n
eces
sary
sin
ce fi
ndin
g a
job
is m
erel
y on
e as
pect
of th
e cl
ient
's p
robl
em. A
way
mus
t be
foun
d to
ena
ble
case
wor
kers
to p
erfo
rm th
is s
ervi
ce. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Pub
lic A
ssis
tanc
est
udy
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f cha
ngin
g st
ate
rest
rictio
ns o
n ca
se lo
ads
to e
nabl
e co
ntin
uing
sup
port
ive
serv
ices
to th
e w
elfa
re r
ecip
ient
durin
g th
e cr
itica
l pos
t-em
ploy
men
t per
iod.
Ano
ther
lega
l que
stio
n re
gard
ing
wel
fare
is th
at o
f wor
kin
cent
ives
. A p
erso
n ne
eds
a m
inim
um le
vel o
f inc
ome
in o
rder
tosu
rviv
e, a
nd th
e st
ate
has
show
n a
com
mitm
ent t
o pr
ovid
e th
isw
hen
nece
ssar
y.F
or e
very
dol
lar
that
an
adul
t on
publ
ic a
ssis
tanc
e ea
rns,
how
ever
, a d
olla
r is
ded
ucte
d fr
om n
is fi
nanc
ial a
ssis
tanc
e. S
ince
to w
ork
invo
lves
con
side
rabl
y m
ore
effo
rt th
an n
ot w
orki
ng, a
ndsi
nce
expe
nses
of c
loth
ing,
trav
el a
nd o
ften
child
car
e m
ean
that
wor
king
may
be
far
less
pro
fitab
le th
an th
e gr
oss
sala
ry m
akes
itap
pear
, the
ded
uctio
n de
stro
ys th
e in
cent
ive
of w
elfa
re r
ecip
ient
sto
wor
k. T
he s
yste
m s
houl
d no
t ope
rate
this
way
. We
stro
ngly
urge
that
sta
te la
w a
nd r
egul
atio
ns b
e ch
ange
d to
pro
vide
ince
n-tiv
e ra
ther
than
hin
dran
ce to
wor
k.
RE
LAT
ED
SE
RV
ICE
S
Gov
ernm
ent m
ust i
mpr
ove
the
scop
e of
its
appr
oach
to th
eem
ploy
men
t pro
blem
. The
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton
has
dem
onst
rate
dth
at it
can
pro
vide
mos
t of t
he c
itize
ns jo
bs. C
onst
ant e
ffort
ove
rth
e pa
st 3
5 ye
ars,
how
ever
, has
not
pro
duce
d su
ffici
ent r
esul
tsw
ith m
inor
ities
or
cert
ain
area
s in
our
sta
te. W
e ne
ed to
try
new
and
inno
vativ
e m
etho
ds, a
nd n
ot a
llow
our
selv
es to
thin
k th
atm
ore
of th
e sa
me
will
trul
y so
lve
the
prob
lem
.
The
une
mpl
oyed
and
und
erem
ploy
ed o
ften
need
bot
h ad
vice
and
othe
r fo
rms
of a
ssis
tanc
e to
join
the
wor
ld o
f the
fully
empl
oyed
. Mot
hers
nee
d in
expe
nsiv
e da
y-ca
re fa
cilit
ies
for
thei
ryo
ung
child
ren
befo
re th
ey c
an w
ork.
Man
y pe
ople
sim
ply
need
coun
selin
g in
wha
t the
em
ploy
er e
xpec
ts a
nd h
ow th
ey c
cn b
est
perf
orm
. We
cann
ot fu
lly s
olve
the
job
prob
lem
unt
il ne
eds
for
rela
ted
serv
ices
are
met
.T
o fin
d in
form
atio
n in
any
fiel
d re
quire
s bo
th s
taffi
ng a
ndfu
ndin
g. M
any
agen
cies
of s
tate
gov
ernm
ent,
how
ever
, can
onl
yof
fer
prog
ram
s on
a d
aily
bas
is. T
he o
ne p
artic
ular
exc
eptio
n, th
eP
lann
ing
and
Com
mun
ity A
ffairs
Age
ncy,
is in
volv
ed in
long
-ra
nge
plan
ning
bas
ed o
n cu
rren
t res
ourc
es a
nd k
now
ledg
e. N
oag
ency
is p
rimar
ily c
once
rned
with
acq
uirin
g ne
w k
now
ledg
e an
dde
velo
ping
ent
irely
new
con
cept
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te L
egis
latu
re in
coo
p-er
atio
n w
ith th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
cre
ate
a "t
hink
fact
ory"
to th
or-
ough
ly s
tudy
and
doc
umen
t hum
an r
esou
rce
prob
lem
s an
d m
ake
inno
vativ
e re
com
men
datio
ns to
the
Gov
erno
r, th
e Le
gisl
atur
e, a
ndth
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
.
Our
sta
te c
an u
se s
uch
an in
stitu
tion,
as
also
rec
omm
ende
d in
Cha
pter
I, th
at c
ould
be
inde
pend
ent a
nd d
raw
on
a br
oad
spec
trum
of p
eopl
e to
wor
k on
a v
arie
ty o
f pro
blem
s.S
tate
gov
ernm
ent s
houl
d al
so h
ave
a ch
ance
to e
xper
imen
tw
ith n
ew p
rogr
ams
on a
sm
all s
cale
to a
sses
s th
eir
effe
ctiv
enes
san
d de
velo
p th
em fo
r us
e on
a w
ider
sca
le. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Gov
erno
r be
pro
vide
d an
"E
xper
i-m
enta
l and
Dem
onst
ratio
n P
roje
ct F
und"
for
the
1969
-71
bien
-ni
um to
dev
elop
new
hum
an r
esou
rce
prog
ram
s.
Act
ivity
in s
tate
gov
ernm
ent m
ust b
e ac
com
pani
ed b
y ad
e-qu
ate
disp
ersi
on o
f inf
orm
atio
n to
the
publ
ic. O
bvio
usly
, peo
ple
do n
ot g
ain
from
pro
gram
s th
ey d
o no
t kno
w e
xist
. The
y m
ust
know
wha
t is
offe
red
and
whe
re s
o th
ey m
ay ta
ke a
dvan
tage
of
stat
e go
vern
men
t ser
vice
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
an
appr
ooria
te e
xist
ing
stat
e ag
eric
f be
desi
gnat
ed a
nd fu
nded
to p
rovi
de r
oman
res
ourc
es p
ublic
info
r-m
atio
n an
d ed
ucat
iona
l pro
gram
s to
dev
elop
a b
ette
r un
der-
stan
ding
of s
ubcu
lture
s in
Was
hing
ton.
Fin
ally
, one
are
a th
at r
equi
res
imm
edia
te a
ttent
ion
is1;
19
prob
lem
of d
ay-c
are
cent
ers.
Eve
ry h
earin
g w
e he
ld in
clud
edm
othe
rs w
ho w
ould
be
wor
king
if th
ey c
ould
affo
rd to
hav
eso
meo
ne ta
ke c
are
of th
eir
child
ren
durin
g w
orki
ng h
ours
. Day
-ca
re c
ente
rs n
ow e
xist
. Com
mer
cial
cen
ters
, how
ever
, cos
t rou
gh ly
$3.5
0 pe
r ch
ild o
er d
ay. O
ther
cen
ters
exi
st th
at a
re c
heap
er, t
utno
ne a
re p
lent
iful e
noug
h. In
add
ition
, man
y of
the
mot
hers
wor
kat
odd
hou
rs a
s ni
ght c
lerk
s, w
aitr
esse
s, a
nd s
imila
r jo
bs w
hile
moa
t day
-car
e ce
nter
s ar
e op
en ju
st fr
om 8
:00
a.m
. to
5:00
p.m
.B
ecau
se w
e la
cked
the
time
to d
eter
min
e th
e ex
tent
of t
his
prob
lem
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Pub
lic A
ssis
tanc
e an
dth
e D
epar
tmen
t of E
mpl
oym
ent S
ecur
ity th
orou
ghly
exa
min
e th
epr
oble
m o
f "da
y-ca
re c
ente
rs"
in th
e S
tate
of W
ashi
ngto
n an
d ac
tim
med
iate
ly to
impr
ove
the
avai
labi
lity
of d
ay-c
are
faci
litie
s fo
rth
e lo
wer
-inco
me
grou
ps.
CO
NC
LUS
ION
Ove
r al
l, th
e C
ounc
il's
Job
Tra
inin
g an
d O
ppor
tuni
ties
Com
-m
ittee
foun
d th
at th
e em
ploy
men
t pro
blem
in W
ashi
ngto
n is
not
one
of h
avin
g fa
r m
ore
qual
ified
app
lican
ts th
an a
vaila
ble
jobs
.In
fact
, it w
as fo
und
that
ther
e ar
e m
ore
high
-leve
l job
s th
anhe
r'h
ers
are
qual
ified
app
lican
ts. A
t thi
s po
int i
n hi
stor
y, th
eref
ore,
we
afe
able
to a
ttack
job
prob
lem
s th
at a
re m
ore
subt
le a
ndco
mpi
ex, s
uch
as th
ose
of u
nder
empl
oym
ent,
the
lack
of e
ntre
pre-
neur
ial s
kills
am
ong
the
poor
, and
the
com
plic
ated
cau
satio
n of
h. -
d-co
re u
nem
ploy
men
t.T
he C
omm
ittee
str
ongl
y co
ncur
s w
ith th
e E
duca
tion
Com
mitt
eeth
at th
ere
is a
crit
ical
nee
d fo
r m
ore
rele
vant
and
sop
hist
icat
edvo
catio
nal-t
echn
ical
cou
rses
in W
ashi
ngto
n's
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
s,ad
voca
tes
that
the
prop
osed
hum
an r
esou
rces
pub
lic in
form
atio
nag
ency
mus
t gre
atly
impr
ove
publ
ic k
now
ledg
e of
the
man
yfe
dera
l, st
ate,
loca
l, an
d pr
ivat
e jo
b tr
aini
ng p
rogr
ams,
and
cal
lsfo
r m
ore
effe
ctiv
e co
ordi
natio
n of
all
job
trai
ning
pro
gram
s to
less
en d
uplic
atio
n an
d w
aste
. The
se tr
aditi
onal
app
roac
hes,
toem
ploy
men
t pro
blem
s, h
owev
er, a
re fa
r fr
om a
dequ
ate
for
mod
-er
n, u
rban
Was
hing
ton.
Was
hing
ton
citiz
ens
of b
oth
the
priv
ate
and
publ
ic s
ecto
rsm
ust n
ow r
ecom
mit
thei
r re
sour
ces
that
hav
e so
lved
the
prob
lem
of jo
b qu
antit
y to
sol
ving
the
far-
reac
hing
pro
blem
of j
ob q
ualit
y.N
ot o
nly
wou
ld o
ur s
tate
s ec
onom
y im
prov
e as
the
hum
anre
sour
ce is
mor
e fu
lly d
evel
oped
, but
als
o th
e qu
ality
and
mea
n-in
g of
indi
vidu
al li
ves
and
fam
ilies
wou
ld b
e im
prov
ed. W
eca
nnot
acc
ept a
nyth
ing
less
than
this
in o
ur S
tate
of W
ashi
ngto
n.
CH
AP
TE
R II
HO
US
ING
It is
inte
rest
ing
to n
ote
that
a g
reat
man
y of
the
peop
le w
hoar
e in
volv
ed in
the
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
ess
of a
ny g
en c
omm
u-ni
ty a
re o
ftent
imes
not
aw
are
that
ther
e is
, in
fact
, a h
ousi
ngpr
oble
mbe
it a
pro
blem
of s
anita
tion,
of u
nsaf
e st
ruct
ural
cond
ition
s, o
r ju
st d
epre
ssed
hou
sing
con
ditio
ns. O
ne o
f the
rea
-so
ns fo
r th
is is
the
rout
e fr
om h
ome
to w
ork
allo
ws
us, f
or th
em
ost p
art,
to tr
avel
in a
cha
nnel
whi
ch d
oes
not a
llow
us
to s
eebe
yond
the
edge
and
, con
sequ
ently
, we
are
neve
r ex
pose
d to
man
y of
the
prob
lem
s. A
nd, i
f we'
re n
ot e
xpos
ed to
man
y of
the
prob
lem
s, w
e as
sum
e th
at th
ey d
o no
t exi
st. T
here
is, t
here
fore
, ane
ed in
the
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton
for
publ
ic u
nder
stan
ding
of t
heho
usin
g pr
oble
m)
k).
11(
VT
?
V.
GII
E T
O
lanN
itabl
k
TO
- O
FF
ICE
,S
HO
PP
ING
CE
NT
ER
,F
RE
EW
AY
AN
DH
OM
E.
'Sta
tem
ent b
y P
rofe
ssor
Dav
id M
. Sco
tt, C
hoirm
on o
f the
Hou
sing
Com
mitt
ee, f
rom
the
first
rep
ort o
f the
Hou
sing
Com
mitt
ee, M
arch
6, 1
968.
No
aspe
ct o
f a c
itize
n's
envi
ronm
ent i
s cl
oser
and
mor
epe
rson
aliz
ed th
an h
is h
ome.
Eve
r si
nce
man
kind
beg
an, f
ood
and
shel
ter
have
bee
n th
e tw
o ba
sic
nece
ssiti
es w
ithou
t whi
ch m
anco
uld
not s
urvi
ve. Y
et, h
ousi
ng c
onst
itute
s on
e of
the
mos
t crit
ical
phys
ical
and
soc
ial n
eeds
of o
ur s
tate
toda
y. A
s su
ch, i
t des
erve
spa
ram
ount
con
side
ratio
n an
d ac
tion.
Hou
sing
is p
erha
ps th
e m
ost n
egle
cted
par
t of o
ur e
cono
my
and
our
soci
al-p
oliti
cal a
ctio
n. W
e ca
n ne
ither
tole
rate
nor
affo
rcth
is n
egle
ct. T
he q
ualit
y an
d qu
antit
y of
hou
sing
is a
mea
ning
ful
inde
x of
the
soci
al a
s w
ell a
s th
e ec
onom
ic w
ell-b
eing
of a
com
mun
ity, T
here
isa
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
the
stan
dard
sof
hou
sing
and
com
mun
ity's
atti
tude
tow
ard
its in
habi
tant
s. In
ad-
equa
te h
ousi
ng h
as a
n im
pact
on
the
attit
ude
and
capa
bilit
ies
ofa
wor
ker
and
his
abili
ty to
ret
ain
a jo
b. S
tude
nts
from
poo
rho
mes
hav
e th
e m
ost d
iffic
ult b
urde
n in
adj
ustin
g to
sch
ool.
One
's h
ousi
ng c
ondi
tions
hav
e an
ext
ensi
ve im
pact
on
his
heal
th,
sens
e of
prid
e, a
nd fa
mily
sol
idar
ity.
In a
dditi
on to
thes
e so
cial
-cul
tura
l con
side
ratio
ns, t
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il ha
d an
othe
r pr
ime
reas
on fo
r co
nsid
erin
g W
ash-
ingt
on's
hou
sing
pro
blem
. Thi
s is
the
effe
ct th
at h
ousi
ng h
as o
nth
e ec
onom
y. T
he c
onst
ruct
ion
indu
stry
is o
ne o
f the
gre
ates
tso
urce
s of
jobs
for
the
unem
ploy
ed. E
xpan
ded
cons
truc
tion
activ
-ity
, as
a la
rge
segm
ent o
f an
expa
nded
eco
nom
y, c
an m
ater
ially
affe
ct th
e lif
e of
eac
h ci
tizen
.T
he H
ousi
ng C
omm
ittee
cam
e to
grip
s w
ith th
e m
any
prob
-le
ms
of h
ousi
ng in
a v
arie
ty o
f way
s. N
umer
ous
mee
tings
wer
ehe
ld w
ith m
en w
ho p
osse
ssed
kno
wle
dge
and
expe
rtis
e in
this
field
. Som
e of
thes
e pe
ople
wer
e: L
este
r G
illis
, Pre
side
nt o
f the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
fere
nce
of B
uild
ing
Offi
cial
s; R
ay A
dam
s, D
irec-
tor
of th
e S
eattl
e H
ousi
ng A
utho
rity;
Dav
id G
uren
, Coo
rdin
ator
of
"Ope
ratio
n E
qual
ity"
of th
e S
eattl
e U
rban
leag
ue; W
alte
r H
und-
ley,
Dire
ctor
of t
he S
eattl
e M
odel
Citi
es p
rogr
am; A
ndre
w H
ess,
Reg
iona
l Dire
ctor
of t
he S
eattl
e H
ousi
ng A
dmin
istr
atio
n; C
urt P
e-te
rson
, one
of t
he s
tate
's le
adin
g yo
ung
build
ers;
and
Dr.
Art
hur
Gre
y, C
hairm
an o
f the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Urb
an P
lann
ing
at th
eU
nive
rsity
of W
ashi
ngto
n.In
add
ition
, the
Com
mitt
ee r
ecei
ved
exte
nsiv
e re
sear
ch a
ndan
alys
es o
f the
acc
umul
ated
dat
a fr
om th
e st
affs
of t
he P
lann
ing
and
Com
mun
ity A
ffairs
Age
ncy,
the
Nat
iona
l Ass
ocia
tion
ofH
ousi
ng a
nd R
edev
elop
men
t Offi
cial
s, a
nd th
e A
mer
ican
Ply
woo
dA
ssoc
iatio
n. M
any
othe
r in
divi
dual
s w
ere
cont
acte
d th
roug
h co
r-re
spon
denc
e.T
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il st
aff h
as s
uppl
emen
ted
the
info
rma-
tion
the
Com
mitt
ee g
athe
red
with
dat
a fr
om b
uild
ing
dire
ctor
san
d ho
usin
g di
rect
ors
in v
ario
us c
ities
in W
ashi
ngto
n an
d in
for-
mat
ion
on h
ousi
ng p
rogr
ams
from
sev
eral
sta
tes
acro
ss th
e na
-tio
n.
Was
hing
ton'
s gr
eate
st h
ousi
ng p
robl
em is
the
shor
tage
of
hous
ing.
The
maj
or c
ause
of t
his
shor
tage
is th
e un
prec
eden
ted
grow
th o
f thi
s st
ate
in th
e pa
st fo
ur y
ears
. Eve
n w
ith a
vera
gegr
owth
con
ditio
ns, i
t is
diffi
cult
for
new
hou
sing
con
stru
ctio
n to
keep
pac
e w
ith th
e ne
w p
opul
atio
n. W
ith th
e ex
trao
rdin
ary
grow
th th
at W
ashi
ngto
nis
expe
rienc
ingp
artic
ular
ly in
the
Pug
et S
ound
reg
ionc
ritic
al h
ousi
ng p
robl
ems
hove
dev
elop
ed.
The
se c
ritic
al p
robl
ems
can
be c
ateg
oriz
ed in
to fo
ur g
ener
alar
eas.
acq
uisi
tion
and
disp
ersa
l of i
nfor
mat
ion,
con
stru
ctio
n,m
aint
enan
ce, a
nd s
ocia
l cho
ice.
Rap
id g
row
th h
as tr
ansf
orm
edho
usin
g fr
om m
erel
y a
loca
l con
side
ratio
n to
at l
east
a r
egio
nal,
and
in s
ome
case
s, a
sta
te p
robl
em. Y
et. a
t thi
s tim
e, w
e ha
ve n
oco
ordi
nate
d in
form
atio
n on
eith
er th
e ne
eds
of r
esid
ents
in v
ar-
ious
are
as o
r on
the
activ
ities
of g
over
nmen
t and
con
stru
ctio
nin
dust
ries.
As
the
hous
ing
prob
lem
bec
omes
mor
e cr
itica
l, m
ore
info
rmct
ion
is a
ccum
ulat
ed, b
ut it
is s
till g
athe
red
and
disp
erse
dby
a v
arie
ty o
f age
ncie
s w
ith a
mul
tiplic
ity o
f mot
ives
. Coo
rdi-
nate
d in
form
atio
n an
d co
mpr
ehen
sive
atta
cks
on th
is v
ital p
rob-
lem
doe
s no
t now
exi
st in
any
mor
e th
an a
n in
form
al fa
shio
n.T
he p
robl
em o
f con
stru
ctio
n ha
s th
ree
maj
or a
reas
that
mus
tbe
res
olve
di
all W
ashi
ngto
n re
side
nts
are
to h
ave
adeq
uate
hous
ing.
Con
stric
tion
has
not p
rodu
ced
enou
gh r
esid
entia
l uni
ts,
nor
in th
e rig
ht p
lace
.: an
d in
the
right
pric
e ra
nge.
We
cann
otfa
ult t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
indu
stry
. Pub
lic u
tiliti
es a
nd tr
ansp
orta
tion
rout
es h
ave
exer
ted
a m
ajor
influ
ence
on
whe
re h
ousi
ngis
plac
ed, z
onin
g re
gula
tions
ofte
n de
term
ine
wha
t typ
e of
hou
se is
built
, and
fina
ncia
l inc
entiv
es a
nd g
ener
al c
redi
t con
ditio
ns o
ften
cont
rol t
he q
uant
ity a
nd q
ualit
y of
hou
sing
.H
ousi
ng m
aint
enan
ce is
ano
ther
pro
blem
that
pla
gues
us.
One
of t
he b
est w
ays
to r
educ
e th
e pr
essu
re fo
r ne
w h
ousi
ng is
to im
prov
e an
d m
aint
ain
pres
ent h
ousi
ng. Y
et, w
e ar
e no
t doi
ngan
ade
quat
e jo
b. W
ashi
ngto
n st
ates
taxa
tion
polic
ies
cont
ribut
eto
this
phe
nom
enon
as
they
act
ually
pen
aliz
e th
e pe
rson
who
impr
oves
his
pro
pert
y, w
hile
pro
vidi
ng r
ewar
ds to
the
pers
onw
ho a
llow
s ho
usin
g to
sit
and
deca
y. M
any
com
mun
ities
do
not
even
hav
e m
inim
um h
ousi
ng o
r bu
ildin
g co
des.
In g
ener
al, w
eha
ve to
be
muc
h m
ore
conc
erne
d w
ith m
aint
enan
ce a
nd r
esto
ra-
tion
of o
ur h
ousi
ng in
Was
hing
ton
stat
e.T
he p
robl
em a
rea
give
n th
e m
ost p
ublic
ity is
the
prob
lem
of
soci
al c
hoic
e. T
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il be
lieve
s th
at e
very
indi
-vi
dual
sho
uld
have
the
free
dom
to li
ve in
any
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d he
choo
ses.
Thi
s be
lief e
ntai
ls m
ore
than
fair
hous
ing
prac
tices
, al-
thou
gh th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent a
nd e
nfor
cem
ent o
f a s
tate
wid
e op
enho
usin
g la
w is
one
of o
ur r
ecom
men
datio
ns. I
t is
our
belie
f tha
tev
ery
indi
vidu
al s
houl
d be
abl
e to
obt
ain
clea
n an
d de
cent
hous
ing
that
he
can
affo
rd, w
heth
er h
e ch
oose
s to
live
in c
ity o
rth
e su
burb
, whe
ther
in p
ublic
or
priv
ate
hous
ing.
Thi
s co
nditi
ondo
es n
ot n
ow e
xist
. Man
y pe
ople
are
not
free
to li
ve w
here
they
ple
ase,
and
cle
an a
nd d
ecen
t hou
sing
is n
ot a
vaila
ble
toth
em w
here
ver
they
live
. The
Urb
an A
ffairs
Cou
ncil
Hou
sing
FIN
OM
PO
OM
ill
Com
mitt
ee, w
hile
it fa
vors
a to
tally
inte
grat
ed s
ocie
ty, c
hans
not
feel
this
vie
w s
houl
d be
forc
ed o
n pe
ople
any
mor
e th
an th
evi
ew o
f a s
egre
gate
d so
ciet
y, a
nd, c
onse
quen
tly, o
ur p
ropo
sals
are
aim
ed a
t mak
ing
hous
ing
avai
labl
e w
here
ver
peop
le li
ve.
AC
QU
ISIT
ION
AN
D D
ISP
ER
SA
L O
F IN
FO
RM
AT
ION
The
pro
blem
of i
nfor
mat
ion
has
thre
e as
pect
sgen
eral
citi
zen
awar
enes
s, s
tate
wid
e co
ordi
natio
n, a
nd c
once
rned
and
inno
vativ
ein
put b
y in
dust
ry. A
ll th
ree
mus
t be
fully
dev
elop
ed if
the
hous
-in
g si
tuat
ion
is e
ver
to im
prov
e fo
r al
l res
iden
ts o
f Was
hing
ton
rath
er th
an ju
st a
priv
ilege
d gr
oup.
If w
e ar
e to
sol
ve th
is p
robl
em th
roug
h co
ncer
ted
actio
n,ev
eryo
ne m
ust b
e m
ade
awar
e th
at a
pro
blem
exi
sts.
So
far,
man
y gr
oups
hav
e la
bore
d lo
ng to
con
vinc
e pe
ople
that
poo
rho
usin
g do
es e
xist
. The
pro
blem
is m
ore
than
that
. We
feel
the
need
for
an a
war
enes
s of
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f hou
sing
and
the
vario
us fa
ctor
s th
at a
ffect
it. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
loca
tion
of h
igh-
way
s in
fluen
ces
hous
ing
loca
tions
. Unf
ortu
nate
ly, h
ighw
ays
have
been
pla
nned
with
littl
e el
se c
onsi
dere
d th
an c
onst
ruct
ing
the
long
est r
oad
per
dolla
r.T
he s
econ
d as
pect
of t
he in
form
atio
n pr
oble
m is
the
need
for
stat
ewid
e co
ordi
natio
n. In
a h
ighl
y m
obile
soc
iety
, peo
ple
may
live'
and
wor
k in
pla
ces
far
apar
t. C
onse
quen
tly, w
e ne
ed to
kno
wth
e ho
usin
g ne
eds
and
hous
ing
supp
lies
of r
egio
ns o
ften
enco
m-
pass
ing
mor
e th
an o
ne c
ount
y an
d to
wns
too
smal
l to
have
thei
r
SE
AT
TLE
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
PR
OG
RA
M
SY
ST
EM
AT
IC H
OU
SIN
G C
OD
ECOMPLIANCE PROGRAM AREAS
LEG
EN
D
=1
3-10
=3
21-3
0P
ER
CE
NT
OF
sues
TA
ND
AN
D M
. NO
N-P
RO
GR
AM
AR
EA
11-2
0 C
D 3
1-O
VE
Ram
mA
Pla
smN
ON
-PR
OG
RA
M A
RE
AH
OU
SIN
G U
NIT
SM
.N
ON
PR
OG
RA
M A
RE
A (
CE
A L
AR
. PR
O
TO
PR
OG
RA
M A
RE
AS
JEC
TS
)
own
hous
ing
auth
ority
. City
and
cou
nty
info
rmat
ion
wou
ld n
ot b
een
ough
eve
n if
com
plet
e, a
nd m
any
coun
ties
have
nei
ther
the
reso
urce
s no
r th
e in
cent
ive
to m
aint
ain
a co
mpl
ete
anal
ysis
of t
heho
usin
g si
tuat
ion.
It is
ess
entia
l tha
t thi
s be
don
e, h
owev
er, i
f we
rre
to p
rovi
de a
dequ
ate
hous
ing
acro
ss th
e st
ate.
The
third
asp
ect i
s th
e ne
ed fo
r in
nova
tive
way
s to
enc
oura
gene
w te
chni
ques
and
con
cept
s in
the
hous
ing
field
. Ver
y lit
tle h
asbe
en a
ccom
plis
hed
in W
ashi
ngto
n re
gard
ing
the
use
of n
ewm
ater
ials
, the
dev
elop
men
t of n
ew c
onst
ruct
ion
proc
edur
es, a
ndth
e de
sign
of n
ew ty
pes
of h
ousi
ng. I
nnov
atio
ns d
evel
oped
toda
te a
re a
lmos
t exc
lusi
vely
dire
cted
tow
ard
hous
ing
for
the
up-
per-
mid
dle
and
uppe
r in
com
e fa
mili
es, r
athe
r th
an to
war
d lo
w-
inco
me
peop
le a
nd d
isad
vant
aged
are
as. N
o in
stitu
tion
of h
ighe
rle
arni
ng in
this
sta
te o
ffers
a d
egre
e in
hou
sing
. Onl
y on
e or
Iwo
even
hav
e co
urse
s on
the
subj
ect.
Thi
s fie
ld is
not
ed fo
r its
lack
of
cultu
ral m
inor
ities
in a
dmin
istr
ativ
e an
d pl
anni
ng p
ositi
ons.
Muc
hm
ust b
e do
ne.
In o
rder
for
our
stat
e to
giv
e co
ordi
nate
d di
rect
ion
to s
tate
-w
ide
hous
ing
effo
rts,
We
reco
mm
end
the
crea
tion
of a
sin
gle
unifi
ed h
ousi
ngag
ency
at t
he s
tate
leve
l.
Thi
s re
com
men
datio
n im
plie
s bo
th th
at a
ll th
e fu
nctio
ns d
i-re
ctly
rel
ated
to h
ousi
ng b
e pu
lled
toge
ther
und
er o
ne a
genc
y,an
d th
at th
e ne
w a
genc
y in
itiat
e th
e ne
cess
ary
activ
ity to
sol
veho
usin
g pr
oble
ms.
Eve
n be
fore
this
age
ncy
is c
reat
ed, h
owev
er,
we
need
an
info
rmat
iona
l pro
gram
to g
uide
pub
lic a
nd p
rivat
egr
oups
into
the
hous
ing
field
. The
logi
cal p
lace
to p
rovi
de th
isin
form
atio
n is
in th
e P
lann
ing
and
Com
mun
ity A
ffairs
Age
ncy,
whi
ch h
as a
lread
y pu
blis
hed
a si
mila
r su
mm
ary
of s
tare
soc
ial
serv
ices
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Pla
nnin
g an
d C
omm
unity
Affa
irsA
genc
y de
velo
p an
d pu
blis
h an
info
rmat
iona
l pro
gram
whi
chco
ntai
ns a
n in
vent
ory
of a
ll go
vern
men
tal a
nd p
rivat
e ag
enci
esw
hich
are
invo
lved
, dire
ctly
or
indi
rect
ly, i
n th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
hous
ing,
and
a li
st o
f the
alte
rnat
ive
way
s of
fina
ncin
g, d
esig
n-in
g, a
nd p
rovi
ding
hou
sing
, with
par
ticul
ar e
mph
asis
on
low
-in-
com
e ho
usin
g fo
r co
mm
uniti
es th
roug
hout
the
stat
e.
The
pro
pose
d st
ate
hous
ing
agen
cy s
houl
d in
itiat
e se
vera
lin
form
atio
nal p
roje
cts
to a
ssis
t in
the
prov
isio
n of
hou
sing
for
all
of W
ashi
ngto
n's
resi
dent
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
sta
te h
ousi
ng a
genc
y un
-de
rtak
e an
ana
lysi
s of
the
need
for
plan
ners
, coo
rdin
ator
s, d
e-si
gner
s, a
dmin
istr
ator
s, a
nd tr
ades
men
rel
ated
to th
e fie
ld o
fho
usin
g.
We
cons
ider
a p
erso
n's
hous
ing
to b
e al
mos
t as
impo
rtan
t as
his
lega
l def
ense
and
his
hea
lth.
Itis
alm
ost a
s pe
rson
al a
she
alth
, and
it a
ffect
s hi
m fa
r m
ore
ofte
n th
an h
is n
eed
for
lega
lde
fens
e. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
sta
te h
ousi
ng a
genc
y an
dth
e W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Cou
ncil
of A
rchi
tect
s, th
e N
atio
nal A
ssoc
ia-
tion
of H
ome
Bui
lder
s, th
e A
FL-
CIO
Bui
ldin
g T
rade
s C
ounc
il, a
ndth
e A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Gen
eral
Con
trac
tors
inve
stig
ate
the
pote
ntia
l of
prov
idin
g co
nsul
ting
serv
ices
to lo
w-in
com
e in
divi
dual
s, in
muc
hth
e sa
me
way
as
we
prov
ide
serv
ices
for
lega
l cou
nsel
and
for
heal
th c
are.
Our
edu
catio
nal i
nstit
utio
ns a
nd p
erso
nnel
als
o sh
ould
be-
com
e ac
tive
in th
is im
port
ant f
ield
. In
Cha
pter
IV, t
he v
alue
of
educ
ator
s' b
eing
invo
lved
is s
tres
sed.
Sta
te g
over
nmen
t can
hel
pth
em b
ecom
e in
volv
ed in
hou
sing
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
fund
s be
pro
vide
d fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
tof
exp
erim
enta
l pro
gram
s at
the
stat
e un
iver
sitie
s fo
r th
e cr
eatio
nof
hou
sing
, par
ticul
arly
the
crea
tion
of h
ousi
ng fo
r lo
w-in
com
epe
ople
.
We
reco
mm
end
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f man
agem
ent c
ours
es in
com
mun
ity c
olle
ges
capi
taliz
ing
on th
e ex
perie
nce
of th
e lo
cal
hous
ing
auth
oriti
es.
We
reco
mm
end
that
fina
ncia
l ass
ista
nce
be in
itiat
ed to
en-
cour
age
the
part
icip
atio
n of
min
ority
gro
ups
in th
e co
nstr
uctio
nfie
ld, a
s ar
chite
cts,
pla
nner
s, la
ndsc
ape
arch
itect
s, c
ontr
acto
rs,
cons
ulta
nts,
adm
inis
trat
ors,
man
ager
s of
she
lter,
and
bui
ldin
gtr
ades
men
.
We
reco
mm
end
the
intr
oduc
tion
into
ele
men
tary
and
sec
ond-
ary
scho
ols
of p
rogr
ams
that
rel
ate
and
expl
ain
urba
n de
sign
conc
epts
, hou
sing
, and
con
serv
atio
n of
nat
ural
res
ourc
es o
ne: t
hein
terr
elat
ions
hip
betw
een
the
thre
e.
In o
rder
to tr
uly
acco
mpl
ish
anyt
hing
, our
indi
vidu
al c
itize
nsm
ust b
e m
otiv
ated
to s
olve
thes
e pr
oble
ms
them
selv
es. O
ur e
du-
catio
nal s
yste
m is
the
logi
cal p
lace
to o
ffer
prog
ram
s th
at in
fuse
this
mot
ivat
ion.
Con
sequ
ently
, it i
s vi
tally
impo
rtan
t tha
t hou
sing
rese
arch
and
trai
ning
be
prov
ided
, whe
ther
und
er g
over
nmen
tal,
acad
emic
or
priv
ate
spon
sors
hip.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
the
crea
tion
of a
hou
sing
res
earc
h an
d tr
ain-
ing
prog
ram
with
sol
id s
tate
fina
ncia
l sup
port
.
Priv
ate
grou
ps c
an c
ontr
ibut
e to
the
acqu
isiti
on a
nd d
ispe
rsal
of in
form
atio
n. S
uch
grou
ps n
eed
help
, how
ever
, with
the
staf
fan
d re
sear
ch c
osts
incu
rred
in p
lann
ing.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
fund
s be
mad
e av
aila
ble
to p
urch
ase
mat
eria
ls fo
r ad
voca
te p
lann
ing
and
desi
gn g
roup
s w
ho a
rew
illin
g to
dev
ote
thei
r la
bor
to th
e pr
epar
atio
n of
spe
cific
atio
nsan
d in
stru
ctio
ns fo
r th
e m
oder
niza
tion
of a
com
mun
ity.
Exi
stin
g lo
cal h
ousi
ng a
utho
ritie
s ca
n al
so c
ontr
ibut
e. M
any
ofth
ese
are
the
fore
mos
t exp
erts
in th
eir
field
. Tw
o fa
ctor
s, h
ow.
ever
, ham
per
thei
r ef
fect
iven
ess
in h
elpi
ng W
ashi
ngto
n m
eet i
tsho
usin
g ne
eds.
One
, the
y ha
ve n
o le
gal w
ay to
com
bine
into
regi
onal
aut
horit
ies.
Thi
s m
ust b
e ch
ange
d. T
wo,
if it
wer
e le
gal,
thes
e m
en c
ould
offe
r th
eir
expe
rt s
ervi
ces
as m
anag
ers
in th
eho
usin
g fie
ld to
loca
l hou
sing
pro
ject
s du
ring
off-
hour
s. S
afe-
guar
ds w
ould
hav
e to
be
built
into
any
ena
blin
g le
gisl
atio
n, b
utth
e be
nefit
to b
e ga
ined
from
the
use
of th
is m
anag
emen
t exp
er-
tise
wou
ld o
utw
eigh
any
pro
blem
of c
hang
ing
the
law
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
auth
oriz
ing
hous
ing
auth
oriti
es to
ope
rate
regi
onal
ly a
nd a
llow
ing
them
to o
ffer
thei
r ex
pert
man
agem
ent
serv
ices
by
cont
ract
.
Fin
ally
, the
who
le p
robl
em o
f the
inte
rrel
atio
nshi
p of
man
and
his
envi
ronm
ent n
eeds
con
stan
t stu
dy in
ord
er to
insu
re th
atth
e ac
tions
of s
tate
gov
ernm
ent,
loca
l gov
ernm
ent,
and
priv
ate
indu
stry
con
trib
ute
to m
an's
wel
l-bei
ng. T
he m
ost l
ogic
& p
lace
for
a ne
w s
tudy
cen
ter
is a
new
inst
itutio
n. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
The
Eve
rgre
en S
tate
Col
lege
cre
ate
ace
nter
for
ecol
ogic
al s
tudi
es.
CO
NS
TR
UC
TIO
N
Con
stru
ctio
n is
ano
ther
maj
or p
robl
em in
the
hous
ing
area
.
Des
pite
31,
242
hous
ing
star
ts in
the
thre
e co
untie
s of
Pie
rce,
Kin
g, a
nd S
noho
mis
h in
196
7, (
roug
hly
twic
e as
man
y as
inei
ther
Los
Ang
eles
or
San
Fra
ncis
co-O
akla
nd)
hous
ing
cons
truc
tion
has
not k
ept p
ace
with
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th. I
n th
at s
ame
year
, the
need
for
hous
ing
in th
at a
rea
was
app
roxi
mat
ely
35,0
00 u
nits
.T
his
35,0
00 d
oes
not i
nclu
de th
e m
inim
um 1
0,00
0 ad
ditio
nal
units
nee
ded
for
low
-inco
me
peop
le. T
hus,
in o
ne y
ear
alon
e, th
eho
usin
g co
nstr
uctio
n in
dust
ry is
14,
000
units
beh
ind.
Nor
is s
heer
num
ber
of u
nits
the
only
pro
blem
. Hou
sing
that
has
been
bui
lt ha
s of
ten
not b
een
the
right
type
in th
e rig
htpl
ace.
In th
at s
ame
year
, 196
7, o
nly
1,20
0 of
the
31,2
42 u
nits
sold
for
less
than
$16
,000
. In
Eve
rett,
the
fast
est g
row
ing
job
mar
ket,
all o
f the
uni
ts b
eing
bui
lt ar
e si
ngle
fam
ily o
wne
rho
mes
. The
ren
tal h
ousi
ng th
at w
ould
ena
ble
the
unem
ploy
ed in
Kin
g C
ount
y an
d el
sew
here
to m
ove
to E
vere
tt an
d ta
ke jo
bs is
not b
eing
bui
lt.R
esid
ence
s ar
e no
t bei
ng b
uilt
rapi
dly
enou
gh in
the
plac
esw
here
they
are
nee
ded.
Man
y pe
ople
who
wor
k in
Sno
hom
ish
Cou
nty
mus
t liv
e in
Nor
th K
ing
Cou
nty.
K:.i
g C
ount
y is
gro
win
gsl
ower
than
Sno
hom
ish
Cou
nty;
yet
, Kin
g C
ount
y ha
s ex
perie
nced
a fa
ster
gro
wth
in h
ousi
ng s
tart
s th
an S
noho
mis
h C
ount
y.T
he S
tate
can
do
muc
h to
enc
oura
ge th
e de
velo
pmen
t of n
ewho
usin
g, p
artic
ular
ly in
low
-inco
me
hous
ing.
One
of t
he m
ost
impo
rtan
t ste
ps s
tate
gov
ernm
ent c
an ta
ke is
to p
rovi
de lo
ans
and
gran
ts fo
r ho
usin
g. T
his
coul
d be
don
e th
roug
h a
revo
lvin
gfu
nd, w
here
the
Sta
te p
rovi
des
an in
itial
gra
nt to
hel
p a
grou
pst
art,
and
then
the
grou
p w
ould
con
tinue
the
next
pro
ject
from
reve
nue
rece
ived
on
the
prev
ious
pro
ject
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
the
crea
tion
of a
sta
te le
vel m
echa
nism
for
offe
ring
loan
s, g
rant
s, a
nd r
evol
ving
fund
s fo
r co
nstr
uctio
n, r
eha-
bilit
atio
n, a
nd e
ncou
rage
men
t of l
ow-in
com
e ho
usin
g, w
ith a
$5,0
00,0
00 m
inim
um r
evol
ving
fund
app
ropr
iatio
n.
Exa
min
ing
the
expe
rienc
e of
oth
er s
tate
s w
here
sim
ilar
pro-
gram
s ho
ve b
een
succ
essf
ul h
as c
onvi
nced
us
that
$5,
000,
000
isa
reas
onab
le m
inim
um a
ppro
pria
tion.
Thi
s am
ount
is n
eces
sary
to g
et a
sta
rt in
the
hous
ing
field
but
a m
uch
larg
er a
mou
ntw
ould
be
nece
ssar
y fo
r an
y m
ajor
sta
te h
ousi
ng th
rust
.S
econ
d, s
tate
gov
ernm
ent c
an a
ctiv
ely
enco
urag
e ea
ch le
vel
of g
over
nmen
t to
adop
t sim
ilar
prog
ram
s. L
ocal
gov
ernm
ent h
asth
e po
wer
to c
onde
mn
land
. The
y co
uld
use
this
pow
er to
buy
the
land
, sel
l it t
o a
deve
lope
r of
low
-inco
me
hous
ing,
and
use
the
retu
rn to
buy
the
next
sec
tion
of la
nd. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
sta
te h
ousi
ng a
genc
y pr
o-vi
de te
chni
cal a
nd fi
nanc
ial a
ssis
tanc
e to
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
toes
tabl
ish
revo
lvin
g fu
nds
for
the
acqu
is;,i
on o
f lan
d fo
r de
velo
p-m
ent o
f low
-inco
me
hous
ing.
The
pro
pose
d st
ate
hous
ing
agen
cy c
ould
take
sev
eral
oth
erst
eps
to e
ncou
rage
hou
sing
con
stru
ctio
n, p
artic
ular
ly lo
w-in
com
eho
usin
g.
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
sta
te h
ousi
ng a
genc
y ex
-pl
ore
all p
ossi
ble
alte
rnat
ives
of m
inim
izin
g te
chni
cal a
nd fi
nan-
cial
ris
k in
volv
ed in
bui
ldin
g lo
w-in
com
e ho
usin
g.
The
maj
or r
easo
n m
ore
low
-inco
me
hous
ing
has
not b
een
built
is th
at th
e pr
ofits
are
sm
all a
s co
mpa
red
with
thos
e ex
-pe
cted
from
mod
erat
e or
hig
her
inco
me
hous
ing.
If c
redi
t con
di-
tions
cha
nge,
the
build
er is
muc
h le
ss s
ure
of r
ecei
ving
a p
rofit
than
if c
redi
t con
ditio
ns c
hang
ed w
hile
he
was
bui
ldin
g m
iddl
ean
d up
per-
inco
me
'-+
usin
g w
here
the
prof
it m
argi
n is
muc
hhi
gher
. If,
on th
e ot
her
hand
, the
bui
lder
trie
s to
;ncr
ease
his
prof
it m
argi
n, h
e m
ust u
se n
ew m
ater
ials
and
new
tech
niqu
es,
whi
ch m
ay e
ither
foil
to m
eet b
uild
ing
code
req
uire
men
ts o
rin
crea
se h
is te
chni
cal r
isk.
Som
e w
ay m
ust b
e fo
und
to m
inim
ize
this
ris
kif
we
expe
ct th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
to p
rovi
de s
uffic
ient
hous
ing
for
low
-inco
me
peop
le.
Thi
s te
ch-.
ical
ris
k in
low
-inco
me
hous
ing
can
be o
verc
ome
ifat
tent
ion
is g
iven
to d
evel
opin
g ne
w w
ays
of p
rovi
ding
low
-in-
com
e un
its. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
sta
te h
ousi
ng a
genc
y m
ake
gran
ts a
vaila
ble
to n
on-p
rofit
cor
pora
tions
for
the
deve
lopm
ent o
flo
w-c
ost h
ousi
ng u
nits
.
Man
y co
mm
uniti
es o
r or
gani
zatio
ns c
ould
ol..
.te_T
in g
rant
s fo
rbu
ildin
g if
they
cou
ld p
rese
nt a
ccep
tabl
e pl
ans,
but
they
hav
e no
mon
ey to
dev
elop
thes
e pl
ans.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
sta
te h
ousi
ng a
genc
y gi
vegr
ants
for
adva
nced
pla
nnin
g to
priv
ate
indu
strie
s, c
omm
uniti
es,
or h
ousi
ng s
pons
ors.
Oth
er o
rgan
izat
ions
, par
ticul
arly
loca
l com
mun
ities
, can
not
qual
ify fo
r fe
dera
l pro
gram
s of
aid
bec
ause
they
can
not r
aise
thei
r sh
are
of th
e m
atch
ing
fund
s. T
his
is a
n im
port
ant w
ay th
eS
tate
can
hel
p lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
te a
ssis
t com
mun
ities
, cou
ntie
s,an
d ag
enci
es, i
n ob
tain
ing
fede
ral l
ow-in
com
e ho
usin
g gr
ants
by
prov
idin
g po
rtio
ns o
f the
non
-fed
eral
fund
i:sg
requ
irem
ent f
rom
stat
e fu
nds.
The
rev
olut
iona
ry d
evel
opm
ent o
f mob
ile h
omes
may
offe
r a
key
to m
atch
ing
expl
osiv
e po
pula
tion
grow
th. A
s m
uch
atte
ntio
nsh
ould
be
give
n to
mob
ile h
omes
as
to m
ore
conv
entio
nal h
ous-
ing
and
mor
e at
tent
ion
mus
t be
give
n to
mob
ile h
omes
loca
tions
.T
here
fore
,
O
We
reco
mm
end
ti of
thi p
ropo
sed
stor
e ho
usin
g ag
ency
un-
dert
ake
cr c
aref
ul e
xam
inat
ion
of th
e im
pact
of m
obile
hom
es o
nco
mm
uniti
es; t
he c
aref
ul d
ove
;.em
ent o
f mob
ile h
omes
ites
with
resp
ect t
o de
nsity
, fire
saf
ety,
priv
acy,
org
aniz
atio
n, a
nd la
nd-
scap
ing;
and
the
exte
nsio
n of
pla
nnin
g gr
ants
and
/or
build
ing
loan
s to
indi
vidu
als
or g
roup
s ha
ving
par
ticul
ar e
xper
tise
in th
em
obil*
hom
e fie
ld.
The
em
ergi
ng c
once
pt o
f "N
ew T
owns
- m
u..?
be
give
n im
me-
diat
e at
tent
ion.
Sta
te g
over
nmen
t cnd
priv
ate
indu
stry
sho
uld
both
get
into
this
fiel
d to
take
adv
anta
ge o
f eve
ry m
eans
of
impr
ovin
g th
e liv
ing
cond
ition
s in
our
sta
te. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
tkat
the
prop
osed
sta
te h
ousi
ng a
genc
y in
coop
erat
ion
with
priv
ate
indu
stry
pro
ceed
pro
mpt
ly w
ith "
New
Tow
n" p
lann
ing,
incl
udin
g en
ablin
g le
gisl
atio
n, w
hich
will
en-
cour
age
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f com
plet
e, s
elf-
suffi
cien
t com
mun
ities
of m
ulti-
raci
al e
nd m
ulti-
inco
me
grou
ps w
here
wor
kers
can
be
clos
e to
jobs
and
urb
an c
onge
stio
n ca
n be
rel
ieve
d.
Thr
ough
out t
his
chap
ter
it ha
s be
en s
tres
sed
that
hou
sing
mus
t be
atta
cked
on
a re
gion
al le
vel.
We,
thus
, hav
e a
serie
s of
reco
mm
enda
tions
des
igne
d to
mak
e a
regi
onal
atta
ck o
n th
epr
oble
m o
f hou
sing
con
stru
ctio
n po
ssib
le.
We
reco
mm
end
that
eac
h st
ate
plan
ning
reg
ion
deve
lop
are
gion
al la
nd-u
se p
lan
and
that
it o
ffer
reco
mm
enda
tions
on
the
loca
tion
of h
ousi
ng, i
ndus
try,
and
agr
icul
ture
.
Man
y co
mm
uniti
es th
roug
hout
the
stat
e ho
ve th
eir
own
uniq
ue b
uild
ing
code
s. M
any
com
mun
ities
hav
e no
bui
ldin
gco
des
at a
ll. B
oth
of th
ese
fact
ors
mak
e it
extr
emel
y di
fficu
lt fo
rla
rge-
scal
e bu
ilder
s to
ope
rate
. Ide
ally
, eve
ry a
rea
in th
e st
ate
shou
lr.: h
ave
a bu
ildin
g co
de th
at is
bas
ical
ly u
nifo
rm, w
ith o
nly
thos
e ex
cept
ions
abs
olut
ely
nece
ssar
y fo
r th
e pa
rtic
ular
cha
ract
er-
istic
.v o
f tha
t reg
ion.
Effo
rt m
ust b
e de
vote
d to
com
ing
as c
lose
toth
is r
cine
il as
pos
sibl
e. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
legi
slat
ion
whi
ch w
ould
offe
r co
ordi
natio
n of
tons
true
rion
code
s at
the
stat
e le
vel t
hrou
gh a
naly
sis
and
revi
ewas
wel
l as
assi
stan
ce to
citi
es, c
ount
ies,
and
met
ropo
litan
are
asfo
r un
iform
min
imum
ostr
uctio
n co
des,
sta
ndar
ds, a
nd lo
cal
appe
al b
oard
s.
Urb
an r
enew
al is
now
rec
ogni
zed
as a
cau
se o
f man
y ur
ban
prob
lem
s. Y
et, p
arts
of t
he c
once
pt a
re b
asic
ally
sou
nd. T
hrou
ghst
ate
low
, com
mun
ities
are
allo
wed
to c
onde
mn
land
by
area
and
rebu
ild it
to im
prov
e th
eir
com
mun
ity. A
ny o
reo
outs
ide
aco
mm
unity
is d
enie
d th
is a
bilit
yC
onse
quen
tly, m
any
of th
e
area
s ju
st o
utsi
de o
ur c
ities
that
cou
ld b
e re
new
ed q
uite
eas
ilyan
d in
expe
nsiv
ely
are
not b
eing
ren
ewed
bec
ause
cou
ntie
s ha
veno
lega
l pro
visi
on to
und
erta
ke u
rban
ren
ewal
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
enab
ling
coun
ties
to p
artic
ipat
e in
urb
anre
new
al.
Man
y ar
eas
that
ore
now
una
ble
to a
fford
ren
ewal
pro
gram
sco
uld
do s
o if
lega
l pro
visi
ons
wer
e m
ade
for
tax
proc
edur
es.
One
suc
h pr
oced
ure
is ta
x al
loca
tion
finan
cing
(ex
plai
ned
itde
tail
in C
hapt
er V
;. T
hese
pro
cedu
res
need
ena
blin
g le
gisl
atio
n.T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
auth
oriz
ing
self-
liqui
datio
n of
cos
ts in
urb
anre
new
al a
nd fe
dera
lly a
ssis
ted
code
enf
orce
men
t are
as fo
r lo
cal
com
mun
ities
.
CO
NS
ER
VA
TIO
N
Ano
ther
maj
or p
robl
em is
hou
sing
con
serv
atio
n. M
any
hom
esin
low
-inco
me
area
s w
ere
built
ove
r 30
yea
rs a
go. S
ome
of th
epr
essu
re fo
r ne
w c
onst
ruct
ion
can
be r
esol
ved
by m
aint
aini
ng a
ndim
prov
ing
thes
e ex
istin
g st
ruct
ures
. In
the
Cen
tral
Are
a of
Sea
ttle,
for
inst
ance
, of 5
,522
hom
es, 5
,119
wer
e bu
ilt b
efor
e 19
39. T
hey
have
not
bee
n ad
equa
tely
mai
ntai
ned.
In th
e ci
ty o
f Sea
ttle
alon
e, 4
1,44
6 ho
usin
g un
its o
re s
ubst
anda
rd o
r de
ficie
nt.
Inar
eas,
suc
h as
city
cor
es, w
here
land
pric
es a
re e
xtre
mel
y hi
gh,
reha
bilit
atio
n is
ofte
n th
e on
ly w
ay to
impr
ove
hous
ing
cond
i-tio
ns. Y
et, o
nly
2,52
9 of
thos
e 41
,446
hou
sing
uni
ts in
Sea
ttle
wer
e b:
ough
t up
to m
inim
um c
ode
leve
l dur
ing
1967
.O
ur in
spec
tion
thro
ugho
ut th
e st
ate
lead
s us
to b
elie
ve th
atS
eattl
e is
not
uni
que
in th
is r
egar
d. E
very
city
has
man
y su
b-st
anda
rd d
wel
lings
, and
eve
ry c
ity w
e co
ntac
ted
need
s m
ore
code
enfo
rcem
ent o
ffici
als.
We
have
diff
icul
ty s
tate
wid
e in
con
serv
ing
exis
ting
hous
ing,
in a
dditi
on to
faili
ng b
ehin
d in
the
crea
tion
ofne
w h
ousi
ng.
Sev
eral
fact
ors
seem
to a
ccou
nt fo
r ou
r de
ficie
ncy
in h
ousi
ngco
nser
vatio
n. F
ew c
omm
uniti
es in
the
stat
e of
Was
hing
ton
have
hous
ing
or b
uild
ing
code
s, a
nd th
ose
that
do
com
plai
n th
at th
ela
ck o
f eno
ugh
code
enf
orce
men
t offi
cial
s m
akes
thei
r jo
b ve
rydi
fficu
lt an
d ne
cess
arily
inco
mpl
ete.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
sta
te h
ousi
ng a
genc
y gi
vete
chni
cal a
nd fi
nanc
ial a
ssis
tanc
e to
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
for
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd e
nfor
cem
ent o
f min
imum
hou
sing
cod
es.
In a
dditi
on, t
he p
ropo
sed
stat
e ag
ency
con
wor
k to
enc
oura
gepr
ivat
e in
dust
ry to
bec
ome
inte
rest
ed in
reh
abili
tatin
g an
d co
n-se
rvin
g ex
istin
g ho
usin
g st
ruct
ures
. The
refo
re,
W. r
ecom
men
d th
at th
e pr
opos
ed s
tate
hou
sing
age
ncy
mak
egr
ants
to q
ualif
ied
spon
sors
who
ore
inte
rest
ed in
impr
ovin
g an
dup
grad
ing
hous
ing
whi
ch h
ove
been
bui
lt be
low
Fed
eral
Hou
sing
Adm
inis
trat
ion
stan
dard
s.
Man
y of
our
nee
ds fo
r ho
usin
g re
habi
litat
ion
are
amon
gho
mes
occ
upie
d by
old
er c
itize
ns. T
hese
peo
ple
ore
ofte
n ei
ther
phys
ical
ly o
r fin
anci
ally
una
ble
to m
ake
need
ed r
epai
rs a
roun
dth
e ho
use.
Con
sequ
ently
, the
ir ho
mes
ofte
n de
terio
rate
to s
uch
ast
ate
of d
isre
pair
that
the
hous
e ca
nnot
be
used
by
othe
rs. A
lso,
this
inab
ility
to m
ake
repa
irs c
an a
llow
hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y ho
z-ar
ch to
dev
elop
. Urg
ent a
ttent
ion
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
to th
e pr
oble
man
d as
a p
ossi
ble
solu
tion,
We
reco
mm
end
that
sta
te g
rant
s an
d lo
ans
be m
ade
avai
la-
ble
to e
:der
ly p
eopl
e fo
r ho
usin
g re
pairs
.
Ano
ther
maj
or fa
ctor
is th
e pr
esen
t pro
pert
y ta
x st
ruct
ure.
If a
pers
on im
prov
es h
is p
rope
rty,
he
is fi
ned
by th
e as
sess
men
t of
mor
e ta
xes,
whi
le if
fry
lets
it d
eter
iora
te, h
e is
rew
orde
d by
havi
ng h
is ta
xes
decr
ease
d. T
his
is a
n in
here
ntly
unf
air
and
coun
terp
rodu
ctiv
e sy
stem
. A w
ay to
enc
oura
ge h
ousi
ng im
prov
e-m
ent,
not d
isco
urag
e it,
mus
t be
foun
d.T
ax s
truc
ture
is a
ver
y co
mpl
ex s
ubje
ct to
stu
dy. O
ften
the
only
way
to fi
nd o
ut w
hat e
ffect
any
tax
will
hav
e is
to tr
y it
orst
udy
whe
re it
has
bee
n tr
ied
befo
re. Y
et, t
he c
itize
ns o
f Was
h-in
gton
sho
uld
not b
e gu
inea
pig
s fo
r a
serie
s of
tax
expe
rimen
ts,
nor
shou
ld o
ur le
gisl
ator
s ho
ve to
wai
t unt
il so
me
othe
r st
ate
trie
so
tax
befo
re w
e kn
ow w
hat t
hat t
ax w
ill d
o. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of a
"te
st s
ite"
cont
rolle
dex
perim
ent w
here
in g
over
nmen
t can
mea
sure
the
effe
ct o
f tax
ing
prog
ram
s th
at r
ewor
d pe
ople
for
impr
ovin
g th
eir
prop
erty
inst
ead
of p
enal
izin
g th
em w
ith h
ighe
r ta
xes.
The
peo
ple
in th
is a
rea
coul
d be
vol
unte
ers
who
wou
ld n
otm
ind
bein
g su
bjec
ted
to a
ser
ies
of e
xper
imen
ts. T
he in
form
atio
nga
ined
cou
ld th
en b
e us
ed to
det
erm
ine
whi
ch ta
xes
wou
ld b
em
ost b
enef
icia
l to
the
peop
le o
f our
sta
te. A
s m
entio
ned,
one
of
the
first
pro
ject
s th
is a
rea
coul
d be
use
d fo
r is
to fi
nd fo
prog
ram
s to
enc
oura
ge p
rope
rty
cons
erva
tion.
Ano
ther
are
o th
at n
eeds
muc
h st
udy
is in
tere
st r
ates
and
disc
ount
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
sta
te h
ousi
ng a
genc
y un
-de
rtak
e a
com
preh
ensi
ve e
xam
inat
ion
of in
tere
st r
ates
and
dis
-co
unts
whi
ch te
nd to
influ
ence
the
qual
ity o
f hou
sing
.
Man
y fa
mili
es a
re p
ayin
g re
nt 1
:-Io
tis
hig
her
than
nor
mal
hous
e pa
ymen
ts. S
ince
this
cou
ntry
bel
ieve
s in
prid
e of
ow
ner-
ship
, one
of t
he m
ost p
rodu
ctiv
e st
eps
we
coul
d ta
ke in
con
serv
-in
g ho
usin
g w
ould
be
to e
nabl
e m
ore
hom
e ow
ners
hip.
Man
ype
ople
cou
ld s
uppo
rt h
ouse
pay
men
ts b
ut lo
ck th
e as
sets
nec
es-
sary
for
a do
wn-
paym
ent.
if th
ey c
ould
get
cre
dit f
or th
e do
wn-
paym
ent,
they
cou
ld b
uy h
omes
and
hav
e th
is p
ride
of o
wne
r-sh
ip. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
fina
ncia
l ass
ista
nce
be g
iven
by
the
Sta
tefo
r ho
me
owne
rshi
p to
low
-inco
me
peop
le w
ho d
o no
t hav
ees
tabl
ishe
d cr
edit
ratin
gs. S
OC
IAL
CH
OIC
E
The
res
tric
tions
on
any
indi
vidu
al's
free
dom
to li
ve w
here
he
wis
hes
in c
lean
and
dec
ent h
ousi
ng a
re m
any
and
com
plex
. No
repo
rt c
on h
ope
to c
onsi
der
them
all.
We
hove
sel
ecte
d w
hat w
ebe
lieve
ore
the
maj
or, c
o. w
iter-
prod
uctiv
e re
stric
tions
.T
he fi
rst,
and
the
mos
t pub
liciz
ed, i
s ra
cial
dis
crim
inat
ion.
Whi
le th
e U
. S. S
upre
me
Cou
rt h
as n
ow d
ecla
red
all h
ousi
ngop
en, i
t pro
vide
s no
pro
visi
ons
for
enfo
rcin
g th
is ju
dgm
ent o
ther
than
the
long
and
cos
tly c
ourt
pro
cedu
re. T
hus,
this
sta
te n
eeds
ala
w th
at w
ill s
et u
p en
forc
emen
t pro
cedu
res
to in
sure
that
this
mos
t unj
ust a
nd d
elib
erat
e re
stric
tion
is r
emov
ed. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Legi
slat
ure
pass
a s
tate
wid
e op
enho
usin
g lo
w w
hich
will
ass
ure
acce
ss to
all
hous
ing
rega
rdle
ss o
fra
ce, c
olor
or
cree
d by
pay
ing
spec
ial a
ttent
ion
to e
nfor
cem
ent
prov
isio
ns.
Oth
er m
ore
subt
le a
nd le
ss d
elib
erat
e re
stric
tions
als
o im
-pi
nge
on in
divi
dual
free
dom
. The
loca
tion
of h
ighw
ays,
for
ex-
ampl
e, h
as a
maj
or in
fluen
ce o
n w
here
hou
sing
will
be
built
.U
ntil
rece
ntly
, how
ever
, hig
hway
des
igne
rs h
ave
show
n pr
imar
yin
tere
st in
fina
ncia
l con
side
ratio
ns, w
ith li
ttle
or n
o at
tent
ion
tohu
man
, env
ironm
enta
l or
resi
dent
ial p
robl
ems.
Thi
s of
ten
mea
nsth
ot h
ighw
ays
are
built
thro
ugh
low
-inco
me
neig
hbor
hood
sw
here
pro
pert
y va
lues
are
low
er. T
his
forc
es p
eopl
e ou
t of t
heir
hom
es w
ithou
t any
dire
ct in
fluen
ce in
that
cho
ice.
The
loca
tion
of p
ublic
util
ities
als
o pl
ays
a cr
ucia
l rol
e, a
ndev
en th
e co
nstr
uctio
n in
dust
ry m
ust w
ait f
or th
e ut
ilitie
s be
fore
they
can
dev
elop
on
area
whe
re p
eopl
e w
ould
like
toliv
e.
Zon
ing
regu
latio
ns e
nter
in a
lso.
By
spec
ifyin
g to
o na
rrow
ly th
ety
pe o
f bui
ldin
g in
a g
iven
are
a, z
onin
g ca
n en
cour
age
"inco
me
ghet
tos"
alm
ost a
s co
unte
rpro
duct
ive
to s
ocie
ty a
s ra
cial
one
s.P
ublic
tran
spor
tatio
n al
so s
hape
s ho
me
loca
tion.
The
sub
ur-
ban
wor
ker
in W
ashi
ngto
n to
day
coul
d no
t net
to w
ork
with
out
his
car,
and
thos
e w
ho c
anno
t affo
rd o
car
can
not l
ive
in th
esu
burb
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
appr
opria
te s
tate
and
loca
l age
ncie
sin
sure
that
all
tran
spor
tatio
n sy
stem
s, c
omm
unic
atio
n sy
stem
s,an
d ut
ilitie
s be
pla
nned
toge
ther
to d
evel
op in
tegr
ated
str
uctu
res
for
ease
of m
aint
enan
ce, f
utur
e ch
ange
, and
land
con
serv
atio
n.
Com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems
and
utili
ties
not o
nly
dete
rmin
ew
here
peo
ple
will
live
, but
als
o th
eir
envi
ronm
ent.
Tel
epho
nepo
les,
util
ity p
oles
and
o m
aze
of o
verh
ead
wire
s fo
rm a
blo
t on
the
land
scap
e an
d a
real
det
rimen
t to
a pl
easa
nt h
ome.
The
re-
fore
, We
reco
mm
end
that
the
conn
ectin
g lin
es fo
r co
mm
unic
atio
nsy
stem
s an
d ut
ilitie
s be
pla
ced
unde
rgro
und
whe
reve
r po
ssib
le b
yut
ilizi
ng e
xist
ing
stat
utes
.
Act
ion
that
forc
es p
eopl
e to
live
whe
re th
ey c
anno
t get
tow
ork,
or
in a
pre
dete
rmin
ed s
ocia
l gro
up, o
r in
uns
atis
fact
ory
hous
ing
ore
in n
o w
ay to
the
bene
fit o
f soc
iety
in g
ener
al. W
edi
rect
our
effo
rts
to r
emov
ing
them
.A
ny p
ublic
con
stru
ctio
n pr
ojec
t may
forc
e pe
ople
to m
ove
from
whe
re th
ey h
ove
chos
en to
live
. Sin
ce p
rimar
y co
nsid
erat
ion
has
ofte
n be
en g
iven
to la
nd v
alue
s, lo
w-in
com
e pe
ople
are
mov
ed fo
r m
ore
than
oth
ers.
Eve
n th
ough
thes
e pe
ople
are
com
-pe
nsat
ed fo
r th
e lo
ss o
f the
ir pr
oper
ty, t
heir
prop
erty
is u
sual
ly o
fsu
ch lo
w v
alue
that
they
hav
e ex
trem
e di
fficu
lty in
get
ting
relo
-ca
ted.
Sin
ce p
ublic
act
ion
forc
es th
ese
peop
le to
mov
e, p
ublic
actio
n sh
ould
hel
p th
em r
eloc
ate.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
bas
ic r
eloc
atio
n te
sts
be p
rovi
ded
tope
ople
mov
ed b
y a
gove
rnm
enta
l act
ion.
It is
impo
rtan
t tha
t the
indi
vidu
al h
as th
e op
port
unity
topa
rtic
ipat
e in
the
crea
tion
of h
is n
ew e
nviro
nmen
t. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
peo
ple
who
hav
e ac
ute
hous
ing
prob
-le
ms
and
need
s pa
rtic
ipat
e in
dev
elop
ing
the
solu
tions
to th
eir
envi
ronm
enta
l pro
blem
s an
d ne
eds
thro
ugh
invo
lvem
ent i
n pl
an-
ning
pro
cess
es, c
itize
n ad
viso
ry c
ounc
ils, a
nd th
roug
h re
pres
ento
-
Hon
of p
rofe
ssio
nal p
lann
ers
who
se fu
nctio
n is
to a
dvoc
ate
thei
rpo
sitio
n.
Fin
ally
, any
citi
zen
con
be d
ecei
ved
in r
eal e
stat
e tr
ansa
c-tio
ns. B
y m
isre
pres
entin
g th
e ar
ea h
e is
sel
ling,
the
sale
sman
inef
fect
forc
es p
eopl
e to
live
in p
lace
s th
ey m
ight
oth
erw
ise
avni
d.T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
legi
slat
ion
to p
rote
ct th
e pu
blic
from
zon
ing
mis
repr
esen
tatio
n in
the
purc
hase
of r
eal p
rope
rty.
dpr
hti
.411
11 CO
NC
LUS
ION
As
a st
ate,
we
have
faile
d to
mee
t our
hou
sing
cha
lleng
e.O
ur s
tate
gov
ernm
ent d
oes
not e
ven
have
a h
ousi
ng a
genc
y.T
here
are
no
regi
onal
hou
sing
age
ncie
s. M
any
loca
l com
mun
ities
,in
clud
ing
the
seco
nd la
rges
t in
the
stat
e, d
o no
t hav
e th
em.
One
can
not o
vers
tate
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f a p
erso
n liv
ing
in a
dece
nt h
ome.
It a
ffect
s pe
ople
's h
ealth
, edu
catio
n, jo
b pe
rfor
m-
ance
, and
gen
eral
psy
chol
ogic
al a
nd s
ocia
l wel
l-bei
ng.
Hou
sing
is a
bas
ic h
uman
nee
d. It
is th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
of th
ew
hole
soc
iety
. It i
s th
e jo
int r
espo
nsib
ility
of b
usin
ess,
gov
ern-
men
t, an
d th
e in
divi
dual
wor
king
toge
ther
to c
reat
e a
habi
tabl
ean
d en
joya
ble
plac
e fo
r ci
viliz
ed p
eopl
e. N
ow is
the
time
toac
cept
this
res
pons
ibili
ty.
CH
AP
TE
R li
tH
EA
LTH
CA
RE
if w
e as
citi
zens
are
to c
ontr
ibut
e to
the
solu
tion
of th
e ur
ban
heal
th p
robl
ems,
we
mus
t und
erst
and
and
beco
me
invo
lved
.W
ith s
uch
invo
lvem
ent,
the
answ
ers
to th
e qu
estio
n, "
Wha
t can
I do?
" w
ill b
egin
to a
ppea
r. If
our
res
pons
ibili
ties
are
broa
dene
dto
mak
e us
e of
wha
t we
have
lear
ned,
we
will
hav
e op
ened
a n
ewlin
e. o
f com
mun
icat
ion
that
our
soc
iety
so
urge
ntly
nee
ds. W
ew
ill le
ive
gene
rate
d so
me
new
dia
logu
es b
etw
een
the
iort
unut
ean
d th
e ...
Inte
rluna
r., b
etw
een
thos
e w
ho o
re r
ich
in h
ealth
and
thos
e w
ho a
re d
epriv
ed o
f the
ade
quat
e he
alth
ser
vice
s, a
nd,
hope
fully
, bet
wee
n m
ere
and
his
God
in w
hose
han
ds o
ur fu
ture
ultim
atel
y lie
s.'
The
men
tal a
nd p
hysi
cal h
ealth
of o
n in
divi
dual
is p
roba
bly
his
sing
le g
reat
est c
once
rn. T
hrou
ghou
t its
exi
sten
ce, t
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il ha
s di
rect
ed it
's e
ffort
s to
impr
ovin
g th
e w
elfa
re o
fth
e in
divi
dual
by
help
ing
to a
llevi
ate
the
gene
ral p
robl
ems
ofur
ban
resi
dent
s. T
hus,
the
heal
th o
f our
citi
zens
mus
t be
one
ofou
r pr
imar
y co
ncer
ns. W
ashi
ngto
n m
ust s
eek
to im
prov
e th
ehe
alth
of i
ts c
itize
ns th
roug
h th
e de
liver
y of
opt
imum
hea
lth c
are
serv
ices
to e
very
one
in th
e st
ate.
Jus
t as
on il
l soc
iety
can
not
nour
ish
heal
thy
peop
le, i
ll pe
ople
Can
not b
uild
a h
ealth
y so
ciet
y.O
ptim
um h
ealth
car
e fo
r W
ashi
ngto
n ci
tizen
s is
not
onl
y a
hu-
man
itaria
n du
ty, i
tis
a n
eces
sary
pre
preq
uisi
te to
exp
ande
dgr
owth
.T
he H
ealth
Cor
e C
omm
ittee
beg
an it
s ta
sk b
y se
ekin
g a
broo
dov
ervi
ew o
f the
man
y pr
oble
ms
rela
ted
to p
rovi
ding
opt
imum
heal
th c
ore
for
all c
itize
ns. T
hey
met
with
the
dire
ctor
s of
sta
tede
part
men
ts w
ith h
ealth
-rel
ated
pro
gram
s. T
hey
met
with
add
icts
and
with
alc
ohol
ics.
The
y ta
lked
with
o v
arie
ty o
f hea
;pr
ofes
-si
onal
s, a
nd w
ith m
any
lay
citiz
ens.
The
y to
ured
mig
rant
cam
ps,
heal
th fa
cilit
ies,
citi
es, a
nd r
ural
are
as T
hey
read
res
earc
h re
-po
rts,
par
ticip
ated
in n
umer
ous
cor.
fere
nces
, and
list
ened
to h
ours
of r
epor
ts a
nd d
iscu
ssio
ns.
The
Com
mitt
ee r
ealiz
ed th
at to
con
side
r oi
l the
man
y pr
ob-
lem
s in
hea
lth th
at n
eede
d co
rrec
tion
or im
prov
emen
t wou
ld b
eim
poss
ible
. The
y fu
lly r
ecog
nize
d co
nsid
erab
le n
eeds
in s
uch
area
s as
men
tal i
llnes
s, m
enta
l ret
arda
tion,
pro
blem
s in
cide
nt to
agin
g, h
ighw
ay s
afet
y, a
nd m
any
mor
e. N
eith
er th
e tim
e no
r th
ene
cess
ary
expe
rtis
e w
as a
vaila
ble,
how
ever
, to
unde
rtak
e to
tal
stud
y. C
onse
quen
tly, t
he C
omm
ittee
lim
ited
its c
once
rn to
thos
esp
ecifi
c ar
eas
in w
hich
they
felt
they
cou
ld e
ffect
ivel
y co
ncen
trat
e
.Syy
rob
rond
o by
Mon
/. W
. Mo1
1,90
, Cbo
.woo
n om
Ow
N,&
9 C
am C
orry
noily
.,rt
, the
Wre
pten
gtee
Ste
er. P
atei
tAA
pta
19, 1
961.
thei
r ef
fort
s to
pro
blem
s w
hich
are
of m
ajor
con
cern
in o
ur u
rban
cent
ers.
The
pro
blem
s of
pro
vidi
ng o
ptim
um h
ealth
cor
e to
the
citiz
ens
of W
ashi
ngto
n or
e m
uch
the
som
e as
thos
e of
the
natio
n. T
hese
prob
lem
: cen
ter
arou
nd th
e de
liver
y of
hea
lth c
ore
serv
ices
. As
the
leve
l of a
fflue
nce
of o
ur s
ocie
ty h
as g
row
n, o
vr c
itize
ns h
ave
com
e to
acc
ept h
ealth
car
e as
a s
ocia
l rig
ht r
athe
r th
an a
nec
onom
ic p
rivile
ge. A
s te
chno
logy
has
pro
duce
d m
ore
effe
ctiv
em
eans
for
over
com
ing
illne
ss a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
ns m
edia
hav
ere
late
d su
ch in
form
atio
n to
the
publ
ic.,
the
publ
ic h
as c
ome
toex
pect
mor
e an
d m
ore
from
our
hea
lth c
ore
syst
em. F
or to
o m
any
of o
ur c
iizen
s, h
owev
er, a
dequ
ate
heal
th c
ore
still
rem
ains
an
econ
omic
priv
ilege
inac
cess
ible
to th
em.
We
mus
t, th
eref
ore,
firs
t exa
min
e ou
r he
alth
cor
e sy
stem
inor
der
" le
term
ine
why
hea
lth c
are
rem
ains
an
inac
cess
ible
eco
-no
m;.:
pr.
vile
ge fo
r so
me
peop
le. T
he fi
rst d
iffic
ulty
is th
at o
urhe
a'th
car
e sy
stem
is, i
n fa
ct, n
o sy
stem
at a
ll. R
athe
r, it
is a
mos
aic
of s
ervi
ces
root
ed in
indi
vidu
alis
m a
nd p
lura
lism
and
prov
ided
by
a va
riety
of p
ublic
and
priv
ate
reso
urce
s. A
mon
g th
em
any
elem
ents
nec
essa
ry to
ren
der
thes
e he
alth
ser
vice
s m
ore
resp
onsi
ve to
hum
an n
eeds
are
citi
zen
awar
enes
s, p
rofe
ssio
nal
sens
itivi
ty, m
anpo
wer
, and
coo
rdin
ated
pla
nnin
g.
Citi
zen
awar
enes
s is
the
stim
ulus
for
solu
tion
of a
ny p
ublic
prob
lem
and
con
side
rabl
e ef
fort
has
bee
n de
vote
d to
mak
ing
our
citiz
ens
awar
e of
Was
hing
ton'
s he
alth
pro
blem
s. T
o m
any
of u
s,ho
wev
er, t
hese
effo
rts
do n
ot h
ave
imm
edia
te a
nd p
erso
nal i
m-
pact
. Tho
se w
ho e
at w
elt r
arel
y fe
el th
e ne
ed fo
r nu
triti
onal
or
food
sto
mp
prog
ram
s. T
hose
who
hav
e re
ceiv
ed g
ood
dent
al c
ore
rare
ly fe
el th
e ne
ed fo
r flu
orid
atio
n an
d m
ore
dent
ists
. Tho
se w
hone
ver
pay
on e
ntire
hos
pita
l bill
ror
ely
feel
the
impa
ct o
f sky
rock
-et
ing
hosp
ital c
osts
. Onl
y w
hen
such
peo
ple
are
conf
ront
ed w
ithth
e si
ck a
nd th
ose
too
poor
to a
fford
hea
lth s
ervi
ces,
do
thy
beco
me
conc
erne
d w
ith th
e pr
oble
.,s o
f hea
lth c
ore,
A s
econ
d as
pect
of t
he c
itize
n aw
aren
ess
prob
lem
is th
e la
ckof
info
rmat
ion
amon
g m
any
of th
ose
who
nee
d co
re. K
now
ledg
eab
out f
r3e
imm
uniz
atio
n cl
inic
s, d
enta
l ser
vice
s, c
harit
y ho
spita
ls,
and
Con
sulta
tion
serv
ices
doe
s no
t rea
ch m
any
of th
e pe
ople
that
desp
erat
ely
need
suc
h pr
ogra
ms.
Am
ong
thes
e pe
ople
, the
lack
of in
form
atio
n ab
out h
ow to
mai
ntai
n go
od h
ealth
is a
lso
am
ajor
pro
blem
. Kno
win
g ab
out n
utrit
ion
and
how
to o
btai
n it
inex
pens
ivel
y, a
bout
fam
ily p
lann
ing
and
wel
l-chi
ld c
linic
s, a
bout
prev
entin
g in
fect
ion,
and
the
dang
ers
of d
rug
abus
e co
uld
help
alle
viat
e m
any
prob
lem
s. M
any
peop
le s
impl
y do
not
kno
w w
hat
to r
ealis
tical
ly e
xpec
t fro
m th
e he
alth
pro
fess
iona
l.C
lose
ly r
elat
ed to
citi
zen
awar
enes
s is
pro
fess
iona
l sen
sitiv
ity.
The
doc
tor
or d
entis
t who
has
con
cent
rate
d hi
s ac
adem
ic s
tudi
esin
tech
nica
l cou
rses
can
not b
e ex
pect
ed to
be
fully
cog
nizo
ut o
fth
e va
st r
ange
of s
ocia
l pro
blem
s re
late
d to
per
sona
l hea
lth. T
heph
ysic
ian
who
trav
els
from
his
sub
urba
n ho
me
to h
is s
ubur
ban
clin
ic o
r hi
s do
wnt
own
offic
e ra
rely
witn
esse
s th
e cr
itica
l nee
ds o
fth
e va
st n
umbe
r of
peo
ple
who
eith
er o
re n
ot a
ble
or n
ot in
clin
edto
com
e to
him
. The
pro
blem
ofte
n is
cem
poun
ded
by th
e at
titud
eof
the
inte
rmed
iarie
s be
twee
n th
e pa
tient
and
the
heal
th p
rofe
s-si
onal
.C
onse
quen
tly, t
he p
rofe
ssio
nal
isof
ten
isol
ated
on
two
coun
ts. T
hose
inst
itutio
ns th
at p
ut a
pre
miu
m o
n te
chni
cal e
xcel
-le
nce
at th
e ex
pens
e of
the
hum
an r
elat
ions
hip
betw
een
patie
ntan
d pr
ofes
sion
al h
ave
done
muc
h to
alie
nate
the
peop
le th
atm
ost n
eed
prof
essi
onal
ser
vice
s.A
noth
er m
ajor
pro
blem
are
a is
hea
lth m
anpo
wer
. The
hea
lthfie
ld c
an u
se m
any
mor
e pe
ople
bot
h in
teac
hing
and
vim
inis
ter-
ing
heal
th c
ore.
It m
ust a
ttrac
t man
y pe
ople
who
are
now
une
du-
cate
d, u
nem
ploy
ed, a
nd in
a r
acia
l or
ethn
ic m
inor
ity w
ho h
ove
the
pote
ntia
l to
beco
me
qual
ified
hea
lth c
ore
pers
onne
l. R
estr
ic-
tive
licen
sing
pol
icie
s, o
n ap
pare
nt la
ck o
f com
mitm
ent t
o he
alth
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
n, a
nd th
e im
men
se fi
nanc
ial c
ost t
o th
e in
di-
vidu
al w
ho w
ishe
s to
bec
ome
a he
alth
pro
fess
iona
l hav
e al
lad
ded
to th
is p
robl
em.
The
fina
l pro
blem
is th
e on
e in
whi
ch o
ur s
tate
has
see
n th
e
O
mos
t enc
oura
ging
pro
gres
s. T
his
prob
lem
is th
e ne
ed fo
r co
ordi
-na
ted
plan
ning
. The
Gov
erno
r's C
ompr
ehen
sive
Hea
lth P
lann
ing
Cou
ncil
is a
hop
eful
sig
n fo
r th
e fu
ture
. Cou
ncils
like
this
one
need
to b
e fo
rmed
on
regi
onal
, cou
nty,
and
com
mun
ity le
vels
as
wel
l. P
eopl
e fr
om a
ll w
alks
of l
ife, b
oth
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e, n
eed
to w
ork
toge
ther
to a
ssur
e he
alth
car
e fo
r al
l citi
zens
. Hea
lth c
are
will
be
impr
oved
if a
ll el
emen
ts in
bot
h th
e pr
ivat
e an
d pu
blic
sect
or a
re fi
tted
toge
ther
in a
com
preh
ensi
ve p
lan.
Up
until
this
year
, how
ever
, no
grou
ps in
the
stat
e ha
ve d
one
this
com
preh
en-
sive
pla
nnin
g. T
he la
ck o
f pla
nnin
g an
d co
ordi
natio
n ha
s le
d to
was
te o
n th
e pa
rt o
f bot
h go
vern
men
t and
the
heal
th p
rofe
ssio
ns.
Hos
pita
ls h
ave
need
less
ly d
uplic
ated
bot
h m
achi
nes
and
serv
ices
,pr
ofes
sion
als
have
tend
ed to
con
cent
rate
geo
grap
hica
lly a
way
from
the
area
s of
gre
ates
t nee
d, a
nd g
over
nmen
t has
spo
nsor
edpr
ogra
ms
that
do
not r
each
the
peop
le w
ho h
ave
the
grea
test
need
for
such
ser
vice
.T
he h
ealth
pro
fess
iona
ls c
anno
t pro
vide
hea
lth c
are
by th
em-
selv
es. T
hey
need
the
coop
erat
ion
of th
e co
mm
unity
, the
gov
ern-
men
t, pr
ivat
e en
terp
rise
and
priv
ate
grou
ps in
ord
er to
pro
vide
care
for
all o
ur c
itize
ns. W
e ne
ed p
lann
ing
in o
rder
to b
ring
the
full
stre
ngth
of o
ur h
ealth
car
e re
sour
ce. t
o pr
ovid
e op
timum
heal
th c
are
for
all o
ur c
itize
ns.
DE
NT
AL
CA
RE
A p
erso
n's
teet
h ar
e of
ten
his
mos
t neg
lect
ed h
ealth
pro
blem
beca
use
peop
le w
ith e
xtre
mel
y de
caye
d te
eth
and
gum
dis
ease
sco
n ap
pear
to b
e pe
rfec
tly h
ealth
y, a
nd b
ecau
se d
enta
l exp
ense
sar
e of
ten
not c
arrie
d in
hea
lth in
sura
nce
prog
ram
s.T
his
negl
ect h
as e
xten
sive
per
sona
l and
soc
ial i
mpa
ct. T
heco
nsta
nt p
ain
of a
chin
g te
eth
mak
es c
once
ntra
tion
on a
job
orfc
mily
car
e di
fficu
lt, a
nd le
ads
to a
nti-s
ocia
l beh
avio
r.F
or to
o m
any
dent
ists
hav
e be
en u
naw
are
of th
e ex
tent
of t
hepr
oble
m. D
enta
l clin
ics
usua
lly -
ire lo
cate
d in
dow
ntow
n of
fices
or
subu
rban
cen
ters
, aw
ay fr
om lo
w-in
com
e or
min
ority
are
as. T
hede
ntis
t can
not l
eave
his
equ
ipm
ent.
He
usua
lly p
rom
ises
full
coop
erat
ion
to th
ose
patie
nts
that
will
com
e to
him
. But
to p
eopl
ew
ithou
t the
mea
ns o
f tra
nspo
rtat
ion
or th
e ne
cess
ary
soci
al b
ack-
ing
in th
e fo
rm o
f clo
thes
, sel
f-re
spec
t, an
d su
ch, h
is o
ffer
does
not m
ean
muc
h. T
o ta
ke o
nese
lf in
unp
rese
ntab
le c
loth
ing
to a
mod
ern,
aus
tere
offi
ce fo
r ch
arity
is o
n af
fron
t to
anyo
ne's
prid
e.T
he p
eopl
e w
ho n
eed
care
hav
e no
t bee
n w
illin
g to
effa
ceth
emse
lves
in th
is w
arT
he fi
rst s
tep
to r
elie
ving
the
prob
lem
s of
den
tal c
are
is to
redu
ce d
enta
l cor
e ne
eds
as m
uch
as p
ossi
ble.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
the
mar
ked
impr
ovem
ent o
f den
tal h
ygie
need
ucat
ion
with
in th
e S
tate
of W
ashi
ngto
n th
roug
h th
e fo
llow
ing
thre
e m
etho
ds:
Firs
t, to
insu
re th
at d
enta
l hyg
iene
kno
wle
dge
over
com
es a
llcu
ltura
l and
lang
uage
bar
riers
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
all
loca
l hea
lth d
epar
tmen
ts e
mpl
oy in
-di
genc
ras
pers
ons
to w
ork
with
in m
inor
ity a
nd d
epriv
ed c
omm
uni-
ties. S
econ
d, to
ass
ure
that
our
you
ng p
eopl
e re
ceiv
e th
is k
now
l-ed
ge, We
reco
mm
end
impr
oved
inst
ruct
ion
in d
enta
l hyg
iene
with
inpu
blic
and
priv
ate
scho
ols,
esp
ecia
lly a
t the
ele
men
tary
leve
l.
Thi
rd, t
o he
lp e
limin
ate
com
mun
icat
ions
bar
riers
bet
wee
nde
ntal
cor
e pr
ofes
sion
als
and
the
poor
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te D
enta
l Ass
ocia
tion
in c
oope
ratio
n w
ith in
stitu
tions
of h
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion
crea
te in
for-
mat
iona
l pro
gram
s fo
r al
l den
tal p
rofe
ssio
nals
to c
ultiv
ate
grea
ter
cultu
ral a
nd s
ocia
l aw
aren
ess.
We
furt
her
reco
nt:n
end
that
all
dent
al p
rofe
ssio
nals
hav
e an
inte
rnsh
ip in
o r
acia
l or
ethn
icm
inor
ity a
rea.
The
den
tists
cer
tain
ly m
ust b
e co
mm
ende
d fo
r ta
king
the
lead
in W
ashi
ngtc
m in
adv
ocot
ing
a m
etho
d of
alle
viat
ing
dent
alpr
oble
ms
on a
wid
espr
ead,
inex
pens
ive
basi
s, th
at is
, flu
orid
atio
nof
the
wat
er. T
his
appr
oach
is th
e m
ost p
ract
ical
and
eco
nom
ical
step
that
con
be
toke
n in
the
dent
al h
ealth
fiel
d. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
legi
slat
ion
on a
sta
tew
ide
basi
s pr
ovid
ing
for
fluor
idat
ion
in W
ashi
ngto
n st
ate'
s m
unic
ipal
dom
estic
wat
er s
ys-
tem
s as
a n
utrim
ent f
or b
ones
and
teet
h.
The
arg
umen
t!. fo
r flu
orid
atio
n ar
e m
any,
and
all
need
not
be
repe
ated
her
e. T
here
are
thre
e po
ints
, how
ever
, tha
t sho
uld
best
ress
ed. O
ne, f
luor
idat
ion
is n
ot e
xpen
sive
. If i
t wer
e re
quire
d on
a st
atew
ide
basi
s, th
e st
ate
coul
d pr
ovid
e th
e ne
cess
ary
mec
ha-
nism
s fo
r ve
ry li
ttle
cost
. sec
ond,
man
y of
the
com
mun
ities
in o
urst
ate
alre
ady
hove
nat
ural
fluo
ride
in th
eir
wat
er s
yste
ms.
Thi
rd,
the
addi
tiona
l flu
orid
e to
drin
king
wat
er r
educ
es th
e nu
mbe
r of
cavi
ties
and
othe
r de
ntal
pro
blem
s by
60
per
cent
. We
cann
otaf
ford
to p
ass
up th
e op
port
unity
to r
educ
e de
ntal
pro
blem
s by
alm
ost t
wo-
third
s fo
r su
ch a
sm
all i
nves
tmen
t of f
unds
.T
he n
ext e
ssen
tial s
tep
in d
enta
l cor
e is
to m
ake
it av
aila
ble
to e
very
body
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Dep
artm
ent
Pub
lic A
ssis
tanc
e pr
o-vi
de fu
nds
for
mor
e ex
tens
ive
and
cont
inuo
us d
enta
l car
e, a
ndth
at a
ll pr
actic
ing
dent
ists
be
fully
info
rmed
reg
ardi
ng th
e cu
rren
tra
te o
f rem
uner
atio
n.
Mor
e th
an ju
st fu
nds
ore
nece
t..or
y. T
he d
entis
ts m
ust b
e ab
leto
rel
ate
to th
e pe
ople
they
ate
ser
ving
in th
ese
prog
ram
s. T
here
ore
also
man
y fa
mili
es w
ho a
re e
arni
ng e
noug
h to
sta
y of
f the
wel
fare
rol
ls, y
et th
ey c
anno
t affo
rd a
dequ
ate
dent
al c
are.
Hea
lthin
sura
nce
prog
ram
s of
ten
do n
ot in
clud
e de
ntal
pro
visi
ons.
Em
-pl
oym
ent d
isab
ility
insu
ranc
e us
ually
doe
s no
t offe
r an
y de
ntal
help
eith
er. T
he p
rivat
e an
d pu
blic
sec
tors
sho
uld
wor
k to
geth
erto
sol
ve th
is c
ritic
al p
robl
em. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te D
enta
l Ass
ocia
tion
and
the
appr
opria
te s
tate
age
ncie
s cr
eate
pro
visi
ons
for
low
-in-
com
e fa
mili
es (
not o
n pu
blic
ass
ista
nce)
to o
btai
n ad
equa
te d
en-
tal c
are.
Fin
ally
, the
who
le p
robl
em o
f den
tal m
anpo
wer
nee
ds to
be
defin
ed a
nd o
utlin
es d
evel
oped
for
prov
idin
g de
ntal
car
e to
mor
epe
ople
in th
e st
ate.
The
refo
re,
O
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Co.
npre
hens
ive
ii,al
th P
lann
ing
Cou
ncil
subc
omm
ittee
on
Man
pow
er a
nd th
e S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
fH
ealth
's M
anpo
wer
Pro
ject
mak
e a
thor
ough
stu
dy o
f den
tal
man
pow
er o
vaita
bilit
y, d
istr
ibut
ion,
and
util
izat
iun.
We
sugg
est a
tim
e pe
-iod
of fr
om tw
elve
to e
ight
een
mon
ths
as th
e m
axim
um w
aitin
g tim
e fo
r th
e re
sults
of a
ny s
tudy
in a
nar
ea a
s vi
tal a
s he
alth
. HE
AR
TH
MA
NP
OW
ER
Alth
ough
bot
h th
e D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
nnd
the
Com
preh
en-
sive
Hea
lth P
lann
ing
Cou
ncil
are
stud
ying
hea
lth m
anpo
wer
prob
lem
s, th
e C
ounc
ils H
ealth
Cor
e C
omm
ittee
con
side
red
them
too
impo
rtan
t to
igno
re.
One
pro
blem
are
ais
the
trai
ning
of h
e'71
th m
anpo
wer
.A
mon
g he
alth
cor
e pe
rson
nel,
we
foun
d on
unf
ortu
nate
lack
of
sens
itivi
ty to
the
prob
lem
s of
the
poor
and
min
oriti
es a
nd, g
ener
-al
ly, t
o th
e so
cial
and
eco
nom
ic im
plic
atio
ns o
f hea
lth c
are.
Muc
hof
this
inse
nsiti
vity
ste
ms
from
the
pure
ly te
chni
cal t
rain
ing
give
nm
ost o
f our
hea
lth p
rofe
ssio
nals
. Hea
lth c
are
trai
ning
mus
t in-
clud
e th
e so
cial
and
eco
nom
ic a
spec
ts o
f hea
lth c
are.
The
refo
re,
a.
We
rate
/WM
*0o
that
hum
an r
elat
ions
trai
ning
bot
h in
cou
rse
wor
k an
d in
inte
rnsh
ip w
ith o
n em
phas
is o
n so
cio-
Cul
ture
sen
si-
tivity
be
reqv
ired
for
the
trai
ning
of a
ll pe
rson
nel i
nvol
ved
inhe
alth
car
e in
the
stat
e of
Was
hing
ton.
The
third
pro
blem
ore
o is
the
requ
irem
ents
for
heal
th p
rofe
s-si
onal
sta
tus.
Nor
onl
y co
uld
our
trai
ning
inst
itutio
ns d
o fo
r m
ore
to m
ake
heal
th tr
aini
ng a
vaila
ble
to a
ll gr
oups
, but
als
o ou
rce
rtifi
cotio
n pr
oced
ures
cou
ld b
e m
ade
mor
e fle
xibl
e to
allo
w fo
rpo
i-a-p
rofe
ssio
nal h
ealth
car
e ai
des.
.411
1
1\
Our
hea
lth p
rofe
ssio
nal s
choo
ls h
ave
not d
one
enou
gh to
trai
n m
embe
rs o
f cul
tura
l and
rac
ial m
inor
ities
. At p
rese
nt, t
here
are
only
four
Neg
ro d
entis
ts a
nd o
nly
19 N
egro
phy
sici
ans
prac
-tic
ing
in o
ur s
tate
. Onl
y on
e of
thes
e pr
actic
es o
utsi
de K
ing
Co:
:nty
. Adm
issi
ons
prog
ram
s ha
ve n
ot d
evot
ed e
noug
h ef
fort
tore
crui
ting
mem
bers
of m
inor
ities
gro
ups.
The
y ra
rely
use
:ndi
ge-
nous
per
sons
as
recr
uite
rsE
xist
ing
prog
ram
s ha
ve d
iffic
ulty
re-
crui
ting
"qua
lifie
d" c
andi
date
s du
e to
edu
catio
nal a
nd c
ultu
ral
prob
lem
s st
retc
hing
bac
k to
the
qual
ity o
f ins
truc
tion
in th
e se
c-on
dary
and
prim
ary
grad
es a
nd th
e lo
ck o
f pre
-sch
ool t
rain
ing
inth
e ho
me.
Spe
cial
col
lege
pro
gram
s in
clud
ing
tuto
ring
and
spec
ial
odm
issi
cns
polic
ies
mus
t be
crea
ted
to b
ring
mor
e of
thes
e pe
o-pl
e in
to h
ealth
-rel
oted
fiel
ds. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
a re
-eva
luat
ion
and
re-
exam
inat
ion
of th
ere
crui
tmen
t pro
gram
s an
d en
tran
ce r
equi
rem
ents
to e
limin
ate
cul-
tura
l bia
s fo
r he
alth
pro
fess
iona
i sch
ools
by
the
appr
opria
tele
gisl
ativ
e su
bcom
mitt
ee a
nd th
e W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Med
ical
Ass
o-ci
atio
n. Fin
ally
, the
hea
lth p
rofe
ssio
n m
ust b
e fle
xibl
e en
oug'
, to
use
all t
he r
esou
rces
it c
an m
uste
r in
the
heal
th-c
are
field
. The
refo
re,
We
stro
ngly
rec
omm
end
an im
med
iate
and
exh
aust
ive
anal
y-si
s of
the
need
for
add:
tiono
l par
o-pr
ofes
s:on
als
in th
e he
alth
man
pow
er fi
eld.
Thi
s an
alys
is s
houl
d be
con
duct
ed b
y th
e C
om-
preh
ensi
ve H
ealth
Pla
nnin
g C
ounc
il's
task
forc
e on
man
pow
er,
fund
s sh
ould
be
appr
opria
ted
to c
ondu
ct th
is a
naly
sis,
and
rec
om-
men
datio
ns s
houl
d be
mad
* w
ithin
12
mon
ths.
Thi
s an
al7s
is s
houl
d be
coo
rdin
ated
with
the
Hea
lth M
an-
pow
er P
roje
ct o
f the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
. It
undo
ubte
dly
will
cal
l for
mor
e an
d ex
tend
ed u
se o
f par
apro
fes-
sion
als,
and
as
we
have
alre
ady
note
d, th
ere
is a
def
inite
nee
dfo
r al
terin
g tr
aini
ng p
rogr
ams
for
our
heal
th p
iofe
ssio
nols
. The
re-
fore
, We
reco
mm
end
the
re-e
xam
inat
ion
of h
ealth
pro
fess
iona
lce
nsur
e ac
ts b
y th
e W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Leg
isla
tive
Com
natte
e on
Com
mer
ce, I
ndus
try,
Tra
des,
and
otr
ofes
sion
s.
NU
TR
MO
P.
The
Cou
ncil'
s H
ealth
Cor
e C
omm
ittee
hea
rd a
mpl
e te
stim
ony
that
info
rmat
ion
prog
ram
s on
nut
ritio
n ha
ve n
ot b
een
adeq
uate
.S
ince
nut
ritio
n no
t onl
y pr
even
tshe
alth
but
insu
res
good
heal
th, i
t is
vita
l inf
orm
atio
n th
at e
very
one
mus
t rec
eive
. The
re-
fore
, We
reco
mm
end
sken
gthe
ning
the
exis
ting
nutr
ition
al h
ealth
prog
ram
in th
e S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth to
pro
vide
for
dire
ctas
sist
ance
and
con
sulta
tion
with
thos
e in
nee
d of
ser
vice
. We
furt
her
reco
mm
end
that
ser
vice
s at
the
com
mun
ity le
vel b
e ex
-pa
nded
to p
rovi
de d
irect
ass
ista
nce
and
cons
ulta
tion.
ES
CA
LAT
ION
OF
HE
ALT
H F
AC
ILIT
Y C
OS
TS
Sev
eral
fact
ors
ore
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
trem
endo
us in
crea
se in
the
cost
of h
ealth
faci
lity
serv
ices
in th
e pa
st fe
w y
ears
. Som
efa
ctor
s, li
ke th
e ris
e in
nur
ses'
sal
arie
s, a
re fu
lly ju
stifi
ed a
ndne
cess
ary,
but
the
fact
that
the
cost
of h
ospi
tal s
ervi
ces
has
risen
for
mor
e sh
arpl
y th
an o
ther
com
para
ble
serv
ices
sug
gest
s ro
omfo
r im
prov
emen
t. H
ealth
faci
litie
s ho
ve s
how
n lit
tle o
r no
tend
-en
cy to
wor
k w
ith e
ach
othe
r. H
ospi
tals
hov
e ne
edle
ssly
dup
li-ca
ted
each
oth
er's
mac
hine
ry in
stea
d of
wor
king
out
tim
e-sh
orin
gpl
ans.
A c
obal
t mac
hine
, for
inst
ance
, con
ser
ve a
hal
f a m
illio
npe
ople
. The
city
of S
poka
ne (
popu
latio
n ap
prox
imat
ely
187,
000)
has
two
such
mac
hine
s an
d is
in th
e pr
oces
s of
rec
eivi
ng a
third
. The
list
of e
xam
ples
like
this
one
are
ext
ensi
ve. H
ealth
faci
lity
plan
ning
cou
ld b
e m
ode
far
mor
e ef
ficie
ntif
exis
ting
stat
utes
wer
e ut
ilize
d. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
the
....fn
reem
ent o
f RC
W 8
4.36
.040
rey
.riri
ngan
nual
fina
ncia
l rep
orts
from
pub
lic a
nd p
rivat
e ho
spita
ls b
esu
bmitt
ed to
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te H
ealth
Dep
urtm
ent.
1 I
Ii
" -
IND
r L
si-`
1
4111
111=
The
Leg
isla
tive
Com
mitt
ee o
n C
omm
erce
, Ind
ustr
y, T
rade
s,an
d P
ofes
sion
s is
con
duct
ing
a su
bcom
mitt
ee s
tudy
on
hosp
ital
pric
ing.
Whi
le th
e st
udy
will
be
of v
alue
, it
is n
ot o
f suf
ficie
ntsc
ope
to g
ain
a fu
ll un
ders
tand
ing
of th
is c
ritic
al p
robl
em. T
here
-fo
re, W
e re
com
men
d th
at a
n ad
equa
tely
sta
ffed
and
fund
ed c
om-
mis
sion
, bro
adly
rep
rese
ntat
ive
of la
y ci
tizen
s, e
lect
ed o
ffici
als,
heak
es p
rofe
ssio
nals
, and
hos
pita
l adm
inis
trat
ors
be a
utho
rized
by th
e Le
gisl
atur
e an
d ap
poin
ted
by th
e G
over
nor
to in
vest
igat
eho
spita
l ser
vice
s, p
lann
ing,
cos
ts, a
nd p
ricin
g in
the
Sta
te o
fW
ashi
ngto
n an
d, if
nec
essa
ry, d
evel
op le
gisl
ativ
e re
com
men
da-
tions
.
1957
-55.
100
115r
-
130
110
115
110
103
Car
tSuf
fallf
Pric
es?New. 1937.S411.)0
$135
/1..,
130
ft/ice elm
103
,19
01tg
AA
1%5
170
115
no 1e5
100
9605
1111Mill 11/110.1=6
lon
loft
*. 1
3514
9100
1 155
lib 1 110
,13
Med
ical
Cor
e P
rices
foam
, 19'
37.9
9000
0~00
001
75.
.wlA
A O
wqr
s
it P1
4144
.,
...-
,..'
6....
......
.
......
......
......
....
.".
"%W
A 1
pm
rem
,
b,.._
...M.4...
Proscptfterb smf 40
14010
1--
Ai
As*
0111
01.1
90=
111
170
'33
140
135
110
1905
Ord
*. 1
1Im
. mol
lIlm
bidh
omm
.
AD
DIC
TIO
NS
AN
D R
ELA
TE
D P
RO
BLE
MS
The
ext
raor
dina
ry p
robl
ems
of th
e ad
dict
can
not b
e al
levi
ated
with
out s
ubst
antia
l per
sona
l cor
e. N
o st
ate-
leve
l pro
gram
con
solv
e su
ch p
robl
ems.
Sev
eral
ste
ps c
an b
e ta
ken,
how
ever
, to
redu
ce th
e in
cide
nce
and
prob
lem
s of
add
ictio
n. A
n es
sent
ial f
rst
step
is to
mak
e ev
eryo
ne a
war
e of
the
dang
ers
of d
rug
abus
e.W
e do
not
mea
n "s
care
sto
ries"
for
the
gene
ral p
opul
atio
n.F
actu
al, e
ffect
ive
info
rmat
iona
l pro
gram
s th
at r
ealis
tical
ly in
form
peop
le o
f the
dan
gers
of d
rug
abus
e ar
e ne
eded
. Mor
e ef
fort
devo
ted
to p
reve
ntic
n w
ill h
ave
mor
e be
nefit
than
effo
rt c
once
n-tr
ated
ent
irely
on
reha
bilit
atio
n. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
info
rmat
iona
l and
edu
catio
nal p
rogr
ams
on th
e ef
fect
s of
dru
g ab
use
curr
ently
use
d at
the
seco
ndar
ysc
hool
leve
l be
impr
oved
and
exp
ande
d to
incl
ude
the
elem
en-
tary
sch
ool l
evel
and
oth
er s
egm
ents
of t
he p
opul
atio
n.
The
res
pons
ibili
ty fo
r de
velo
ping
thes
e ne
w p
rogr
ams
shou
ldbe
ass
igne
d to
tlie
Offi
ce o
f the
Sup
erin
tend
ent o
f Pub
ic In
stru
c-tio
n an
d sh
ould
wor
k w
ith th
e ap
prop
riate
age
ncie
s. T
he s
erie
s of
prog
ram
s sh
ould
he
deve
lope
d w
ithin
12
mon
ths.
Ano
ther
ste
p is
to r
ecog
nize
all
addi
ctio
ns a
nd il
lnes
ses
for
wha
t the
y ar
e an
d tr
eat t
hem
acc
ordi
ngly
. In
part
icul
ar, a
lcoh
ol-
ism
is a
n ill
ness
, and
to tr
eat a
lcoh
olic
s as
crim
inal
s is
not
onl
yin
appr
opria
te, b
ut it
is in
hum
ane.
Cou
ntie
s an
d m
unic
ipal
ities
shou
ld c
reat
e ap
prop
riate
pro
gram
s ra
ther
than
res
ortin
g to
"dru
nk ta
nks.
- T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
all
publ
ic a
genc
ies
in th
e S
tate
of W
ash-
ingt
on a
ccep
t the
con
cept
of a
lcoh
olis
m a
s an
illn
ess
and
adop
tth
e S
tate
Hea
lth D
epar
tmen
t's p
olic
y to
war
d th
e em
ploy
ee w
ithdr
inki
ng p
robl
ems.
The
Sta
te H
ealth
Dep
artm
ent p
olic
y gr
ants
suc
h em
ploy
ees
sick
leav
e an
d he
lps
with
trea
tmen
t for
a r
easo
nabl
e pe
riod
oftim
e. In
no
case
is a
drin
king
pro
blem
alo
ne a
rea
son
for
imm
edia
te d
ism
issa
l.F
inal
ly, w
e m
ust c
ontin
ue to
ded
icat
e ef
fort
to r
ehab
ilita
tion.
The
add
icts
add
to th
e ra
nks
of o
ur c
rimin
al e
lem
ent a
nd to
the
hope
less
and
the
poor
. Onl
y so
cial
ben
efit
con
com
e fr
om r
ehab
il-ita
ting
thes
e pe
ople
, and
onl
y so
cial
ill f
rom
not
The
Hea
lth D
epar
tmen
t has
two
prog
ram
s in
the
addi
ctio
nsar
ea th
at s
houl
d be
not
ed. T
he fi
rst i
s th
e pr
ogra
m o
f the
Alc
ohol
-is
m S
ectio
n. T
here
fore
,
We
endo
rse
the
obje
ctiv
es fo
r th
e 19
68-6
9 fis
cal y
ear
of th
eA
lcoh
olis
m S
ectio
n of
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
whi
ch in
clud
es in
crea
sing
the
num
ber
of c
ount
y al
coho
lism
cou
n-ci
ls to
TB
; inc
reas
ing
the
num
ber
of in
form
atio
nal a
nd r
efer
ral
cent
ers
to 1
4; e
stab
lishi
ng o
third
in-r
esid
ent r
ehab
ilita
tion
cent
er;
mai
ntai
ning
thre
e ou
t-pa
tient
trea
tmen
t clin
ics;
est
ablis
hing
the
sixt
h R
ecov
ery
(hal
f-w
ay)
Hou
se; d
evel
opin
g o
plan
ning
mod
elfo
r co
mm
unity
det
oxifi
catio
n se
rvic
es; p
lann
ing
for
a T
rain
ing
Cen
ter
for
pers
ons
who
wor
k pr
ofes
sion
ally
with
oko
holic
s; a
ndpr
esen
ting
wor
ksho
ps fo
r se
cond
ary
scho
ol te
ache
rs.
The
gro
up in
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te th
at s
uffe
rs th
e m
ost f
rom
the
prob
lem
s of
alc
ohol
ism
is th
e A
mer
ican
Indi
ans.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
te H
ealth
Dep
artm
ent's
pro
gram
be e
xpan
ded
to in
clud
e at
leas
t one
mor
e fie
ld r
epre
sent
ativ
e, o
nIn
dian
, who
se p
rimar
y re
spon
sibi
lity
wou
ld b
e to
initi
ate
mor
epr
ogra
ms
on a
lcoh
olis
m w
ithin
Indi
an g
roup
s.
Ano
ther
Sta
te H
ealth
Dep
ortm
ent p
rogr
am th
at s
houl
d be
note
d is
that
on
smok
ing
and
heal
th. T
he h
ealth
dan
gers
of
smok
ing
are
now
wel
l doc
umen
ted.
Effo
rts
devo
ted
to a
llevi
atin
gth
e pr
oble
ms
of s
mok
ing
are
esse
ntia
l to
any
port
of a
hea
lthca
re p
rogr
am. T
here
fore
,
We
endo
rse
the
obje
ctiv
es o
f the
Sm
okin
g an
d H
ealth
Pro
-gr
am o
f the
Sta
te H
ealth
Dep
ortm
ent w
hich
incl
ude
five
regi
onal
teac
her
wor
ksho
ps; p
eer-
grou
p pr
ogra
ms;
sm
okin
g ex
hibi
ts a
tte
enag
e, fa
irs; t
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f loc
al in
tera
genc
y co
unci
ls fo
red
ucat
iona
l pro
gram
s; c
oord
inat
ion
with
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
teIn
tera
genc
y C
ounc
il on
Sm
okin
g an
d H
ealth
; the
form
atio
n an
ddi
strib
utio
n of
new
slet
ters
and
pam
phle
ts s
uppo
rtin
g pr
ogra
mac
tiviti
es; a
nd o
stu
dent
*va
luat
ion
prog
ram
.
TH
E F
AR
M L
AB
OR
ER
The
mig
rant
form
labo
rer
suffe
rs u
nder
som
e of
the
wor
sthe
alth
con
ditio
ns o
f any
gro
up o
f citi
zens
in th
e st
ate
of W
ash-
ingt
on. H
e ha
s nu
mer
ous
heal
th p
robl
ems,
and
we
can
only
cons
ider
a fe
w o
f the
maj
or o
nes.
The
firs
t is
the
envi
ronm
ent i
n w
hich
he
lives
. For
m la
bor
cam
ps a
re n
otor
ious
for
thei
r un
sani
tary
, uns
afe,
and
fire
-hoz
ord-
ous
cond
ition
s. W
ashi
ngto
n's
labo
r ca
mps
ors
not
exc
eptio
ns to
this
rep
utat
ion.
Imm
edia
te a
nd c
onst
ant a
ttent
ion
mus
t be
give
nto
mak
ing
them
saf
er a
nd m
ore
heal
thy
plac
es to
live
. The
loca
lhe
alth
cor
e of
ficer
is r
espo
nsib
le fo
r se
eing
that
labo
r ca
mp
oper
ator
s m
eet t
he s
tand
ards
and
abi
de b
y al
l rul
es s
et d
own
byth
e S
tate
Boa
rd o
f Hea
lth u
nder
RC
W 4
3.20
. In
man
y ca
ses,
how
ever
, the
loca
l hea
lth d
epor
tmen
t doe
s no
t hav
e th
e ne
ces-
I
`20
f4
p
sorr
y re
sour
ces
to s
ee th
at th
ese
requ
irem
ents
are
met
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
sta
te g
rant
-in-a
id p
rogr
ams
be e
stab
-lis
hed
by th
e W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Hea
lth D
epar
tmen
t to
help
the
loca
l hea
lth o
ffice
rs fu
lfill
the
stan
dard
s es
tabl
ishe
d by
the
Sta
teB
oard
of H
ealth
und
er R
CW
43.
20.
Sin
ce th
e fu
ndin
g w
ould
tnen
be
done
in m
any
case
s by
the
Sta
te H
ealth
Dep
artm
ent,
they
sho
uld
see
that
thes
e pr
ogra
ms
are
carr
ied
out.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth h
ave
the
final
res
pons
ibili
ty to
see
that
the
requ
irem
ents
set u
p by
the
Sta
te B
oard
of H
ealth
for
farm
labo
r ca
mps
are
met
.
O
In m
any
com
ps in
our
sta
te, t
he s
tove
:s p
lace
d in
the
door
way
of e
ach
shel
ter,
form
ing
a da
nger
ous
fire
haza
rd. T
here
-fo
re, W
e re
com
men
d o
re-
exam
inat
ion
and
enfo
rcem
ent o
f the
fire
safe
ty c
odes
rel
ated
to fa
rm la
bor
com
ps.
Hea
lth s
ervi
ces
are
ofte
n no
t ava
ilabl
e to
mig
rant
labo
rers
and
thei
r fa
mili
es. E
ith'r
due
to la
ngua
ge d
iffic
ultie
s or
dis
tanc
e,th
ese
peop
le h
ave
rece
ived
ver
y lit
tle c
ore.
We
need
to e
xpen
dco
nsid
erab
le e
ffort
in o
rder
to a
ssur
e th
at th
ey d
o re
ceiv
e th
e ca
rew
e w
ould
like
all
peop
le in
Was
hing
ton
to h
ave.
Ofte
n la
ngua
ge a
nd c
ultu
ral b
arrie
rs e
xist
bet
wee
n lo
cal
heal
th d
epar
tmen
ts a
nd th
e pe
ople
they
sho
uld
serv
e. O
ne o
f the
best
way
s to
ove
rcom
e th
ese
barr
iers
is th
roug
h th
e us
e of
indi
geno
us c
ouns
elor
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
indi
geno
us (
bilin
gual
whe
re a
ppro
pria
te)
coun
selo
rs b
e ut
ilize
d by
loca
l hea
lth d
epar
tmen
ts e
ither
on
avo
lunt
ary
or e
mpl
oyee
bas
is.
One
of t
heir
maj
or r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s w
ould
be
to h
elp
the
wor
kers
bec
ome
wel
l inf
orm
ed r
egar
ding
the
avai
labi
lity
ofhe
alth
ser
vice
s.S
ince
labo
r ca
mps
on
a fa
rm a
re u
sual
ly d
ista
nt fr
om a
nyhe
alth
car
e fa
cilit
ies,
We
reco
mm
end
that
loca
l hea
lth o
ffice
rs w
ork
with
thei
r co
m-
mun
ities
thro
ugh
civi
c ac
tion
to c
reat
e he
alth
ref
erra
l cen
ters
inpr
oxim
ity to
form
labo
r ca
mps
.
Com
mun
ity a
ctio
n, w
ith it
s at
tend
ant b
enef
its o
f inv
olve
men
tan
d cr
eatio
n of
civ
ic p
ride,
see
ms
to b
e th
e be
st m
etho
d of
crea
ting
thes
e he
alth
ref
erra
l cen
ters
. The
cen
ters
can
be
quite
plai
n. T
he c
omm
unity
just
nee
ds to
see
that
o c
lean
and
san
itary
ploc
e is
pro
vide
d w
here
the
doct
or a
nd n
urse
can
brin
g in
thei
req
uipm
ent a
nd w
ork.
Thi
s ci
vic
appr
oach
has
bee
n ve
ry s
ucce
ss-
ful i
n B
ritis
h C
olum
bia.
In a
dditi
on to
cre
atin
g th
ese
cent
ers,
the
com
mun
ity m
ust s
eeth
at th
ey a
re s
taffe
d. O
ne w
ay to
sta
ff th
ese
cent
ers
is th
roug
h a
join
t effo
rt b
y th
e lo
cal h
ealth
dep
ortm
ent a
nd th
e lo
cal m
edic
also
ciet
y. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
a p
ublic
hea
lth n
urse
be
mod
e av
aila
ble
in h
ealth
ref
erra
l cen
ters
on
a re
gula
r ba
sis,
and
that
the
loca
lm
edic
al s
ocie
ty p
rovi
de m
edic
al s
ervi
ces
on v
ario
us p
aym
ent
base
s.
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
AL
SA
NIT
AT
ION
One
of t
he p
rimar
y de
term
inan
ts o
f a p
erso
n's
heal
th is
the
envi
ronm
ent i
n w
hich
he
lives
. Uns
afe
hous
ing,
filth
y st
reet
s, a
ndpo
llute
d ai
r al
l cau
se h
ealth
pro
blem
s an
d in
crea
se th
e bu
rden
on
Was
hing
ton'
s al
read
y in
suffi
cien
t hea
lth c
are
serv
ices
. Ste
ps m
ust
be ta
ken
to a
ssur
e a
heal
thfu
l env
ironm
ent i
f our
hea
lth c
are
syst
em is
eve
r go
ing
re b
e su
ffici
ent.
Air,
wat
er, l
and,
and
noi
se p
ollu
tion
are
sign
ifica
nt c
ause
s of
heal
th p
robl
ems
with
in o
ur m
oder
n ur
ban
soci
ety.
Thu
s, o
ne o
fth
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t ste
ps w
e ca
n ta
ke to
impr
ove
heal
th in
Was
hing
ton
is to
act
upo
n th
e re
com
men
datio
ns p
rese
nted
in th
eP
hysi
cal E
nviro
nmen
t Cha
pter
imm
edia
tely
.W
e al
so s
houl
d ac
t on
the
reco
mm
enda
tion
of th
e H
ousi
ngC
omm
ittee
reg
ardi
ng th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f min
imum
, uni
form
hous
ing
code
s th
roug
hout
the
stat
e. M
oreo
ver,
We
reco
mm
end
the
re-e
valu
atio
n or
ado
ptio
n by
app
ropr
iate
loca
l gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies
of h
ousi
ng c
odes
and
the
enfo
rcem
ent
of th
ese
code
s as
they
rel
ate
to h
ealth
con
ditio
ns.
In g
ener
al, e
nviro
nmen
tal s
anita
tion
is a
pro
blem
of a
n en
tire
com
mun
ity. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
in lo
calit
ies
whe
re u
nsan
itary
con
ditio
nsex
ist (
debr
is, r
oden
ts, f
ilth,
etc
.), t
hat l
ocal
citi
zens
ass
ist i
n th
ecr
eatio
n of
sel
f-he
lp p
roje
cts.
MA
TE
RN
AL
AN
D C
HIL
D H
EA
LTri
CA
RE
The
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rote
in o
ur s
tate
, as
the
entir
e na
tion,
ishi
gher
than
in m
ost E
urop
ean
notio
ns. I
n ar
eas
that
ore
pre
dom
i-na
ntly
blo
ck o
r In
dian
, the
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rote
is s
ubst
antia
llyhi
gher
. The
refo
re, w
ell-b
aby
clin
ics,
pre
birt
h co
unse
ling,
and
fam
-ily
pla
nnin
g ar
e se
rvic
es th
at m
ust b
e m
ode
avai
labl
e to
all
peop
le th
roug
hout
the
stat
e of
Was
hing
ton.
Con
sequ
ently
, it
isw
ith a
sen
se o
f dee
p co
ncer
n th
at,
-.-
We
endo
rse
the
obje
ctiv
es fo
r th
e 19
68-6
9 fis
cal y
ear
of th
eM
ater
nal a
nd C
hild
Hea
lth P
rogr
am o
f the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
teH
ealth
Dep
artm
ent w
hich
incl
ude
the
exte
nsio
n of
the
fam
ilypl
anni
ng p
rogr
am to
8,0
00 n
ew p
atie
nts;
a "
high
ris
k" p
reg-
nanc
y pr
ogra
m; t
he in
crea
se a
nd im
prov
emen
t of s
uppl
emen
tal
mat
erni
ty c
are
in c
omm
uniti
es; t
he in
crea
se o
f the
Chi
ld H
ealth
Sup
ervi
sion
Pro
gram
s to
a to
tal o
f 15;
the
cont
inua
nce
of th
eC
hild
ren
and
You
th C
ompr
ehen
sive
Car
e P
rogr
am; t
he a
chie
ve-
men
t of 4
0,00
0 m
easl
es im
mun
izat
ions
; the
dev
elop
men
t of s
up-
ph/m
enta
l Chi
k: H
ealth
Sup
ervi
sion
ser
vice
s in
loca
l hea
lth d
e-pa
rtm
ents
; the
dev
elop
men
t of o
Sch
ool H
ealth
Tea
m to
ass
ist
loca
l sch
ool d
istr
icts
; a 1
0 pe
r ce
nt in
crea
se in
the
Chi
ld S
tudy
Ser
vice
; con
tinua
nce
of s
uppo
rt fo
r th
e C
hild
Stu
dy F
ield
Tea
m;
and
the
cont
inua
nce
of s
uppo
rt fo
r th
e va
rious
men
tal r
etar
datio
npr
ogra
ms.
One
of t
he m
ost c
ontr
over
sial
con
side
ratio
ns in
the
mat
erna
lan
d ch
ild h
ealth
car
e fie
ld is
the
lega
lizat
ion
of a
bort
ion.
Whi
leso
me
stat
es, l
ike
Col
orad
o, h
ove
tal'e
n st
eps
in th
is d
irect
ion,
it is
still
vie
wed
as
a cr
imin
al a
ct in
the
stat
e of
Was
hing
ton.
The
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te M
edic
al S
ocie
ty's
Pub
lic L
aws
Com
mit-
tee
had
on o
d ho
c co
mm
ittee
that
stu
died
this
que
stio
n du
ring
the
post
yea
r. T
his
com
mitt
ee, c
alle
d th
e C
itize
ns A
bort
ion
Dis
cus-
sion
Gro
up, m
ade
a th
orou
gh in
vest
igat
ion
of th
e ex
istin
g st
ot-
Wes
and
med
ical
and
psy
chol
ogic
al p
robl
ems
surr
ound
ing
term
i-na
tion
of p
regn
ancy
. Thi
s gr
oup
cons
iste
d of
div
erse
seg
men
ts o
fou
r st
ate
incl
udin
g bo
th R
oman
Cat
holic
and
Pro
test
ant c
lerg
y-m
en. T
he r
epor
t and
pro
pose
d le
gisl
atio
n th
at r
esul
ted
from
Citi
zens
Abo
rtio
n D
iscu
ssio
n G
roup
's fi
ndin
gs h
ove
been
sub
se-
quen
tly a
dopt
ed b
y th
./ P
ublic
Low
s C
omm
ittee
and
the
Was
hing
-to
n S
tate
s M
edic
al S
ocie
ty's
Hou
se o
f Del
egat
es. T
he M
edic
alS
ocie
ty w
ill p
rese
nt th
is le
gisl
atio
n to
0-
1969
Leg
isla
ture
.T
he W
SM
S c
oncl
uded
that
ther
e or
e m
any
reas
onab
le a
ndpe
rsua
sive
opi
nion
s bo
th fo
r an
d ag
ains
t abo
rtio
n. T
he th
eolo
gi-
cal a
nd p
hilo
soph
ical
vie
ws
pres
ente
d by
b,th
pro
pone
nts
and
oppo
nent
s or
e to
be
reco
gniz
ed a
nd r
espe
cted
. The
refo
re, t
heW
SM
S fe
els
that
sta
te g
over
nmen
t sho
uld
not a
ssum
e a
posi
tion
of im
posi
ng th
roug
h th
e co
ersi
on o
f pol
ice
pow
er th
e vi
ewpo
int
of o
ne g
roup
or
anot
her.
The
y ad
voca
te th
at th
e st
ate
shou
ldre
mai
n ne
utra
l exc
ept f
or p
rote
ctin
gits
citi
zens
from
hav
ing
som
eone
els
e's
will
impo
sed
and
from
hav
ing
the
abor
tion
occu
rin
less
than
the
optim
um m
edic
o! c
ondi
tions
. The
y st
ress
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f the
sta
te r
equi
ring
optim
um h
eart
h co
nditi
ons
sinc
ena
tiona
lly th
e K
inse
y R
epor
t est
imat
ed th
at o
f the
750
,000
to2,
000,
000
illeg
al a
bort
ions
that
occ
ur o
nnua
l'y, a
ppro
xim
atel
y10
0,00
0 gi
rls o
r w
omen
dev
elop
sev
ere
med
ical
com
plic
atio
ns,
and
appr
oxim
atel
y 10
,000
girl
s or
wom
en d
ie. O
ne o
f the
arg
u-m
ents
they
pre
sent
in fa
vor
of le
galiz
ing
abor
tion
is th
at it
occ
Las
regu
larly
now
but
ofte
n in
less
than
dec
ent s
anita
ry c
ondi
tions
.S
ince
the
ques
tion
of te
rmin
atio
n of
pre
gnan
cy is
vita
lly im
-po
rtan
t in
the
field
of u
rban
pro
blem
s,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te L
ogi'
lour
. giv
eca
rafu
l con
side
ratio
n, th
roug
h pu
brec
hea
rings
ope
n to
all
grou
psw
ho w
ant t
o be
hea
rd, t
o th
e pr
opos
ed le
gisl
atio
n pr
epar
ed b
yth
e W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Med
ico
Soc
iety
whi
ch w
ould
:
1. M
ake
the
crim
inal
abo
rtio
n la
ws
inap
plic
able
to p
hysi
-ci
ans,
incl
udin
g os
teop
athi
c ph
ysic
ians
, and
to w
omen
unde
r th
e ca
re o
f a p
hysi
cian
;2.
Req
uire
that
, exc
ept i
n a
tr.z
dica
l em
erge
ncy,
any
term
ina-
tion
of a
pre
gnan
cy m
ay b
e pe
rfor
med
in a
hos
pita
lac
cred
ited
by th
e Jo
int C
omm
issi
on o
n A
ccre
dita
tion
ofH
ospi
tals
or
at m
edic
al fa
cilit
ies
appr
oved
by
the
Sta
teB
oard
of H
ealth
; and
3.P
rovi
de th
at n
o ho
spita
l, ph
ysic
ian
or o
ther
per
son
obje
ct-
ing
to th
e te
rmin
atio
n of
a p
regn
ancy
wou
ld h
ave
a le
gal
oblig
atio
n to
per
form
or
assi
st in
the
perf
orm
ance
of s
uch
a pr
oced
ure.
We
furt
her
reco
mm
end
that
o c
omm
issi
on, w
ith b
road
rep
re-
sent
atio
n, in
clud
ing
lay
citiz
ens,
ele
cted
offi
cial
s, c
lerg
ymen
, med
-ic
al p
rofe
ssio
nals
, et a
l, be
form
ed to
furt
her
stud
y th
e qu
estio
nof
term
inat
ion
of p
regn
ancy
and
its
lega
lizat
ion
in W
ashi
ngto
nst
ate.
DE
LIV
ER
Y O
F H
EA
LTH
CA
RE
SE
RV
ICE
S T
OM
INO
RIT
Y A
ND
LO
W-I
NC
OM
E G
RO
UP
S
Thr
ough
out t
his
repo
rt, e
mph
asis
has
bee
n gi
ven
to th
e pr
ob-
lem
s in
volv
ed in
del
iver
ing
heal
th c
are
serv
ices
to a
il of
Was
hing
-to
n's
resi
dent
s. T
he p
robl
ems
pecu
liar
to m
inor
ity a
nd lo
w-in
com
egr
oups
hav
e be
en p
artic
ular
ly s
tres
sed.
To
help
res
olve
thes
epr
oble
ms,
We
reco
mm
end
that
inno
vativ
e pr
ogra
ms
be d
evel
oped
,fin
ance
d, a
nd im
plem
ente
d, w
hich
wou
ld d
emon
stra
te im
prov
edm
etho
ds o
f del
iver
ing
heal
th s
ervi
ces
to lo
w-in
com
e ci
tizen
s, th
uspa
ving
the
way
for
broa
der
prog
ram
s w
hich
will
mak
e ad
equa
tehe
alth
car
e av
aila
ble
to th
ose
who
se n
eeds
are
the
grea
test
.
A k
now
ledg
e of
the
prev
entio
nal p
rogr
ams
coul
d pr
even
tm
any
heal
th p
robl
ems
and
coul
d re
duce
the
need
for
rem
edia
lhe
alth
cor
e se
rvic
es a
mon
g th
ese
grou
ps. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
elem
enta
ry a
nd s
econ
dary
edu
ca-
tiona
l sys
tem
s in
tens
ify th
eir
effo
rts
to e
duca
te y
oung
peo
ple
rega
rdin
g th
e ut
iliza
tion
of h
ealth
ser
vice
s.
Whi
te th
e st
ate
does
pro
vide
man
y se
rvic
es to
low
-inco
me
and
min
ority
gro
ups,
they
ore
not
bei
ng ',
illy
used
. Eve
ry e
ffort
mus
t be
mad
e to
hel
p th
ese
peop
le ta
ke a
dvan
tage
of t
hese
vita
lse
rnce
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
an e
duca
tiona
l and
info
rmat
iona
l pro
gram
toac
quai
nt th
e m
inor
ity a
nd lo
w-in
com
e gr
oups
with
ava
ilabl
ehe
alth
ser
vice
s in
the
stat
e of
Was
hing
ton.
The
Offi
ce o
f the
Sup
erin
tend
ent o
f Pub
lic In
stru
ctio
n, in
coo
p-er
atio
n w
ith th
e D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
, sho
uld
take
the
resp
onsi
-bi
lity
for
prod
ucin
g th
is a
dditi
onal
effo
rt. T
he p
rogr
ams
in o
ursc
hool
s sh
ould
be
deve
lope
d to
ove
rcom
e cu
ltura
l and
lang
uage
diffe
renc
e.
GE
NE
RA
L P
OLI
CY
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TIO
NS
The
nec
essa
ry fi
rst
,lep
to s
olvi
ng h
ealth
car
e pr
oble
ms
in-
volv
es in
form
atio
n in
the
fo-m
of p
lann
ing
and
publ
icity
. The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
sol
utio
ns w
ill r
equi
re c
oord
inat
ion
and
coop
er-
atio
n. C
onse
quen
tly, a
ser
ies
of e
ffort
s m
ust c
ontin
ue to
be
mad
ein
pla
nnin
g an
d co
ordi
natio
n to
insu
re a
dequ
ate
heal
th c
are
serv
ice
in th
e st
ate
of W
ashi
ngto
n.W
e st
rong
ly e
ndor
se th
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
hea
lth p
lann
ing
con-
cept
. The
refo
re, i
n ad
ditio
n to
con
tinui
ng th
e S
tate
Cou
ncii,
We
reco
mm
end
mor
e ra
pid
orga
niza
tion
of c
ount
y an
d re
-gi
onal
Com
preh
ensi
ve H
ealth
Pla
nnin
g C
ounc
ils to
ass
ure
cont
inu-
ing
eval
uatio
n an
d pl
anni
ng o
f hea
lth c
are
for
all r
esid
ents
of t
hest
ate. A
s a
gene
ral p
olic
y,
We
reco
mm
end
that
all
depa
rtm
ents
of S
tate
gov
ernm
ent w
ithhe
alth
-rel
ated
func
tions
eva
luat
e th
eir
exis
ting
heal
th p
rogr
ams
and
serv
ices
for
effe
ctiv
enes
s an
d ef
ficie
ncy,
and
that
coo
pera
tion
be m
aint
aine
d by
all
depa
rtm
ents
to p
recl
ude
dupl
icat
ion
ofef
fort
. In o
rder
to g
ive
our
loca
l hea
lth d
epar
tmen
ts a
s m
uch
help
as
poss
;'ole
and
4o
insu
re th
at th
e ci
tizen
s in
eve
ry a
rea
of o
ur s
tate
rece
ive
care
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
annu
al e
valu
atio
n an
d an
alys
is o
f all
prog
ram
s of
the
loca
l hea
lth d
epar
tmen
ts b
y th
e W
ashi
ngto
nS
tate
Hea
lth D
epar
tmen
t be
mad
e m
ore
exte
nsiv
e an
d m
ore
effe
ctiv
e, p
erha
ps b
y gi
ving
the
Sta
te D
epar
tmen
t bud
geta
rypo
wer
, to
assu
re th
at th
e lo
cal d
epar
tmen
ts m
eet m
inim
um s
tanc
e-ar
ds. To
assu
re th
at p
ublic
hea
lth s
ervi
ces
are
adeq
uate
ly c
onsi
d-er
ed,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Gov
erno
r ap
poin
t a r
epre
sent
ativ
efr
om th
e S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth to
ser
ve o
n th
e T
raffi
c S
afet
yC
omm
issi
on.
To
assu
re c
onsi
dera
tion
of th
e m
edic
cl-h
ealth
ram
ifica
tions
cf
high
way
des
ign,
We
reco
mm
end
that
hea
lth c
are
prof
essi
onal
s be
incl
uded
inth
e m
ulti-
disc
iplin
e de
sign
team
app
roac
h pr
epar
ed fo
r th
e ro
ut-
ing
and
desi
gn o
f new
tran
spor
tatio
n ro
utes
by
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te D
epar
tmen
t of H
ighw
ays
(or,
if c
reat
ed, t
he S
tate
Dep
art-
men
tT
rans
port
atio
n).
Fin
ally
, sin
ce a
ll qu
estio
ns o
f hum
an w
elfa
re m
ust i
nclu
deco
nsid
erat
ion
of h
ealth
, and
sin
ce th
e pr
oble
ms
of o
ur lo
w-in
-co
me
peop
le a
re a
lmos
t alw
ays
conn
ecte
d w
ith th
eir
phys
ical
and
men
tal h
ealth
,W
e re
com
men
d th
e in
clus
ion
of m
edic
al a
nd h
ealth
rep
rese
nt-
ativ
es o
n al
l adv
isor
y co
mm
ittee
s th
at d
eal w
ith lo
w-in
com
e an
dm
inor
ity g
roup
s.C
ON
CLU
SIO
N
in h
is k
eyno
te a
ddre
ss to
the
Gov
erno
r's C
onfe
renc
e on
Com
-pr
ehen
sive
Hea
lth P
lann
ing,
Gov
erno
r D
anie
l J. F
vons
sum
ma-
rized
the
esse
nce
of o
ur s
tate
's h
ealth
pro
blem
s ve
ry w
ell:
"V/e
hav
e cr
eate
d a
syst
em fo
r de
liver
ing
heal
th c
are
whi
chha
s co
nver
ted
wha
t sho
uld
be a
bas
ic r
ight
into
an
econ
omic
priv
ilege
. And
we
have
faile
d in
larg
e re
spec
t to
mak
e go
odhe
alth
ava
ilabl
e to
thos
e w
ho n
eed
it m
ost a
t any
thin
g ne
ar th
epr
ice
they
can
affo
rd.
Ask
the
chie
f of a
pov
erty
-str
icke
n In
dian
trib
e ab
out h
ospi
tal
insu
ranc
e pl
ans;
Or
ask
the
soci
al w
orke
r in
our
cen
tral
city
are
as a
bout
affo
rdin
g de
cent
hos
pita
l car
e an
d re
gula
r ph
ysic
al c
heck
-ups
.A
sk th
em, a
nd y
ou w
ill fi
nd th
at it
isst
ill p
ossi
ble
in o
uraf
fluen
t soc
iety
to b
e to
o yo
ung
to q
ualif
y fo
r M
edic
are,
too
poor
to a
fford
insu
ranc
e, to
o ig
nora
nt to
ask
for
help
, and
too
sick
toca
re o
ne w
ay o
r th
e ot
her.
"T
he p
ublic
in g
ener
al a
s w
ell a
s th
e he
alth
pro
fess
iona
ls m
ust
beco
me
fully
aw
are
of th
e ne
ed fo
r im
med
iate
, effe
ctiv
e ac
tion
inth
e he
alth
fiel
d. A
per
son'
s he
alth
is to
o im
port
ant a
mat
ter
toig
nore
. The
rec
omm
enda
tions
pre
sent
ed in
this
rep
ort a
re m
erel
ya
begi
nnin
g. T
he n
eed
for
lay
citiz
ens
to g
et in
volv
ed a
s in
divi
d-ua
ls in
the
regi
onal
com
preh
ensi
ve h
ealth
pla
nnin
g co
nfer
ence
san
d co
unci
ls c
anno
t be
over
stat
ed. T
he p
robl
ems
of h
ealth
car
em
anpo
wer
, fac
ilitie
s, d
eliv
ery,
etc
., ar
e of
far
too
grea
t a m
agni
-tu
de a
nd d
epth
fcr
peop
le to
not
join
with
pro
fess
iona
ls in
form
ulat
ing
defin
itive
rev
isio
ns a
nd s
olut
ions
.
CH
AP
TE
R IV
ED
UC
AT
ION
Mos
t peo
ple
thin
k th
at o
ur s
yste
m o
f for
mal
edu
catio
n is
basi
cally
sou
nd, a
nd th
at a
ll th
at is
nee
ded
is th
e ex
tens
ion
ofth
e ba
sica
lly g
ood
educ
atio
n to
all
stud
ents
. But
my
impr
essi
onof
wha
t stu
dent
s ha
ve le
arne
d af
ter
elev
en o
r tw
elve
yea
rs in
the
publ
ic s
choo
ls in
dica
tes
that
our
edu
catio
nal s
yste
m is
piti
fully
inad
equa
te to
the
need
s of
mod
ern
Am
eric
a.1
Edu
catio
n is
the
corn
er s
tone
in th
e liv
es o
f urb
an m
en a
ndw
omen
. The
ir m
ater
ial a
nd s
ocia
l suc
cess
is g
reat
ly a
ffect
ed b
yth
e sk
ills
they
hav
e de
velo
ped
or k
now
ledg
e th
ey h
ave
gain
ed in
thei
r sc
hool
ing.
Edu
catio
n is
eas
ily th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t asp
ect o
fth
eir
prep
arat
ion
for
adul
t life
.T
he h
isto
rical
ly s
tron
g se
nse
of c
once
rn, s
ensi
tivity
, and
com
-m
itmen
t to
educ
atio
nal e
xcel
lenc
e in
the
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton
has
ripen
ed w
ith th
e gr
owth
of o
ur u
rban
are
as. S
choo
ls u
ndou
bted
lyre
ceiv
e m
ore
clos
e sc
rutin
y an
d cr
itici
sm th
an a
ny o
ther
gov
ern-
men
tal i
nstit
utio
n. E
duca
tion
is n
ot s
een
as th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
ofpr
ofes
sion
al e
duca
tors
and
inst
itutio
ns a
lone
. All
citiz
ens
and
thei
r el
ecte
d of
ficia
ls m
ust b
e in
volv
ed in
this
vita
l pro
cess
.T
he E
duca
tion
Com
mitt
ee th
us u
nder
took
to p
oint
out
, as
ala
y-ci
tizen
s' g
roup
, spe
cific
act
ion
that
sho
uld
be ta
ken
to m
ake
educ
atio
n a
trul
y re
leva
nt a
nd m
eani
ngfu
l pre
para
tion
for
life
for
Was
hing
ton'
s ci
tizen
s. T
o th
is e
nd, i
t met
with
rep
rese
ntat
ives
from
the
Edu
catio
n C
omm
issi
on o
f the
Sta
tes,
the
Offi
ce o
f the
Sup
erin
tend
ent o
f Pub
lic In
stru
ctio
n, th
e D
irect
or o
f Occ
upat
iona
lE
duca
tion
for
Sea
ttle,
and
mem
bers
of t
he J
oint
Com
mitt
ee o
nE
duca
tion
of th
e Le
gisl
atur
e. It
als
o m
et w
ith th
e T
ax A
dvis
ory
Cou
ncil,
the
Dire
ctor
of t
he S
tate
Div
isio
n of
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion,
a re
pres
enta
tive
of th
e C
oord
inat
ing
Cou
ncil
for
Occ
upat
iona
lE
duca
tion,
and
the
Dire
ctor
of t
he S
tate
Boa
rd fo
r C
omm
unity
Col
lege
s. T
he O
ffice
of t
he S
uper
inte
nden
t of P
ublic
Inst
ruc-
ttion
and
the
Join
t Com
mitt
ee o
n E
duca
tion
prov
ided
add
ition
al m
ate-
rial.
The
Edu
catio
n C
omm
ittee
ois
o he
ld h
earin
gs w
ith p
aren
ts,
stud
ents
, and
teac
hers
in th
e C
entr
al A
rea
of S
eattl
e an
d th
eH
illto
p D
istr
ict o
f Tac
oma.
The
sta
ff ha
s ga
ined
a v
ast a
mou
nt o
f inf
orm
atio
n fr
om th
ese
sour
ces.
Oth
er m
ater
ial w
as p
rodu
ced
from
the
findi
ngs
of th
eN
on-U
rban
Sec
tor
Com
mitt
ee a
nd th
e Jo
b T
rain
ing
and
Opp
ortu
n-iti
es C
omm
ittee
of t
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il.T
he s
choo
ls in
Was
hing
ton
shou
ld p
rovi
de W
ashi
ngto
n re
si-
'Tes
timon
y re
ceiv
ed a
t the
Tac
oma
Edu
catio
n C
omm
ittee
hea
ring
on J
une
19, 1
968,
by
Ste
ven
For
tson
, a T
acom
a hi
gh s
choo
l tea
cher
,
dent
s w
ith a
dequ
ate
prep
arat
ion
for
them
to ta
ke th
eir
plac
es in
soci
ety
as c
ontr
ibut
ing
citiz
ens.
We
say
-sho
uld-
bec
ause
in a
ner
a of
an
expa
ndin
g ec
onom
y, im
men
se p
opul
atio
nsh
ifts,
and
cont
inui
ng te
chno
logi
cal a
nd s
ocia
l cha
nge,
alm
ost a
llsc
hool
s ha
ve d
one
an in
adeq
uate
job.
The
ir sh
ortc
omin
gs h
ave
ava
riety
of c
ause
s, a
ll of
whi
ch m
ust b
e re
med
ied
befo
re e
duca
-tio
n ca
n fu
lfill
its s
ocie
tal r
ole.
The
cau
ses
can
be c
ateg
oriz
ed a
s fin
ance
s, o
rgan
izat
ion,
per
-so
nnel
, and
cur
ricul
um. W
hile
we
cert
ainl
y do
not
thin
k th
at th
ean
swer
to a
ll ou
r ed
ucat
iona
l pro
blem
s is
sim
ply
to p
rovi
de m
ore
mon
ey to
sch
ool d
istr
icts
, the
ref
orm
s w
e ad
voca
te d
o ta
kem
oney
, and
con
sequ
ently
, fin
ance
s ar
e an
ess
entia
l firs
t ste
p. in
the
past
, and
eve
n to
day.
sch
ool d
istr
icts
are
lim
ited
by th
eam
ount
of m
oney
they
can
rai
se o
n pr
oper
ty ta
xes
with
in th
edi
stric
t. S
peci
ai le
vies
hav
e be
com
e on
ann
ual f
eatu
re in
mos
tar
eas
of th
e st
ate.
Som
e sc
hool
dis
tric
ts s
impl
y ca
nnot
rai
sesu
ffici
ent f
unds
to im
prov
e th
eir
scho
ols
due
to a
n el
ecto
rate
that
eith
'is
uns
ympa
thet
ic o
r fe
els
over
taxe
d. T
he s
tate
mus
t ass
ert a
mor
e ac
tive
role
in s
choo
l fin
anci
ng. A
way
to a
void
the
unce
r-ta
inty
, pub
lic e
xpen
se, a
nd la
ck o
f lon
g ra
nge
plan
ning
cau
sed
by s
peci
al le
vies
mus
t be
deve
lope
d. C
ompr
ehen
sive
tax
refo
rm is
the
only
ans
wer
.T
he s
econ
d m
ajor
cau
se o
f edu
catio
nal p
robl
ems
is s
choo
lor
gani
zatio
n. S
choo
l dis
tric
ts, s
choo
l adm
inis
trat
ors,
and
indi
vid-
ual s
choo
ls o
ften
have
bee
n ei
ther
unw
illin
g or
una
ble
to c
hang
esi
gnifi
cant
ly to
mee
t the
rap
idly
cha
ngin
g ed
ucat
iona
l nee
ds o
fou
r m
oder
n ur
ban
soci
ety.
Thi
s re
luct
ance
to c
hang
e ha
s he
lped
to c
ause
de
fact
o se
gre-
gatio
n, a
liena
tion
of s
tude
nts,
stif
ling
of te
ache
rs, l
imite
d cu
rric
u-lu
m, n
eedl
ess
dupl
icat
ion,
and
an
inef
ficie
nt u
se o
f tax
paye
rs'
mon
ey. T
he u
nwill
ingn
ess
of m
any
scho
ol d
istr
icts
to c
onso
lidat
eor
eve
n co
oper
ate,
par
ticul
arly
in u
rban
are
as, h
as h
elpe
d ca
use
stud
ents
of c
ultu
ral m
inor
ities
to c
once
ntra
te in
one
or
two
scho
ols
rath
er th
an to
dev
elop
a m
ulti-
raci
al e
duca
tiona
l opp
ortu
nity
thro
ugho
ut th
e m
etro
polit
an a
rea.
Thi
s sa
me
unw
illin
gnes
s in
the
stat
e ha
s ca
used
sch
ool d
istr
icts
to n
eedl
essl
y du
plic
ate
prog
ram
sth
at c
ould
be
com
bine
d, a
nd m
ade
it im
poss
ible
for
som
e di
s-tr
icts
to p
rovi
de v
ital a
nd n
eces
sary
opp
ortu
nitie
s to
thei
r st
u-de
nts. The
org
aniz
atio
n in
indi
vidu
al s
choo
ls h
as, i
n m
ost i
nsta
nces
,fo
rced
stu
dent
s to
wor
k at
the
sam
e pa
ce r
egar
dles
s of
per
sona
ldi
ffere
nces
, and
has
thw
arte
d th
e te
ache
r w
ho w
ould
like
to tr
yne
w in
nova
tions
in te
achi
ng. S
choo
l adm
inis
trat
ors
have
foun
dfe
w w
ays
to c
hann
el th
e ne
w s
tude
nt a
war
enes
s an
d co
ncer
n in
toco
nstr
uctiv
e m
easu
res.
Stu
dent
inte
rest
and
des
ire to
lear
n ar
eus
ually
not
fully
stim
ulat
ed a
nd a
ll to
o of
ten
disc
oura
ged
by th
etr
aditi
onal
org
aniz
atio
nal p
atte
rn.
The
third
maj
or c
ause
of e
duca
tiona
l sho
rtco
min
gs is
sch
ool
pers
onne
l pra
ctic
es. T
each
er a
nd a
dmin
istr
ator
trai
ning
, rec
ruit-
men
t, sa
larie
s, c
aree
r ad
vanc
emen
t, an
d re
tent
ion
curr
ently
do
not d
o an
ade
quat
e jo
b of
attr
actin
g th
e m
ost t
alen
ted
and
exce
ptio
nally
inte
llige
nt m
en a
nd w
omen
in o
ur s
ocie
ty to
the
educ
atio
n pr
ofes
sion
. Mos
t col
lege
stu
dent
s co
nsid
er te
ache
r-tr
aini
ng c
ours
es to
be
irrel
evan
t, to
lack
rea
l sub
stan
ce, a
nd to
be
inte
llect
ually
unr
espe
ctab
le. S
tude
nt te
achi
ng a
nd o
bser
vatio
n ex
-pe
rienc
es r
arel
y in
volv
e w
ork
with
cul
tura
l min
ority
stu
dent
s.R
ecru
itmen
t tec
hniq
ues
usua
lly a
re li
mite
d to
the
trad
ition
al c
lass
-ro
om te
ache
r ca
tego
ry a
nd th
e hi
ghly
mot
ivat
ed w
hite
, mid
dle-
clos
s pe
rson
. Tea
cher
s' s
alar
ies
are
impr
ovin
g bu
t stil
l are
far
from
com
para
ble
to o
ther
pro
fess
ions
, e.g
., la
w a
nd m
edic
ine,
and
to p
rivat
e in
dust
ry. C
aree
r ad
vanc
emen
t for
mos
t tea
cher
sm
eans
leav
ing
the
clas
sroo
m to
go
into
adm
inis
trat
ion.
The
cla
ss-
room
teac
her
is o
ften
not f
ree
to e
xper
imen
t with
inno
vatio
ns o
rto
ado
pt u
niqu
e st
yles
and
tech
niqu
es. A
ll th
ese
fact
ors
have
cont
ribut
ed to
the
loss
of m
ore
than
hal
f of o
ur te
ache
rs w
hobe
gan
teac
hing
five
yea
rs a
go. T
his
phen
omen
on m
ust n
ot b
eal
low
ed to
con
tinue
.
Fin
ally
, one
of t
he g
reat
est c
halle
nges
to o
ur s
choo
ls is
toke
ep o
ur c
urric
ulum
cur
rent
with
the
rapi
d, v
ast c
hang
es in
our
mod
ern,
urb
an s
ocie
ty. T
he w
ord
hear
d m
ost o
ften
in e
duca
tion
hear
ings
and
mee
tings
is ir
rele
vanc
e. It
mus
t des
crib
e m
uch
ofw
hat i
s ta
ught
in c
lass
room
s to
day.
Stu
dent
s w
ho w
ill b
e lo
okin
g fo
r a
job
afte
r hi
gh s
choo
l are
chan
nele
d in
to c
olle
ge p
repa
rato
ry c
ours
es th
at h
ave
little
rel
a-tio
n to
thei
r fu
ture
.C
ours
es in
citi
zens
hip,
in o
ccup
atio
nal s
kills
, and
in jo
b op
-po
rtun
ities
usu
ally
are
rel
egat
ed to
o la
te in
the
educ
atio
nal p
roc-
ess
and
give
n se
cond
ary
cons
ider
atio
n. W
e ha
ve c
olle
ge p
repa
ra-
tory
pro
gram
s in
our
sec
onda
ry s
choo
ls th
at o
ften
do n
ot p
repa
reou
r ch
ildre
n to
suc
ceed
in c
olle
ge a
nd v
ocat
iona
l pro
gram
s th
atof
ten
do n
ot p
repa
re th
em to
hol
d a
job.
Too
ofte
n w
e us
ete
xtbo
oks
that
are
ant
iqua
ted
or c
ultu
rally
bia
sed
and
prov
ide
little
inte
llect
ual s
rimul
us to
the
stud
ents
.T
he c
urric
ulum
of o
ur p
ublic
sch
ools
is p
artic
ular
ly ir
rele
vant
to s
tude
nts
of a
min
ority
rac
ial o
r et
hnic
bac
kgro
und.
The
whi
te,
mid
dlec
lass
orie
ntat
ion
of o
ur c
urric
ulum
ofte
n ha
s so
littl
e re
la-
tion
to th
e lif
e ex
perie
nce
of m
inor
ity c
hild
ren
that
they
bec
ome
disi
nter
este
d in
sch
ool a
nd b
ecom
e th
e pe
renn
ial "
drop
out"
.F
inan
cial
and
org
aniz
atio
nal r
efor
m a
re n
ot e
noug
h, s
ince
scho
ols
that
do
not t
each
wha
t is
rele
vant
to th
e w
orld
they
are
in a
re o
f litt
le v
alue
, no
mat
ter
how
wel
l fun
ded
or h
ow w
ell
oper
ated
.
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UB
TI T
EI1
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'4...
MIN
IMP
NP
UR
I.
I
FIN
AN
CE
SW
e re
ject
the
idea
that
the
pana
cea
fcr
all o
ur e
duca
tiona
lpr
oble
ms
is m
erel
y to
giv
e m
ore
mon
ey to
our
sch
ools
. A "
busi
-ne
ss a
s us
ual"
and
"mor
e of
the
sam
e" a
ppro
ach
will
not
res
olve
the
seve
re p
robl
ems
of o
ur e
duca
tiona
l sys
tem
.W
e ar
e ad
voca
ting
refo
rms
to im
prov
e tn
e ed
ucat
iona
l pro
c-es
s. T
hese
ref
orm
s w
ill c
all f
or in
crea
sed
inve
stm
ent o
f mon
ies,
just
as
pres
ent p
rogr
ams
do. T
he a
dditi
onal
mon
ey w
ould
be
wel
l inv
este
d.T
he q
uest
ion
that
imm
edia
tely
aris
es is
how
add
ition
al fu
nds
will
be
deve
lope
d. S
peci
al le
vies
, a m
ajor
par
t of s
choo
l fin
anci
ngat
the
pres
ent t
ime,
are
est
imat
ed to
be
over
$98
mill
ion
this
yea
ran
d ev
en h
ighe
r ne
xt y
ear.
The
Sta
te h
ad a
11/
2bi
llion
dol
lar
educ
atio
nal b
udge
t for
the
1967
-69
bien
nium
, and
und
oubt
edly
will
see
the
budg
et in
crea
se in
the
next
bie
nniu
m.
In a
sta
te w
here
pro
pert
y ta
xes
are
one
of th
e le
adin
g ar
gu-
men
ts fo
r co
mpr
ehen
sive
tax
refo
rm, a
noth
er p
rope
rty
tax
has
anin
here
nt d
isad
vant
age.
Add
ition
al fu
nds
soug
ht b
y sc
hool
sth
roug
h sp
ecia
l pro
pert
y ta
x le
vies
tend
to b
e fo
r pr
ojec
ts th
atha
ve w
ide
popu
lar
appe
al, s
uch
as a
thle
tic fa
cilit
ies,
inst
ead
ofne
w te
xtbo
oks
or s
peci
al e
duca
tiona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s. C
lear
ly th
esy
stem
we
have
of r
aisi
ng fu
nds
mus
t be
chan
ged
if th
e S
tate
isgo
ing
to u
phol
d its
com
mitm
ent t
o eq
ual e
duca
tiona
l opp
ortu
nity
for
all r
esid
ents
of W
ashi
ngto
n. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
com
preh
ensi
ve ta
x re
form
as
a ne
cess
ary
step
to s
olvi
ng m
ajor
pro
blem
s of
sch
ool f
inan
cing
.
We
are
conv
ince
d th
at th
e S
tate
of W
ashi
ngto
n is
in n
eed
ofta
x re
form
for
man
y re
ason
s, n
ot th
e le
ast o
f whi
ch is
the
maj
orpr
oble
m o
f sch
ool f
inan
cing
. Tax
ref
orm
doe
s no
t sim
ply
mea
nta
x in
crea
se.
The
rou
te th
at g
ener
ally
is fa
vore
d no
w is
the
adop
tion
of a
n in
com
e ta
x, th
e lim
itatio
n of
the
prop
erty
tax,
are
duct
ion
or e
limin
atio
n of
the
Bus
ines
s an
d O
ccup
atio
n ta
x, a
ndth
e ex
empt
ion
of fo
od a
nd p
resc
ribed
dru
gs fr
om a
low
ered
sal
esta
x. T
ax r
efor
m is
crit
ical
ly n
eede
d. It
can
not b
e po
stpo
ned
any
long
er.
Edu
catio
n is
too
impo
rtan
t to
depe
n,i o
n su
ch a
n un
satis
fac-
tory
sys
tem
as
spec
ial l
evie
s. T
he c
urre
nt s
iwat
ion
in P
ort A
ngel
esan
d B
ellin
gham
whe
re s
tude
nts
are
bein
g de
priv
ed o
f enr
ichm
ent
prog
ram
s in
the
arts
and
ath
letic
s ex
empl
ify th
e dr
astic
effe
cts
levy
failu
res
can
have
on
a co
mm
unity
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
bulk
of s
choo
l fin
anci
ng fo
r re
gula
rne
eds
be m
et b
y st
ate
gove
rnm
ent.
Thi
s in
volv
es a
shi
fting
of p
riorit
ies
in th
e Le
gisl
atur
e so
the
nece
ssar
y m
oney
will
be
avai
labl
e. It
invo
lves
an
appo
rtio
nmen
tsy
stem
that
rec
ogni
zes
the
spec
ial n
eeds
of v
ario
us d
istr
icts
and
the
heav
ier
burd
en th
at m
any
dist
ricts
hav
e to
bea
r. It
invo
lves
ade
finiti
on o
f "re
gula
r ne
eds"
, a d
efin
ition
that
mus
t be
flexi
ble
enou
gh to
allo
w fo
r co
nsta
nt im
prov
emen
t in
educ
atio
n. T
hepr
oble
ms
are
not i
nsur
mou
ntab
le, a
nd th
e de
ficie
ncie
s of
the
spec
ial l
evy
may
soo
n be
a m
uch
mor
e di
fficu
lt ta
sk to
ove
rcom
e.T
he s
peci
al le
vy is
not
with
out m
erit,
how
ever
. It h
as p
rove
nits
elf a
s a
way
to r
aise
fund
s fo
r ne
w p
rogr
ams
and
spec
ial
faci
litie
s. W
e fe
elit
shou
ld c
ontin
uebe
use
d fo
r th
ose
pur-
pose
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
spe
cial
levi
es fo
r sc
hool
fina
nce
purp
oses
be li
mite
d to
spe
cial
pro
gram
s ov
er a
nd a
bove
nor
mal
req
uire
-m
ents
.
We
cann
ot o
verly
str
ess
the
need
for
scho
ol d
istr
icts
and
scho
ols
with
in d
istr
icts
to w
ork
toge
ther
. To
com
bat d
e fa
cto
segr
egat
ion,
that
is s
egre
gatio
n by
fact
and
not
by
law
, to
prov
ide
equa
l opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r sp
ecia
l pro
gram
s, to
allo
w in
di-
vidu
al a
reas
to s
peci
aliz
e in
thos
e su
bjec
ts th
ey c
an te
ach
best
,sc
hool
dis
tric
ts m
ust c
oope
rate
. Thi
s co
oper
atio
n in
volv
es tr
ansf
ers
(on
a vo
lunt
ary
basi
s) fr
om o
ne s
choo
l to
anot
her
and
from
one
scho
ol d
istr
ict t
o an
othe
r. T
rans
fers
incu
r sp
ecia
l pro
gram
s of
adju
stm
ent a
nd m
ore
tran
spor
tatio
n. F
unds
sho
uld
be a
vaila
ble
for
both
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
te p
rovi
de tr
ansp
orta
tion
fund
s to
scho
ol d
istr
icts
for
stud
ents
par
ticip
atin
g in
tran
sfer
pla
ns d
e-si
gned
to a
chie
ve r
acia
l bal
ance
.F
or s
tude
nts
invo
lved
in s
uch
prog
ram
s as
mag
net s
choo
ls,
TR
EN
DS
IN E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
L S
TA
TU
S:
ME
DIA
N S
CH
OO
L Y
EA
R C
OM
PLE
TE
D*
NO
NW
HIT
E R
AC
IAL
GR
OU
PS
,W
AS
HIN
GT
ON
: 194
0 T
O 1
960
TO
TA
L13
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12.0
0 LJ ij 11
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8.0
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6.0
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AN
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0."'"
--IN
DIA
N
..."
d.'
--..
....0
.....
_-
1940
1950
*PO
PU
LAT
ION
25
YE
AR
S O
F A
GE
AN
D O
VE
R
1960
We
reco
mm
end
legi
slat
ion
to m
ake
it po
ssib
le fo
r th
e lo
cal
scho
ol d
istr
ict t
o co
ver
the
cost
and
be
reim
burs
ed fr
om th
e S
tate
tran
spor
tatio
n fu
nd.
For
stu
dent
s in
volv
ed in
inte
rdis
tric
t pro
gram
s,
We
reco
mm
end
that
sch
ool d
istr
icts
be
reim
burs
ed fo
r th
atpo
rtio
n of
the
cost
of t
rans
fers
from
out
side
the
scho
ol d
istr
ict
that
is n
ot c
over
ed b
y th
e st
ate
allo
tmen
t.
For
sch
ools
that
are
invo
lved
with
tran
sfer
stu
dent
s,
We
reco
mm
end
allo
tting
fund
s fo
r pr
ogra
ms
to a
id in
exp
edit-
ing
and
impl
emen
ting
scho
ol c
oope
ratio
n an
d in
tegr
atio
n su
ch a
sth
e fo
llow
ing:
a.or
ient
atio
n of
sta
ff in
rec
eivi
ng s
choo
ls in
volv
ed in
tran
s-fe
r pr
ogra
ms;
b.pr
ovis
ion
for
supp
ortiv
e re
sour
ces
in r
ecei
ving
sch
ools
,su
ch a
s H
ome-
Sch
ool A
ides
(se
e P
erso
nnel
sea
ion
of th
isch
apte
r) to
ass
ist i
n co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d lia
ison
with
the
pare
nts
of tr
ansf
er s
tude
nts;
and
c.pr
ovis
ion
for
staf
f mem
bers
in r
ecei
ving
sch
ools
to p
artic
i-pa
te in
inst
ruct
iona
l pla
nnin
g an
d de
velo
pmen
t for
the
adop
tion
of th
e in
stru
ctio
nal p
rogr
am to
cha
nges
bro
ught
abou
t by
the
tran
sfer
or
inte
grat
ion
proc
ess.
Fin
ally
, we
shar
e th
e co
nvic
tion
of m
ost A
mer
ican
s th
at o
urco
llege
s ca
n pr
ovid
e a
uniq
ue s
et o
f opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r th
ose
qual
ified
to a
ttend
. The
se o
ppor
tuni
ties
shou
ld n
ot b
e re
serv
edon
ly fo
r th
ose
afflu
ent e
noug
h to
pay
thei
r ow
n w
ay. T
hese
op-
port
uniti
es a
re a
vaila
ble
at b
oth
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e in
stitu
tions
,an
d w
e sh
ould
mak
e th
e fu
llest
use
of b
oth
to e
duca
te o
ur y
oung
peop
le. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
stat
e fin
anci
al a
ssis
tanc
e to
wor
thy
and
need
yst
uden
ts in
the
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton
who
wis
h to
atte
nd p
ublic
or
priv
ate
inst
itutio
ns o
f hig
her
lear
ning
in th
is s
tate
.
The
sta
ndar
ds fo
r se
lect
ing
wor
thy
stud
ents
hov
e be
en d
evel
-op
ed. T
he s
tand
ards
mus
t be
flexi
ble
enou
gh to
allo
w fo
r th
eap
plic
ant w
ith c
apab
ility
but
with
a p
oor
reco
rd, d
ue to
hom
een
viro
nmen
t or
raci
al o
r cu
ltura
l fac
tors
.T
he s
tand
ards
for
need
y st
uden
ts m
ust a
lso
be th
orou
ghen
ough
to in
clud
e bo
th th
e po
or a
nd th
e pe
rson
with
an
aver
age
inco
me
who
has
man
y ch
ildre
n in
sch
ool s
imul
tane
ousl
y. S
uch
stan
dard
s as
the
Par
ents
' Con
fiden
tial S
tate
men
t pub
lishe
d by
the
Col
lege
Ent
ranc
e E
xam
inat
ion
Boa
rd, d
o al
low
for
fact
ors
like
larg
e fa
mili
es. S
omet
hing
sim
ilar
coul
d be
ada
pted
to th
e sp
ecia
lne
eds
of W
ashi
ngto
n.
OR
.;AN
IZA
TIO
NA
n iro
nic
ailm
ent o
f Was
hing
ton
educ
atio
n is
that
it h
as to
om
any
scho
ol d
istr
icts
and
too
few
pro
gram
s. M
any
scho
ols
acro
ssth
e S
tate
are
com
petin
g w
ith e
ach
othe
r to
teac
h in
the
trad
ition
alw
ay, w
ith th
e sa
me
resu
lts. O
ur e
xpan
ding
tech
nolo
gica
l eco
n-om
y an
d th
e he
ight
ened
con
scio
usne
ss o
f tho
se w
ho d
o no
tsu
ccee
d w
ith th
is ty
pe o
f edu
catio
n, h
owev
er, m
ean
we
no lo
nger
can
affo
rd th
e de
sire
of e
very
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d ac
ross
the
stat
e to
dupl
icat
e ot
her
neig
hbor
hood
s' s
choo
ls.
Sch
ool o
rgan
izat
ion
shou
ld id
eally
pro
vide
sev
eral
pos
itive
feat
ures
; non
e of
whi
ch is
ade
quat
ely
prov
ided
now
. The
firs
t is
flexi
bilit
y to
exp
erim
ent a
nd to
cor
rect
the
erro
rs o
f the
pas
t. It
isno
t our
des
ire to
faul
t ind
ivid
ual a
dmin
istr
ator
s ac
ross
the
stat
e,bu
t rat
her
to fa
ult t
he s
yste
m th
at e
ither
mak
es it
diff
icul
t or
offe
rs v
ery
little
ince
ntiv
e fo
r th
e in
divi
dual
teac
her
or th
e in
divi
d-ua
l sch
ool t
o ex
perim
ent a
nd c
hang
e. T
he o
nly
ongo
ing
stim
uli
for
expe
rimen
tatio
n ar
e fe
dera
l titl
e ac
t fun
ds. T
he S
eattl
e m
agne
tsc
hool
is a
goo
d ex
ampl
e of
suc
h ex
perim
enta
tion.
mov
to T
0,1
O1
vat
%m
utt
Tri
sa
24 a
A"
4CA
,,$4
471
TE
AC
HE
R.
A.!
TU
RN
OV
ER
1966
-'67
to
I RO
OM
zoo
]
Q.0
%
A-R
S6
so
v.I.c
s-v-
vez W
.VA
.lo
i"u\ S
he
1
c?,.9
Rep
, ""A
tilep
44,6
EIli
61-1
Z
The
sec
ond
requ
irem
ent o
f sch
ool o
rgan
izat
ion
is th
at it
be
ofa
form
that
can
offe
r ed
ucat
iona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s ef
ficie
ntly
. Thi
sm
ay in
clud
e ei
ther
com
bina
tion
or c
oope
ratio
n, b
ut n
eedl
ess
du-
plic
atio
n an
d ra
ndom
sca
tterin
g of
vita
l pro
gram
s m
ust b
e pr
e-ve
nted
.
One
of t
hese
vita
l opp
ortu
nitie
s is
to a
ttend
sch
ool w
ith a
cultu
rally
div
erse
gro
up. M
ost d
istr
icts
hav
e pr
oven
thei
r in
abili
tyto
do
this
with
out c
onsc
ious
effo
rt. W
e m
ust e
ither
pro
vide
that
cons
ciou
s ef
fort
or
deve
lop
an o
rgan
izat
ion
that
pro
vide
s th
edi
vers
ity w
e ne
ed.
The
rel
atio
nshi
p of
the
vario
us e
lem
ents
with
in a
ny g
iven
scho
ol is
a m
ajor
pro
blem
. Stu
dent
s m
ust b
e gi
ven
mor
e re
spon
si-
bilit
y fo
r th
eir
own
lear
ning
pro
cess
. Thi
s in
volv
es th
eir
rela
tion-
ship
s w
ith b
oth
the
teac
hers
and
the
scho
ol a
dmin
istr
atio
n. S
choo
lor
gani
zatio
n sh
ould
mak
e a
plac
e fo
r th
is in
crea
sed
resp
onsi
bil-
ity, a
nd it
mus
t be
one
in w
hich
stu
dent
s ca
n co
ntrib
ute
cons
truc
-tiv
ely,
and
not
be
forc
ed in
to in
diffe
renc
e or
rev
olt.
Tea
cher
s ar
e th
e ot
her
elem
ent w
ithin
the
scho
ol th
at n
eed
anex
pand
ed r
ole.
The
indi
vidu
al te
ache
r sh
ould
be
free
r to
exp
eri-
men
t and
cha
nge
inhi
s cl
assr
oom
, and
teac
hers
col
lect
ivel
ysh
ould
be
able
to e
xert
influ
ence
alo
ng w
ith s
tude
nts
on th
esh
apin
g of
gen
eral
edu
catio
nal p
olic
ies.
Sch
ool o
rgan
izat
ion
mus
tpr
ovid
e fo
r th
is fr
eedo
m a
nd in
fluen
ce.
Our
edu
catio
nal s
yste
m s
houl
d so
meh
ow d
evel
op th
e ab
ility
to w
ork
with
the
vast
am
ount
of e
duca
tion
that
goe
s on
out
side
the
scho
ol c
lass
room
.O
ur fi
rst r
ecom
men
datio
n is
obv
ious
. In
an e
ra o
f cha
nge,
scho
ols
mus
t be
free
to b
ring
them
selv
es u
p to
dat
e an
d ad
apt t
o
the
wor
ld a
roun
d th
em. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
pro
visi
ons
be m
ade
for
impl
emen
ting
flexi
bilit
y in
adm
inis
trat
ion
to e
xper
imen
t with
new
pro
gram
s,ne
w m
etho
dolo
gies
, and
var
iatio
ns in
inst
ruct
iona
l org
aniz
atio
n.
Pro
visi
ons
for
flexi
bilit
y m
ust b
e m
ade
both
by
the
scho
olbo
ards
and
by
the
indi
vidu
al s
choo
l adm
ir ,tr
atio
n. F
irst,
the
scho
ol e
stab
lishm
ent,
incl
udin
g st
ate
orga
niza
tions
and
loca
lsc
hool
boa
rds,
mus
t enc
oura
ge a
nd, i
n so
me
case
s, fi
nanc
e ex
per-
imen
tatio
n. S
econ
d, th
e in
divi
dual
sch
ool m
ust p
lan
to a
dapt
toch
angi
ng c
ondi
tions
. The
sch
ool a
dmin
istr
atio
n sh
ould
enc
oura
geits
teac
hers
to e
xper
imen
t and
sho
uld
aid
in p
lann
ing
such
item
sas
use
of c
lass
room
s fo
r te
am te
achi
ng, c
ontin
uous
pro
gres
scl
asse
s, a
nd s
imila
r pr
ogra
ms.
As
an a
id to
flex
ibili
ty a
nd to
incr
ease
d ed
ucat
iona
l opp
or-
tuni
ty, c
oope
ratio
n an
d, in
som
e ca
ses,
con
solid
atio
n m
ust b
een
cour
aged
inal
l are
as o
f our
sta
te. C
oope
ratio
n of
all
the
scho
ols
with
in a
met
ropo
litan
are
a, b
oth
subu
rban
and
urb
an, i
sne
cess
ary
if w
e ar
e to
pro
vide
to a
ll th
e op
port
unity
to a
ttend
scho
ol w
ith a
cul
tura
lly d
iver
se s
tude
nt b
ody.
Ano
ther
con
cept
isth
e m
agne
t sch
ool,
havi
ng s
ome
scho
ols
with
in a
giv
en d
istr
ict
offe
r sp
ecia
l pro
gram
s. T
he s
yste
m o
f vol
unta
ry tr
ansf
ers
coul
d be
enco
urag
ed b
y a
regi
on o
f sch
ools
whe
re o
ne s
choo
l spe
cial
ized
part
icul
arly
in th
e hu
man
ities
, one
par
ticul
arly
in th
e na
tura
lsc
ienc
es, o
ne p
artic
ular
ly in
mod
ern
occu
patio
nal s
kills
suc
h es
keyp
unch
ing,
and
oth
er s
choo
ls s
peci
aliz
ing
in o
ther
pro
gram
s.T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
gre
ater
atte
ntio
n be
giv
en to
reg
iona
lpl
anni
ng a
nd s
choo
l dis
tric
t con
solid
atio
n or
coo
pera
tion
both
inru
ral a
nd u
rban
are
as.
The
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton
has
337
scho
ol d
istr
icts
, ran
ging
insi
ze fr
om H
arts
tene
with
4 s
tude
nts
to S
eattl
e w
ith 9
0,27
5 st
u-de
nts.
All
try
to o
ffer
a co
mpl
ete
rang
e of
pro
gram
s, c
ausi
ng b
oth
dupl
icat
ion
of th
e pr
ogra
ms
ever
yone
can
affo
rd. a
nd a
res
tric
tion
of th
ose
volu
ntar
y pr
ogra
ms
only
the
wel
l-end
owed
dis
tric
ts c
anaf
ford
. We
resi
dent
s of
Was
hing
ton
stat
e ar
e de
priv
ing
our
chil-
dren
of e
duca
tiona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s by
our
insi
sten
ce o
n ne
arly
tota
llo
cal i
sola
tion.
We
ore
not r
ecom
men
ding
that
loca
l lre
as g
ive
up a
ll co
ntro
l, in
fact
, we
hope
eac
h co
mm
unity
will
take
ast
rong
inte
rest
in th
e ed
ucat
ion
its y
oung
peo
ple
rece
ive
and
take
step
s to
insu
re it
s qu
ality
. A q
ualit
y ed
ucat
ion
for
all s
tude
nts
mus
t com
e, h
owev
er, b
efor
e th
e ho
pe o
f som
e pe
ople
for
com
-pl
ete
loca
l aut
onom
y. C
oope
ratio
n an
d, in
som
e ca
ses,
con
solid
a-tio
n ar
e ne
cess
ary
thro
ugho
ut th
e S
tate
in o
rder
to in
sure
that
ever
y ch
ild h
as a
n op
port
unity
to r
ecei
ve a
goo
d ed
ucat
ion.
De
fact
o or
invo
lunt
ary
segr
egat
ion
caus
es in
num
erab
le p
rob-
lem
s. It
pro
mot
es u
nequ
al s
choo
ling
and
thus
inad
equa
te p
repa
-ra
tion
for
man
y of
our
you
ng p
eopl
e. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton
set a
hig
hpr
iorit
y fo
r th
e re
sour
ces
nece
ssar
y to
res
olve
the
prob
lem
s ar
isin
gfr
om d
e fa
cto
segr
egat
ion.
7.11
--A
l4.
raw
4111
P
on+
The
bas
ic g
uide
line
is to
pro
vide
qua
lity
educ
atio
n fo
r al
l. T
om
eet t
his
guid
elin
e, w
e ne
ed to
impr
ove
scho
ols
whe
reve
r th
eyex
ist.
We
then
mus
t do
ever
ythi
ng w
e ca
n to
enc
oura
ge in
tegr
a-tio
n. M
agne
t sch
ools
, spe
cial
ized
cen
ters
, and
wid
espr
ead
volu
n-ta
ry tr
ansf
er p
rogr
ams
are
som
e of
the
way
s to
pro
ceed
. Al-
thou
gh w
e st
rong
ly b
elie
ve in
inte
grat
ion,
we
also
bel
ieve
that
forc
ed in
tegr
atio
n is
as
bad
for
som
e st
uden
ts, b
oth
blac
k an
dw
hite
, as
forc
ed s
egre
gatio
n is
for
man
y ot
hers
. If w
e ca
n cr
eate
a sy
stem
that
inte
grat
es a
s a
natu
ral p
art o
f the
pro
cess
thro
ugh
attr
actio
n to
var
ious
sch
ools
for
spec
ializ
ed o
ppor
tuni
ties,
we
will
not h
ave
forc
ed s
egre
gatio
n or
forc
ed in
tegr
atio
n.T
o ef
fect
ivel
y en
cour
age
inte
grat
ion,
we
mus
t inv
olve
mor
eth
an s
mal
l loc
al a
reas
to h
ave
the
nece
ssar
y re
sour
ces
and
dive
r-si
ty. I
t will
invo
lve
tota
l met
ropo
litan
are
as, r
athe
r th
an o
nly
the
urba
n or
sub
urba
n se
ctio
n. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
sub
urba
n sc
hool
dis
tric
ts w
hich
sur
roun
dan
urb
an c
ente
r be
enc
oura
ged
to p
artic
ipat
e in
the
effo
rts
toco
mba
t de
fact
o se
greg
atio
n th
roug
h su
ch te
chni
ques
as
"edu
ca-
tiona
l par
ks"
to F
rnpr
ove
inte
r-gr
oup
rela
tions
bot
h w
ithin
and
betw
een
the
vario
us s
choo
l dis
tric
ts.
We
alre
ady
have
out
lined
sev
eral
fund
ing
mea
sure
s th
atw
ould
hel
p to
enc
ovra
cie.
coo
pera
tion.
The
Sta
te a
lso
mus
t mak
epr
ovis
ions
for
the
cost
to e
ach
dist
rict o
f tra
nsfe
r st
uden
ts fr
omou
tsid
e th
e di
stric
t, an
d fo
r th
e ne
cess
ary
addi
tiona
l sta
ff. T
head
ditio
nal s
taff
shou
ld in
clud
e ta
lent
ed te
ache
rs a
nd c
ouns
elor
sw
ho c
an m
ake
the
adju
stm
ent e
asie
r fo
r th
e st
uden
ts. H
ome-
scho
ol a
ides
ccn
hel
p to
pro
vide
the
com
mun
icat
ion
and
guid
-an
ce th
at s
tude
nts
from
ano
ther
are
a m
ay n
eed.
Not
onl
y m
ust d
istr
icts
wor
k to
geth
er a
nd s
choo
ls w
ithin
adi
stric
t wor
k to
geth
er, b
ut a
ll th
e el
emen
ts th
at m
ake
up a
nin
divi
dual
sch
ool m
ust w
ork
toge
ther
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
cha
nnel
s of
com
mun
icat
ion
and
dial
ogue
be im
prov
ed b
etw
een
the
stud
ent,
the
pare
nt, t
he te
ache
r, th
ead
min
istr
atio
n, a
nd m
embe
rs o
f the
sch
ool e
stab
lishm
ent.
One
met
hod
of im
prov
ing
com
mun
icat
ion
is th
e us
e of
the
Hom
e-S
choo
l Aid
e. A
per
son
from
the
com
mun
ity c
ould
ser
ve o
na
full-
time,
par
t-tim
e, o
r vo
lunt
ary
basi
s as
a li
aiso
n be
twee
npa
rent
s an
d sc
hool
teac
hers
, adm
inis
trat
ors,
and
mem
bers
of
scho
ol b
oard
s.S
urpr
isin
gly,
one
of t
he c
hann
els
of c
omm
unic
atio
n of
ten
foun
d w
antin
g is
bet
wee
n te
ache
rs a
nd th
e sc
hool
est
ablis
hmen
t,in
clud
ing
scho
ol b
oard
s, d
istr
ict s
taff,
and
sch
ool a
dmin
istr
ator
s.W
e no
w h
ave
on in
stitu
tion,
how
ever
, tha
t can
ser
ve a
s th
ene
eded
cha
nnel
of c
omm
unic
atio
n. A
n am
endm
ent t
o R
CW
41.0
6.15
0, p
asse
d by
the
last
ses
sion
of t
he L
egis
latu
re, a
utho
r-iz
es c
olle
ctiv
e ba
rgai
ning
for
all p
ublic
em
ploy
ees.
Ano
ther
law
,th
e P
rofe
ssio
nal N
egot
iatio
ns A
ct, p
rovi
des
this
pow
er fo
r K
thro
ugh
12 te
ache
rs. T
he b
arga
inin
g ta
ble
coul
d se
rve
as th
edi
scus
sion
cen
ter
whe
re te
ache
rs c
an v
oice
thei
r co
ncer
ns to
sch
ool
adm
inis
trat
ors
and
mem
bers
of t
he s
choo
l est
ablis
hmen
t. T
heba
rgai
ning
tabl
e, h
owev
er, w
here
it d
oes
exis
t, is
not
ser
ving
as
a ch
anne
l of c
omm
unic
atio
n. T
he tr
oubl
e is
not
inhe
rent
in c
olle
c-tiv
e ba
rgai
ning
. Rat
her,
it s
tem
s fr
om th
e in
expe
rienc
e of
bot
hte
ache
rs a
nd s
choo
l est
ablis
hmen
ts in
usi
ng c
olle
ctiv
e ba
rgai
ning
skill
s. W
orks
hops
hav
e be
en h
eld
to r
esol
ve th
is. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
bot
h m
embe
rs o
f sch
ool e
stab
lishm
ents
and
teac
her
grou
ps s
triv
e to
incr
ease
thei
r sk
ills
in th
e ke
y ar
eaof
col
lect
ive
barg
aini
ng.
Ski
lls c
an b
e in
crea
sed
thro
ugh
both
pra
ctic
e an
d tr
aini
ng. W
ear
e re
com
men
ding
bot
h. T
he p
eopl
e co
ncer
ned
coul
d ob
tain
trai
n-in
g du
ring
the
sum
mer
or
in n
onsc
hool
hou
rs fr
om la
bor
rela
tions
expe
rts
in b
oth
unio
ns a
nd b
ig b
usin
ess.
The
y co
uld
then
use
this
trai
ning
to r
e-ex
amin
e th
e po
sitio
n of
the
clas
sroo
m te
ache
r, h
issa
lary
, and
oth
er c
aree
r in
cent
ives
.
The
pos
ition
of t
he c
lass
room
teac
her
does
nee
d th
e co
mpr
e-he
nsiv
e re
-exa
min
atio
n th
at c
olle
ctiv
e ba
rgai
ning
can
pro
vide
. In
mos
t cas
es, t
he te
ache
r is
trul
y no
t fre
e to
exp
erim
ent w
ithin
the
clas
sroo
m, a
nd u
sual
ly d
oes
not c
ontr
ibut
e to
gen
eral
sch
ool
polic
y. S
choo
l pla
nnin
g to
o of
ten
is d
one
by h
igh-
leve
l sch
ool
adm
inis
trat
ors
and
affe
cted
by
legi
slat
ive
deci
sion
s w
ithou
t eve
rco
nsul
ting
the
clas
sroo
m te
ache
r th
at m
ust i
mpl
emen
t tha
t pla
n-ni
ng. W
hile
the
Pro
fess
iona
l Neg
otia
tions
Act
and
som
e sc
hool
dist
ricts
pro
vide
for
teac
her
invo
lvem
ent,
we
wis
h to
furt
her
en-
cour
age
it. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
teac
hers
hav
e in
crea
sed
oppo
rtun
ities
to p
artic
ipat
e in
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd p
lann
ing
of n
ew p
rogr
ams
that
ada
pt to
the
chan
ging
con
ditio
ns in
the
scho
ol a
nd c
omm
u-ni
ty. T
each
ers
coul
d se
rve
mor
e ex
tens
ivel
y on
com
mitt
ees
to p
lan
new
pro
gram
s bo
th in
indi
vidu
al s
choo
ls a
nd in
sch
ool d
istr
icts
.T
he o
ther
par
ty w
ho la
cks
a vo
ice
in p
lann
ing
and
deve
lop-
men
t is
the
stud
ent.
To
plan
for
educ
atin
g st
uden
ts w
ithou
tco
nsid
erin
g th
eir
sugg
estio
ns is
not
onl
y ill
ogic
al, b
ut it
als
o ad
dsto
stu
dent
res
entm
ent.
We
are
not s
ugge
stin
g th
at s
tude
nts
shou
ld h
ave
the
final
say
, but
we
ore
sugg
estin
g th
at th
ey s
houl
dbe
list
ened
to. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
stu
dent
s ha
ve g
reat
er o
ppor
tuni
ties
tom
ake
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
the
impr
ovem
ent o
f gen
eral
sch
ool
polic
ies.
One
of t
he e
asie
st w
ays
to p
rovi
de g
reat
er o
ppor
tuni
ties
is to
incl
ude
stud
ents
on
plan
ning
and
dev
elop
men
t com
mitt
ees.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
stu
dent
s (o
n th
e hi
gh s
choo
l and
col
lege
leve
ls)
have
opp
ortu
nitie
s to
par
ticip
ate
as m
embe
rs o
f fac
ulty
and
com
mun
ity p
lann
ing
and
advi
sory
com
mitt
ees
that
dev
elop
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
the
impr
ovem
ent o
f ins
truc
tion.
At l
east
one
cha
nge
is s
ure
to r
esul
t if b
oth
the
teac
hers
and
the
stud
ents
hav
e a
voic
e in
pla
nnin
g. T
his
chan
ge is
in th
ecl
assr
oom
sch
edul
ing.
Con
sist
ent w
ith th
e te
stim
ony
rece
ived
inal
l hea
rings
and
inte
rvie
ws,
We
reco
mm
end
that
sch
ools
dep
art f
rom
the
trad
ition
al lo
ck-
step
type
of i
nstr
uctio
nal o
rgan
izat
ion
in w
hich
all
stud
ents
in a
clas
sroo
m g
roup
are
com
pelle
d to
mov
e at
the
som
e pa
ce w
ithth
e sa
me
teac
her,
in th
e so
me
clas
sroo
m, u
sing
the
sam
e le
sson
plan
and
text
book
and
all
with
in th
e sa
me
time
form
at o
f one
perio
d a
day,
five
day
s a
wee
k fo
r a
full
sem
este
r.T
o re
plac
e th
is lo
ck-s
tep
type
of o
rgan
izat
ion,
We
reco
mm
end
inst
ruct
iona
l org
aniz
atio
n w
hich
mak
es it
pos
-si
ble
for
stud
ents
to a
ssum
e m
ore
resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r th
eir
own
lear
ning
pro
cess
.
Thi
s or
gani
zatio
n m
ay b
e co
ntin
uous
pro
gres
s sc
hool
s as
inF
lorid
a an
d as
Sea
ttle
is tr
ying
now
, it m
ay b
e m
ore
inde
pend
ent
stud
y pr
ojec
ts a
s ar
e us
ed in
som
e of
our
sci
ence
cou
rses
now
, it
may
be
anyt
hing
that
allo
ws
the
stud
ent t
o ta
ke m
ore
resp
onsi
-bi
lity.
It m
ay m
ean
usin
g sc
hool
-ser
vice
aid
es a
nd in
stru
ctio
nal
assi
stan
ts s
o th
at th
e te
ache
r is
free
for
mor
e in
divi
dual
ized
inst
ruct
ion,
to w
ork
with
eac
h st
uden
t at h
is in
divi
dual
way
of
lear
ning
. Qui
te a
few
sch
ool d
istr
icts
hav
e ch
ange
d in
this
res
-pe
ct, b
ut a
ll ot
hers
mus
t joi
n in
this
crit
ical
ref
orm
.If
the
scho
ol e
stab
lishm
ent l
iste
ns to
eith
er th
e te
ache
rs o
r th
est
uden
ts, d
isag
reem
ents
und
oubt
edly
will
dev
elop
. The
teac
he-
has
prof
essi
onal
neg
otia
tions
as
his
final
rec
ours
e. T
he s
tude
ntal
so s
houl
d ha
ve s
uch
a m
echa
nism
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
dia
logu
e an
d co
nsul
tatio
n w
ith s
choo
lpe
rson
nel a
s w
ell a
s on
e an
othe
r be
com
e le
gitim
ate
stud
ent
activ
ities
to th
e de
gree
that
suc
h is
com
patib
le w
ith th
e in
tegr
ityof
the
scho
ol p
rogr
am a
nd th
e so
urce
of a
utho
rity
in th
e sc
hool
.
Fin
ally
, our
edu
catio
nal s
yste
m o
ften
eith
er m
erel
y re
gist
ers
the
educ
atio
n ou
r yo
ung
peop
le r
ecei
ve o
utsi
de th
e cl
assr
oom
or
igno
res
it en
tirel
y. O
ur e
duca
tiona
l sys
tem
mus
t do
bette
r. It
mus
tpr
ovid
e th
e le
arni
ng to
ols
to a
bsor
b th
is o
utsi
de e
duca
tion,
and
itm
ust e
ncou
rage
the
abso
rptio
n ev
eryw
here
it o
ccur
s. A
n ea
sy s
tep
scho
ols
can
take
is to
ope
n th
eir
faci
litie
s du
ring
nons
choo
lT
he a
ctua
l phy
sica
l pla
nt o
f a s
choo
l can
ser
ve a
s a
com
mun
ityce
nter
and
rec
reat
ion
plac
e w
ith v
ery
little
add
ition
al c
ost t
oan
yone
. It c
erta
inly
wou
ld c
osi l
ess
than
con
stru
ctin
g ot
her
build
-in
gs. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
the
incr
ease
d us
e of
sch
ool f
acili
ties
for
recr
e-..t
iona
l and
com
mun
ity c
ente
r pu
rpos
es d
urin
g no
nsch
ool h
ours
inco
oper
atio
n w
ith lo
cal r
ecre
atio
n or
gani
zatio
ns.
Ano
ther
edu
catio
nal e
xper
ienc
e of
gre
at v
alue
for
urba
n ch
il-dr
en is
that
of s
umm
er c
amps
. A la
rge
num
ber
of c
hurc
hes,
YM
CA
's, B
oy S
cout
, Girl
Sco
ut, a
nd C
ampf
ire G
irl g
roup
s, m
il;ta
ryun
its, c
orpo
ratio
ns, a
nd p
rivot
e in
divi
dual
s ha
s'e
recr
eatio
nal
land
, ofte
n fu
lly e
quip
ped
cam
ps th
at r
emai
n id
le th
roug
h m
uch
of th
e ye
ar. T
hey
coul
d be
use
d to
sen
d m
any
child
ren
to s
umm
eran
d w
eeke
nd c
amps
. In
New
Yor
k S
tate
, for
exa
mpl
e, e
duca
tors
foun
d th
at th
ose
stud
ents
who
had
bee
n to
a s
umm
er c
amp
read
muc
h be
tter
than
thos
e w
ho h
ad n
ever
bee
n ou
t of t
he c
ity.
The
refo
re,
We
endo
rse
the
idea
of s
umm
er c
amps
for
yout
h (p
artic
ular
lyfo
r th
ose
who
can
not o
ther
wis
e af
ford
trip
s ou
t of t
he c
ity)
and
reco
mm
end
that
they
be
enco
urag
ed b
y pu
blic
and
priv
ate
agen
-ci
es. T
wo
othe
r pr
ogra
ms
also
impr
esse
d us
as
part
icul
arly
val
ua-
ble
in e
duca
ting
youn
g pe
ople
. The
se w
ere
the
sum
mer
inte
rnan
d N
ew C
aree
rs p
rogr
ams
in s
tate
gov
ernm
ent.
The
sum
mer
inte
rn p
rogr
am is
prim
arily
for
grad
uate
stu
dent
s. T
hey
wor
k in
the
vario
us d
epar
tmen
ts o
f sta
te g
over
nmen
t dur
ing
the
sum
mer
.O
ften
they
do
sign
ifica
nt w
ork,
as
wel
l as
lear
n ho
w o
vr s
tate
gove
rnm
ent f
unct
ions
. The
y be
com
e in
volv
ed in
suc
h pr
ojec
ts a
sta
x re
sear
ch, c
onst
itutio
nal r
efor
m, a
nd th
e pr
epar
atio
n of
legi
sla-
tion.
Thi
s pr
ogra
m c
ould
be
expa
nded
bot
h to
incl
ude
mor
e pe
ople
on th
is le
vel a
nd to
incl
ude
thos
e w
ith le
ss e
duca
tiona
l tra
inin
g.M
any
high
sch
ool g
radu
ates
cou
ld fi
t int
o su
mm
er p
rogr
ams
that
wou
ld a
cid
trem
endo
usly
to th
eir
know
ledg
e ab
out s
tate
gov
ern-
men
t. T
he s
tate
cou
ld b
enef
it fr
om th
e fr
esh,
new
idea
s th
ese
peop
le o
ften
pres
ent.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
vario
us s
tate
dep
artm
ents
con
tinue
toex
pand
the
sum
mer
inte
rn p
rogr
ams
at a
ll le
vels
of t
rain
ing.
The
oth
er p
rogr
am th
at im
pres
sed
us w
as th
e N
ew C
aree
rspr
ogra
m a
dmin
iste
red
in W
ashi
ngto
n by
the
Sta
te O
ffice
of E
co-
nom
ic O
ppor
tuni
ty. T
his
prog
ram
pro
vide
s an
opp
ortu
nity
for
thos
e no
t equ
ippe
d, th
roug
h la
ck o
f sch
oolin
g, to
do
wel
l on
the
Civ
il S
ervi
ce e
xam
. Spe
cial
trai
ning
pro
gram
s ar
e de
velo
ped
that
trai
n th
ese
peop
le w
hile
on
the
job.
Bot
h ca
reer
s in
sta
te g
over
n-m
ent a
nd a
trem
endo
us a
mou
nt o
f kno
wle
dge
are
gain
ed. T
here
-fo
re, W
e re
com
men
d th
at th
e va
rious
sta
te d
epar
tmen
ts c
ontin
ue to
expa
nd th
eir
use
of th
e N
ew C
aree
r pe
ople
.
k
PE
RS
ON
NE
LM
any
of th
e pr
oble
ms
of p
erso
nnel
wou
ld b
e so
lved
by
scho
ol o
rgan
izat
ions
that
wer
e de
sign
ed to
mak
e th
e be
st u
se o
fou
r ed
ucat
ors.
Eve
n if
orga
niza
tion
wer
e re
vam
ped,
how
ever
, we
wou
ldha
ve p
erso
nnel
pro
blem
s. T
he p
robl
em o
f per
sonn
el m
ust b
eat
tack
ed d
irect
ly,
in o
rder
to b
ring
abou
t cru
cial
edu
catio
nal
refo
rm.
Edu
catio
n su
ffers
from
at l
east
thre
e pr
oble
ms
rega
rdin
g pe
r-so
nnel
recr
uitm
ent,
trai
ning
, and
ret
entio
n. B
efor
e w
e be
gin
todi
scus
s ea
ch p
robl
em in
divi
dual
ly, w
e m
ust s
tres
s th
e re
latio
nshi
pam
ong
the
thre
e. If
rec
ruitm
ent w
ere
bette
r, w
e w
ould
hav
ebe
tter
educ
ator
s, e
ven
if no
cha
nges
wer
e m
ade
in tr
aini
ng. I
ftr
aini
ng w
ere
bette
r, w
e w
ould
attr
act m
ore
indi
vidu
als
to e
duca
-tio
n an
d eq
uip
them
so
that
they
wou
ld s
tay
in th
e fie
ld.
The
pro
blem
of r
ecru
itmen
t is
appa
rent
in m
any
way
s. T
hefir
st is
the
kick
of m
inor
ity p
erso
ns in
the
field
of e
duca
tion.
Ano
ther
pro
blem
is in
the
field
of v
ocat
iona
l edu
catio
n. M
any
peop
le a
re e
xtre
mel
y w
ell q
ualif
ied
and
will
ing
to te
ach
abou
t
job
skill
s. Y
et, t
hese
indi
vidu
als
cann
ot te
ach
beca
use
of m
any
scho
ol d
istr
icts
' pol
icie
s. T
he S
tate
doe
s of
fer
a sp
ecia
l cer
tific
ate
for
voca
tiona
l tea
cher
s an
d th
e sc
hool
dis
tric
ts o
nly
need
to u
seth
ese
teac
hers
effe
ctiv
ely.
Man
y yo
ung
peop
le w
ould
look
forw
ard
to te
achi
ng a
s an
expe
rienc
e, e
ven
thou
gh th
ey w
ould
rec
oil f
rom
the
thou
ght o
f it
as a
car
eer.
If ou
r sc
hool
dis
tric
ts w
ould
allo
w th
ese
youn
gpe
ople
to te
ach
for
a w
hile
, thr
ough
spe
cial
cat
egor
ies
like
in-
stru
ctio
nal a
ssis
tant
s, w
e w
ould
hav
e th
e be
nefit
of m
any
youn
gpe
ople
in e
duca
tion,
and
per
haps
this
wou
ld in
duce
man
y to
mak
e ed
ucat
ion
a ca
reer
.T
he p
ract
ice
of u
sing
lay
inst
ruct
ors,
whi
ch is
pre
vale
nt in
man
y co
llege
s th
roug
hout
the
natio
n, c
ould
be
used
mor
e ex
ten-
sive
ly in
all
Was
hing
ton
scho
ols.
As
gues
t lec
ture
rs o
r gu
est
inst
ruct
ors,
exp
erts
in v
ario
us fi
elds
in in
dust
ry, g
over
nmen
t and
rese
arch
cou
ld s
hare
thei
r kn
owle
dge
and
prac
tical
exp
erie
nce
with
stu
dent
s.T
rain
ing
is a
noth
er k
ey to
impr
ovin
g ed
ucat
ion
in o
ur s
tate
.W
e m
ust e
quip
our
edu
cato
rs to
wor
k ef
fect
ivel
y w
ith a
ll th
epr
oble
ms
educ
atio
n in
Was
hing
ton
pres
ents
. Thi
s tr
aini
ng m
ust
incl
ude
met
h th
at is
not
incl
uded
now
. The
firs
t is
broa
der
cade
tte
achi
ng. T
he p
ract
ical
exp
erie
nce
mat
ched
with
cla
ssro
om e
valu
-at
ion
is a
mat
chle
ss w
ay to
trai
n te
ache
rs, a
nd it
pro
vide
s an
oppo
rtun
ity n
ot o
nly
to e
xper
imen
t with
new
teac
hers
, but
with
new
teac
hing
pro
cedu
res
as w
ell.
Like
sum
mer
inte
rns
in s
tate
gove
rnm
ent,
cade
t tea
cher
s co
uld
be a
rea
l inn
ovat
ing
and
mod
-er
nizi
ng fo
rce
as w
ell a
s an
exc
elle
nt le
arni
ng e
xper
ienc
e fo
rfu
ture
teac
hers
. Thi
s ca
nnot
be
done
in n
ine-
wee
k pe
riods
. We
sugg
est u
p to
a y
ear
of c
adet
teac
hing
, with
cla
ssro
om e
valu
a-tio
n an
d m
ore
expe
rienc
ed te
ache
rs to
hel
p th
e ca
det m
ake
the
best
use
of t
he c
adet
teac
hing
opp
ortu
nity
.N
ext,
trai
ning
mus
t pay
mor
e at
tent
ion
to th
e sp
ecia
l pro
b-le
ms
of e
duca
tion
that
cer
tain
are
as o
f our
sta
te p
rese
nt. T
hey
mus
t lea
rn th
e sp
ecia
l pro
blem
s an
d th
e sp
ecia
l opp
ortu
nitie
sth
at o
ur u
rban
cor
es p
rese
nt. A
ltern
ativ
ely,
they
sho
uld
lear
n th
esp
ecia
l pro
blem
s an
d op
port
uniti
es o
f Was
hing
ton'
s ru
ral a
reas
.A
bove
all,
they
mus
t lea
rn th
e di
fficu
lties
of a
nd th
e w
ays
to d
eal
with
peo
ple
of v
ario
us c
ultu
ral g
roup
s. M
ost t
each
ers
who
gre
wup
in a
n al
l-whi
te n
eigh
borh
ood,
wen
t to
all-w
hite
sch
ools
and
then
try
to te
ach
blac
k ch
ildre
n en
d up
in a
teac
hing
situ
atio
nth
at is
not
so
muc
h lu
dicr
ous
as p
athe
tic. W
hile
we
mak
e a
defin
ite e
ffort
to tr
ain
mor
e te
ache
rs fr
om th
ese
min
ority
gro
ups
we
mus
t tra
in a
ll te
cche
rs a
s be
st w
e ca
n to
wor
k w
ith th
ese
min
ority
gro
ups.
Tea
cher
trai
ning
als
o sh
ould
incl
ude
mor
e tr
aini
ng fo
r th
ein
tere
sts
we
wan
t our
sch
ools
to e
ncou
rage
. Com
mun
ity r
elat
ions
,th
e go
vern
men
tal p
roce
ss, a
nd th
e re
latio
nshi
p of
cla
ssro
om o
f-
fairs
to w
orld
affa
irs s
houl
d be
con
cern
s at
eve
ry s
choo
l. W
ene
ed te
ache
rs tr
aine
d to
teac
h th
ese
subj
ects
.T
rain
ing
mus
t not
sto
p w
ith th
e te
ache
r or
with
the
teac
hing
cert
ifica
te. W
e m
ust m
ake
sure
that
adr
nini
st-a
tors
are
pre
pare
dfo
r th
e pr
oble
ms
that
sch
ools
in o
ur d
iver
se a
nd c
hang
ing
stat
efa
ce. W
e m
ust h
ave
adm
inis
trat
ors
that
can
ado
pt to
the
chan
ges
and
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f edu
catio
n in
the
proc
ess.
Tea
cher
s an
d ad
min
istr
ator
s sh
ould
look
on
thei
r tr
aini
ng a
s a
cont
inui
ng p
roce
ss th
at g
oes
on a
s lo
ng a
s th
ey a
re a
live.
The
chan
ce to
exp
erim
ent s
houl
d be
ava
ilabl
e to
bot
h, a
s w
ell a
s th
ech
ance
to o
btai
n m
ore
form
aliz
ed tr
aini
ng th
roug
hout
thei
r ed
u-ca
tiona
l car
eers
.T
each
er r
eten
tion
is o
ne o
f the
maj
or p
robl
ems
we
face
in th
efie
ld o
f edu
cctio
n. O
ne o
f the
mos
t effe
ctiv
e w
ays
to r
etai
npe
ople
is to
pay
them
wel
l. E
duca
tion
sala
ries
mus
t be
com
peti-
tive
with
the
priv
ate
sect
or, b
oth
to r
ecru
it an
d re
tain
peo
ple
ined
ucat
ion,
and
to k
eep
them
from
goi
ng to
oth
er s
tate
s.M
oney
is n
ot th
e on
ly a
nsw
er, h
owev
er. M
ost p
eopl
e en
ter
educ
atio
n be
caus
e of
per
sona
l con
vict
ions
rat
her
than
its
finan
cial
prom
ise,
and
fact
ors
othe
r th
an m
oney
are
impo
rtan
t. O
ne a
rea
that
edu
catio
n ha
s be
en n
otab
ly la
x in
pro
vidi
ng is
the
oppo
rtun
-ity
for
pers
onal
adv
ance
men
t with
in th
e fie
ld. T
each
ers
adva
nce
out o
f tea
chin
g in
to a
dmin
istr
atio
n, r
athe
r th
an in
to m
ore
resp
on-
sibi
le p
ositi
ons
in te
achi
ng it
self.
One
of t
he w
ays
to r
etai
n te
ache
rs th
en, w
ould
be
to p
rovi
dea
serie
s of
cat
egor
ies,
with
atte
ndan
t sal
arie
s an
d pr
estig
e, s
o th
ete
ache
r co
uld
adva
nce
with
out l
eavi
ng th
e fie
ld. A
ser
ies
from
teac
her's
aid
e to
teac
hing
ass
ista
re to
teac
her
to m
aste
r te
ache
rto
cha
irman
of a
dep
artm
ent o
r gr
ade
coul
d be
use
d in
sch
ools
at
alm
ost a
ny le
vel,
and
wou
ld b
e a
stro
ng in
duce
men
t to
stay
with
teac
hing
.A
noth
er w
ay to
ret
ain
clas
sroo
m te
ache
rs is
to g
ive
them
mor
e re
spon
sibi
lity.
If th
e te
ache
r fe
lt le
ss r
estr
icte
d in
the
clas
s-ro
om a
nd fr
eer
to e
xper
imen
t, he
cou
ld a
dvan
ce h
imse
lf by
incr
easi
ng h
is te
achi
ng p
rofic
ienc
y.F
inal
ly, t
he w
hole
pro
blem
of p
erso
nnel
is b
ound
in th
epr
oble
ms
of e
duca
tion.
If o
ur s
choo
ls a
re to
be
trul
y ef
fect
ive
inst
rum
ents
for
prep
arin
g ou
r yo
ung
to ta
ke th
eir
plac
e in
soc
iety
,ed
ucat
ion
mus
t attr
act,
trai
n, a
nd r
etai
n so
me
of th
e m
ost i
ntel
li-ge
nt a
nd ta
lent
ed p
eopl
e in
our
ent
ire s
ocie
ty. I
mpr
ovin
g ou
rsc
hool
s an
d im
prov
ing
the
peop
le w
orki
ng in
them
go
hand
-in-
hand
. Nei
ther
can
be
done
with
out t
he o
ther
, and
eac
h ef
fort
inon
e ar
ea a
dds
to th
e ef
fect
iven
ess
of e
ffort
s in
the
othe
r. T
here
-fo
re, w
e m
ake
the
follo
win
g re
com
men
datio
ns.
New
and
inno
vativ
e pr
ogra
ms
in te
ache
r tr
aini
ng a
re v
itally
need
ed. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at te
ache
r tr
aini
ng p
rogr
ams
incl
ude:
a.br
oade
r ca
det t
each
ing
b.tr
aini
ng in
hum
an r
elat
ions
c.de
velo
pmen
t of s
ensi
tivity
to c
omm
unity
nee
ds.
The
se te
ache
r T
rain
ees
coul
d he
lp th
e cl
assr
oom
teac
her
try
new
and
inno
vativ
e pr
ogra
ms,
and
pro
vide
rel
ief f
or o
verc
row
ded
scho
ols,
whi
le r
ecei
ving
pra
ctic
e an
d ex
perie
nce
whi
ch th
ey c
anev
alua
te w
ith o
ther
trai
nees
and
inst
ruct
ors
in th
eir
own
teac
her
trai
ning
inst
itutio
n.T
rain
ing
in h
uman
rel
atio
ns in
volv
es n
ot o
nly
the
psyc
holo
gyof
the
stud
ent,
but a
lso
the
sens
itivi
ties
of v
ario
us c
ultu
ral m
inor
i-tie
s. It
invo
lves
trai
ning
in w
orki
ng w
ith th
e pa
rent
and
the
hom
een
viro
nmen
t as
wel
l as
the
stud
ent.
In a
dditi
on to
thos
e no
w in
trai
ning
inst
itutio
ns, p
rese
nt-d
ay te
ache
rs a
nd a
dmin
istr
ator
s al
sosh
ould
rec
eive
suc
h tr
aini
ng. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
all
scho
ol te
ache
rs a
nd a
dmin
istr
ator
sre
ceiv
e se
nsiti
vity
trai
ning
.
Dev
elop
men
t of s
ensi
tivity
to c
omm
unity
nee
ds in
volv
es a
nap
prec
iatio
n of
bot
h th
e sp
ecia
l opp
ortu
nitie
s an
d th
e sp
ecia
lpr
oble
ms
that
any
giv
en a
rea
pres
ents
. Tea
cher
s th
at w
ill w
ant t
ote
ach
in u
rban
cen
ters
, for
inst
ance
, sho
uld
be m
ade
awar
e of
the
raci
al a
nd in
com
e pr
oble
ms
thei
r st
uden
ts fa
ce, a
s w
ell a
s th
ecu
ltura
l and
soc
ial o
ppor
tuni
ties
of th
ese
stud
ents
. The
sam
e so
rtof
trai
ning
sho
uld
be g
iven
to te
ache
rs th
at w
ill b
e in
rur
al a
reas
,on
Indi
an r
eser
vatio
ns, o
r in
upp
er-m
iddl
e cl
ass
subu
rbia
. Eac
hpr
esen
ts it
s ow
n pr
oble
ms
and
oppo
rtun
ities
, and
the
teac
her
shou
ld k
now
how
to w
ork
with
all.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
teac
her
trai
ning
inst
itutio
ns d
evel
op s
pe-
cial
pro
gram
s to
acq
uain
t tea
cher
can
dida
tes
with
the
uniq
uech
arac
teris
tics
of s
choo
ls fr
om d
iffer
ent a
reas
(ur
ban
cent
ers,
sub
-ur
ban,
rur
al, p
over
ty s
tric
ken,
and
rac
ial a
nd e
thni
c m
inor
ityar
eas)
and
the
spec
ial o
ppor
tuni
ties
that
teac
hing
in e
ach
of th
ese
area
s of
fer.
Alo
ng w
ith th
e pr
ogra
m,
We
reco
mm
end
spec
ial p
rogr
ams
be d
evel
oped
whi
ch ta
keth
e te
ache
r ca
ndid
ate
to th
ese
vario
us a
rea
scho
ols
for
obse
rva-
tion
and
trai
ning
exp
erie
nces
.
One
of t
he p
robl
ems
of r
elat
ing
and
teac
hing
effe
ctiv
ely
insp
ecia
l are
as a
nd to
spe
cial
gro
ups
is th
at te
ache
rs a
nd a
dmin
is-
trat
ors
from
thes
e sp
ecia
l gro
ups
are
in s
hort
sup
ply.
Les
s th
an0.
9 pe
r ce
nt o
f our
teac
hers
are
bla
ck. L
ess
than
0.0
02 p
er c
ent
of o
ur te
ache
rs a
re In
dian
. The
und
er r
epre
sent
atio
ns c
ontin
ue fo
rot
her
grou
ps a
s w
ell.
Blo
cks
teac
hing
bla
cks
and
Indi
ans
teac
hing
Indi
ans
not o
nly
empl
oys
mem
bers
of t
hese
gro
ups,
it m
akes
for
mor
e ra
ppor
t and
mor
e ef
fect
ive
teac
hing
as
wel
l. T
here
fore
,
RA
CIA
L C
OM
PO
SIT
ION
OF
WA
SHIN
GT
ON
ST
AT
ET
EA
CH
ER
S
NE
GR
O0.
97O
RIE
NT
AL-
0.7
%IN
DIA
N0.
1%O
TH
ER
NO
N M
UT
E -
0.2%
CA
UC
AS
IAN
- 98
.170
.1,,
114,
t,
I
We
reco
mm
end
that
teac
her
trai
ning
inst
itutio
ns a
ctiv
ely
re-
crui
t mem
bers
of r
acia
l and
eth
nic
min
ority
gro
ups
for
the
teac
h-in
g pr
ofes
sion
.
Als
o,W
e re
com
men
d th
at a
ll sc
hool
dis
tric
ts a
ctiv
ely
recr
uit m
em-
bers
of r
acia
l and
eth
nic
min
oriti
es a
s te
ache
rs a
nd s
choo
l adm
in-
istr
ator
s.
One
of t
he m
ost e
ffect
ive
step
s to
war
d an
inte
grat
ed e
duca
-tio
n is
an
inte
grat
ed fa
culty
. The
incr
ease
d hi
ring
of m
embe
rs o
fm
inor
ity g
roup
s is
one
ste
p w
e ca
n ta
ke n
ow, a
nd it
s be
nefit
sw
ill la
st in
to th
e fu
ture
.A
vas
t fie
ld o
f peo
ple
exis
ts w
ho k
now
a s
ubje
ct w
ell a
ndco
uld
com
mun
icat
e it
to a
cla
ss. T
hese
are
lay-
citiz
ens
who
are
expe
rts
in th
eir
field
, whe
ther
a v
ocat
iona
l tra
de o
r a
prof
essi
onal
spec
ialit
y. T
hey
coul
d be
com
e va
luab
le r
esou
rce
peop
le a
s le
ctur
-er
s an
d di
scus
sion
lead
ers,
fiel
d tr
ip g
uide
s an
d ex
perim
ent m
oni-
tors
if s
choo
l dis
ti;:ts
wou
ld u
se th
em. P
rivat
e in
dust
ry c
ould
beco
r.e
dire
ctly
invo
lved
in e
duca
tion
not o
nly
thro
ugh
scho
lar-
ship
s bu
t als
o th
roug
h lo
anin
g th
eir
expe
rts
to te
ach
for
shor
t
perio
ds o
f tim
e. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at s
choo
l dis
tric
ts b
roac
htn
the
oppo
rtun
ities
they
offe
r th
eir
stud
ents
by
usin
g la
y-ci
tizen
s as
act
ing
inst
ruct
ors.
To
help
sol
ve th
e pr
oble
m o
f tea
cher
ret
entio
n,W
e re
com
men
d th
at p
rogr
ams
be d
evel
oped
to a
llow
the
teac
her
to p
rogr
ess
in h
is c
aree
r w
ithou
t lea
ving
the
teac
hing
field
. We
have
als
o su
gges
ted
that
a s
erie
s of
cat
egor
ies
with
atte
ndan
t sal
arie
s an
d pr
estig
e m
ight
be
a w
ay o
f allo
win
gte
ache
rs to
pro
gres
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
inst
ruct
iona
l ,ss
ista
nts
and
serv
ice
aide
sbe
use
d w
here
ver
feas
ible
.
The
inst
ruct
iona
l ass
ista
nt, a
s de
fined
by
the
Sta
te B
oard
of
Edu
catio
n, is
a p
erso
n w
ho a
ssis
ts in
inst
ruct
ion
unde
r th
e su
per-
visi
on o
f cer
tifie
d pe
rson
nel.
He
or s
he c
ould
be
a co
llege
gra
du-
ate
with
out s
peci
al e
duca
tiona
l tra
inin
g. H
e or
she
cou
ld b
e on
eof
the
man
y yo
ung
peop
le w
ho w
ould
like
to tr
y te
achi
ng a
s an
expe
rienc
e, b
ut a
re n
ot w
illin
g to
com
mit
them
selv
es to
it a
s a
care
er. T
his
cate
gory
wou
ld a
llow
Was
hing
ton
to u
se th
ese
peo-
ple
as a
ssis
tant
s in
the
clas
sroo
m, a
nd h
opef
ully
indu
ce m
any
ofth
em to
go
on to
bec
ome
teac
hers
. It c
ould
be
one
of th
e m
ost
effe
ctiv
e re
crui
tmen
t dev
ices
in e
duca
tion.
it w
ould
als
o pr
ovid
e a
supp
ly o
f int
ellig
ent,
educ
ated
you
ng m
en a
nd w
omen
to h
elp
relie
ve th
e ov
ercr
owdi
ng in
our
cla
ssro
oms
and
the
heav
y bu
rden
on th
e fu
ll-tim
e te
ache
r.T
he s
ervi
ce a
ide,
as
defin
ed b
y th
e S
tate
Boa
rd o
f Edu
catio
n,is
a p
erso
n w
ho w
orks
dire
ctly
und
er s
uper
visi
on o
n ta
sks
whi
char
e pr
imar
ily o
f a r
outin
e or
non
inst
ruct
iona
l nat
ure.
He
or s
heco
uld
be a
stu
dent
of t
he s
choo
l, hi
red
on a
par
t-tim
e ba
sis
(may
be e
ven
one
hour
a d
ay)
to h
elp
with
the
triv
ia te
ache
rsm
ust d
o. H
e or
she
cou
ld ta
ke a
ttend
ance
, hel
p co
rrec
t obj
ectiv
ete
sts,
rec
ord
grad
es, a
nd h
elp
with
aud
io-v
isua
l aid
s su
ch a
sbu
lletin
boa
rds
and
film
str
ips.
A fo
rmal
sys
tem
of v
olun
teer
s an
dhi
red
pers
onne
l cou
ld b
e us
ed. D
ropo
uts
coul
d be
attr
acte
d ba
ckby
offe
ring
them
a jo
b. T
he te
ache
r's a
ide
wou
ld p
rovi
de a
noth
erco
ntac
t with
edu
catio
n th
at ju
st m
ight
stim
ulat
e a
desi
re to
ent
erth
e te
achi
ng p
rofe
ssio
n. A
lso,
the
cate
gory
wou
ld r
elie
ve th
ete
ache
r fr
om tr
ivia
and
ena
ble
him
to d
o a
mor
e ef
fect
ive
job
ofsi
mpl
y te
achi
ng.
Ano
ther
ret
entio
n de
vice
we
have
men
tione
d, in
add
ition
toca
tego
ries,
is th
e op
port
unity
for
less
form
aliz
ed p
rogr
ess
thro
ugh
an in
crea
se in
teac
hing
pro
ficie
ncy.
We
mus
t giv
e th
e te
ache
rm
ore
free
dom
in th
e cl
assr
oom
and
allo
w h
im to
incr
ease
his
own
teac
hing
ski
lls th
roug
h ex
perim
enta
tion
and
furt
her
trai
ning
.In
this
pro
cess
, the
opp
ortu
nity
for
addi
tiona
l tra
inin
gis
an
inte
gral
par
t. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
incr
ease
d op
port
uniti
es fo
r te
ache
rs to
take
sabb
atic
als
for
furt
her
trai
ning
that
bro
aden
s th
eir
expe
rienc
ean
d ba
ckgr
ound
.
Fin
ally
, the
per
sonn
el in
cur
sch
ools
mus
t be
able
to u
nder
-st
and
and
wor
k ef
fect
ivel
y w
ith th
e ho
me
envi
ronm
ent.
To
wor
kw
ith th
e co
mm
unity
, the
sch
ool m
ust b
e ab
le to
com
mun
icat
ew
ith it
. Yet
, man
y pa
rent
s, li
ke th
eir
child
ren,
lack
the
back
-gr
ound
of e
xper
ienc
e to
rel
ate
effe
ctiv
ely
to th
e sc
hool
situ
atio
n.T
hey
are
wea
k in
com
mun
icat
ion
skill
s an
d do
not
feel
at e
ase
with
peo
ple
such
as
teac
hers
who
rep
rese
nt s
tatu
s an
d au
thor
ityin
a m
iddl
e-ci
css
soci
ety.
In a
hig
hly
urba
nize
d co
mm
unity
, the
reis
als
o a
conc
entr
atio
n of
fam
ilies
in w
hich
onl
y on
e pa
rent
ispr
esen
t. U
sual
ly it
is th
e fa
ther
figu
re th
at is
mis
sing
. Fur
ther
-m
ore,
the
pare
nts
are
ofte
n so
pre
occu
pied
with
ear
ning
a li
ving
that
they
do
not h
ave
the
time
or e
nerg
y to
est
ablis
h on
effe
ctiv
ere
latio
nshi
p w
ith th
e sc
hool
. The
trad
ition
al p
roce
dure
s fo
r co
rn-
mun
icet
ion
with
suc
h pa
rent
s ar
e. in
mos
t cas
es, i
nade
quat
e,pa
ticul
arly
in o
n ur
bani
zed
setti
ng s
uch
as th
e G
arfie
ld c
omm
u-ni
ty in
Sea
ttle.
The
PT
A. f
orm
al le
tters
sen
t hom
e, 'o
rmal
con
fer-
ence
s w
ith te
ache
rs a
nd s
peci
al s
ervi
ce p
eopi
e, lo
cal n
ewsp
aper
artic
les,
and
eve
n te
leph
one
calls
by
pro!
'ess
iono
l sch
ool p
eopl
efa
ll sh
ort i
n es
tabl
ishi
ng a
n ef
fect
ive
com
mun
icat
ion
and
invo
lve-
men
t with
man
y pa
rent
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
sch
ools
em
ploy
Hor
ne-S
choo
l Aid
es w
holiv
e in
the
com
mun
ity to
impr
ove
com
mun
icat
ions
with
par
ents
who
do
not r
espo
nd to
the
trad
ition
al c
omm
unic
atio
n pr
oced
ures
.
The
n* H
ome-
Sch
ool A
ides
cou
ld b
e vo
lunt
eer
or p
aid,
full
orpa
rt-t
ime.
Itis
mos
t im
port
ant t
hat t
hey
be m
embe
rs o
f the
irr ',
radi
ate
com
mun
ity a
nd th
at c
omm
unity
par
ents
feet
they
ore
"one
of t
hem
".
CU
RR
ICU
LUM
Wel
l-fun
ded,
wel
l- or
gani
zed
scho
ols
with
out
stan
ding
per
son-
nel s
tilt d
o no
t pro
vide
qua
lity
educ
atio
n if
who
: ;!.e
y te
cte.
s is
not
wha
t the
stu
dent
s ne
ed.
The
firs
t pro
blem
in W
ashi
ngto
n sc
hool
& c
urric
ulum
that
mus
toe
'Mim
ed is
rel
evan
cy. A
!! co
urse
s m
ust b
e re
leva
nt to
he
life
expe
rienc
e of
the
stud
ents
that
will
be
taki
ng th
em. T
his
does
not
mea
n on
e ca
nnot
stu
dy G
reek
lite
ratu
re o
r R
oman
art
. Wha
t it
does
mea
n is
that
a c
onst
ant e
ffort
mus
t oe
mod
e to
rel
ate
any
subj
ect t
o th
e st
uden
t and
wha
t he
enco
unte
rs o
utsi
de th
e cl
ass-
room
. The
rel
evan
cy o
f any
par
ticul
ar c
ours
e of
ten
is m
ore
a fu
nc-
tion
of th
e sk
ill o
f the
teac
her
rath
er th
an th
e co
urse
mat
eria
lits
e:f.
Thu
s, m
ater
ials
mus
t be
desi
gned
to h
elp
the
teac
her
and
the
stud
ent t
o re
late
s it
to th
eir
lives
and
thei
r w
orld
.S
choo
l cur
ricul
um c
an a
lso
be m
ade
mor
e re
leva
nt b
y co
urse
sdi
rect
ly r
elat
er; t
o st
uden
t-lif
e ee
perie
nces
. Cou
rses
in m
inor
itycu
lture
s fo
r ar
eas
whe
re th
ese
cultu
res
are
dom
inan
t, fo
r in
stan
ce,
con
help
to ir
n -w
ove
the
imag
e of
sch
ool a
nd, c
onse
quen
tly, t
hele
arni
ng w
oo.
in in
all
cour
ses.
Cou
rses
in p
oliti
cal a
ctiv
ity, t
hego
vern
men
tal p
roce
ss, a
nd th
e ed
ucat
iona
l sys
tem
can
cap
italiz
eon
inst
itutio
ns th
at a
ffect
eve
ry s
tude
nt a
nd c
on d
irect
ly c
ontr
ibut
eto
an
info
rmed
dem
ocra
cy.
Cur
ricul
um h
as b
een
orie
nted
tow
ard
the
colle
ge-b
ound
stu
-de
nt. I
n a
stat
e w
here
80
per
cent
of t
he s
tude
nts
do n
ot g
o on
toga
in o
Bac
helo
r's d
egre
e, th
is s
yste
m is
unf
air
and
inap
prop
riate
for
mos
t of o
ur s
tude
nts.
Con
sequ
ently
, effe
ctiv
e co
urse
s th
at w
illpr
epar
e th
ose
not g
oing
on
to c
olle
ge to
live
and
wor
k or
e vi
tally
need
ed. T
his
mea
ns tr
uly
rele
vant
and
sop
hist
icat
ed v
ocat
iona
ltr
aini
ng a
nd te
rmin
al c
ours
es in
the
othe
r su
bjec
ts.
The
col
lege
s, p
artic
ular
ly th
e co
mm
unity
col
lege
s, m
ust r
ecog
-ni
ze th
ese
fact
s an
d th
is n
eed.
The
y m
ust b
e w
illin
g to
acc
ept
stud
e-,ts
with
out a
col
lege
-orie
nted
sec
onda
ry e
duca
tion.
Abo
veal
l, 'h
ey m
ust b
e fle
xibl
e en
ough
to a
llow
sec
onda
ry s
choo
ls to
offe
r te
rmin
al e
duca
tiona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r so
me
peop
le w
hile
prep
arin
g ot
hers
to g
o on
. Thi
s m
eans
an
enlig
hten
ed a
ttitu
deto
war
d co
urse
req
uire
men
ts a
nd a
will
ingn
ess
to a
llow
spe
cial
prog
ram
s to
not
pre
judi
ce a
n ap
plic
ant's
cha
nces
of a
dmis
sion
.O
ur s
choo
ls n
eed
to s
timul
ate
on in
tere
st in
stu
dent
s of
the
com
mun
ity a
roun
d th
em. T
his
invo
lves
not
so
muc
h sp
ecifi
cco
urse
s as
the
met
hod
in w
hich
they
are
taug
ht. T
he u
se o
f fie
ldtr
ips
in th
e co
mm
unity
as
illus
trat
ions
and
the
stud
y of
con
trov
er-
sial
topi
cs in
the
com
mun
ity h
elp
to p
rom
ote
this
con
cern
. The
scho
ols
them
selv
es, p
artic
ular
ly th
e in
stitu
tions
of h
ighe
r le
arni
ng,
need
to b
ecom
e in
volv
ed in
the
com
mun
ity. W
e co
n no
long
eraf
ford
the
luxu
ry o
f non
invo
lvem
ent o
f aca
dem
icia
ns in
the
life
and
prob
lem
s of
our
mod
ern
soci
ety.
The
trem
endo
us r
esou
rces
of
our
scho
ols
need
to b
e br
ough
t to
bear
on
the
prob
lem
s of
our
soci
ety,
:lot
onl
y be
caus
e ou
r w
orld
hos
pro
blem
s, b
ut b
ecau
sein
volv
emen
t is
the
grea
test
lear
ning
exp
erie
nce
in th
e w
orld
.T
here
fore
, we
pres
ent t
he fo
llow
ing
reco
mm
enda
tions
.V
ery
cruc
ial t
o th
e m
atte
r of
urb
an a
ffairs
is u
rban
pla
nnin
g.Y
et, d
issa
tisfa
ctio
n ha
s be
en e
xpre
ssed
on
seve
ral c
ount
s. O
ne,
mem
bers
of t
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il fr
om th
e ea
ster
n pa
rt o
fth
e st
ate
expr
esse
d o
need
for
mor
e pl
anne
rs w
ith a
bac
kgro
und
in p
hysi
cal,
tech
nica
l pla
nnin
g. M
embe
rs fr
om th
e w
este
rn p
ort o
fth
e st
ate,
on
the
othe
r ha
nd, e
xpre
ssed
a n
eed
for
phys
ical
Wor
mer
s th
at w
ere
mor
e co
nsci
ous
of th
e so
cial
ram
ifica
tions
of
thei
r w
ork.
The
obv
ious
ans
wer
is th
at w
e ne
ed m
ore
plan
ners
with
a d
uol b
ackg
roun
d in
bot
h ph
ysic
al a
nd s
ocia
l asp
ects
of
urba
n de
sign
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
cou
rses
of d
rban
pla
nnin
g an
d re
late
dso
cio-
econ
omic
pro
blem
s of
com
mun
ity d
evel
opm
ent b
e in
stitu
ted
or e
xpan
ded
in a
ll of
Was
hing
ton'
s fo
ur-y
ear
inst
itutio
ns o
fhi
gher
edu
catio
n.C
ours
es n
eed
to b
e ad
ded
at o
ther
leve
ls o
f edu
catio
n as
wel
l. In
this
sta
te, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 60
per
cen
t of o
ur s
tude
nts
rece
ive
som
e sc
hool
ing
afte
r hi
gh s
choo
l, bu
t onl
y 40
per
cen
t go
on to
a fo
ur-y
ear
colle
ge. O
nly
half
of th
ose
who
ent
er c
olle
geev
entu
ally
gra
duat
e. T
he p
oint
is c
lear
, in
toda
y's
soci
ety,
our
scho
ols
mus
t hel
p to
pre
pare
for
the
"wor
ld o
f wor
k". T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at a
ll W
ashi
ngto
n se
cond
ary
scho
ols
orco
mbi
natio
ns o
f sch
ools
be
urge
d to
dev
elop
and
offe
r re
leva
ntan
d up
date
d vo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
cour
ses.
The
str
ess
on r
elev
ant a
nti u
pdat
ed is
del
iber
ate.
Tw
o ar
eas
of v
ocat
ic...
31
prep
arat
ion
mus
t be
cove
red
for
effe
ctiv
e tr
aini
ng.
The
se o
re o
ppor
tuni
firs
and
mod
ern
skill
s. C
aree
r gu
idan
ce m
ust
not u
se th
e na
rrow
"do
ctor
, law
yer,
eng
inee
r" te
rmin
olog
y. In
-st
ead,
it m
ust t
each
abo
ut th
e va
rious
"cl
uste
r sk
ills"
invo
lved
inpr
ofes
sion
al fi
elds
, and
bot
h th
e ov
erle
apin
g an
d th
e cr
ossi
ngov
er th
at c
an ta
ke p
lace
. Em
phas
is m
ust b
e gi
ven
info
rmin
gst
uden
ts o
f the
fiel
ds th
at h
ave
o re
al n
eed
for
mor
e pe
ople
, and
the
prep
arat
ion
one
need
s fo
r th
ose
field
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
gre
ater
em
phas
is b
e gi
ven
to te
achi
ngst
uden
ts a
bout
the
vario
us '"
clus
ter
skill
s" a
nd p
rofe
ssio
ns in
whi
ch th
ere
are
need
s an
d m
ight
offe
r pr
omis
e af
ter
grad
uatio
n.
Mod
ern
skill
s of
ten
requ
ired
toda
y in
volv
e m
uch
mor
e th
anw
ar e
ver
taug
ht b
y m
echa
nica
l dra
win
g or
woo
dwor
king
. Suc
hsk
ills
as k
eypu
nchi
ng, a
pplia
nce
repa
ir, m
edic
al a
nd d
enta
l as-
sist
ance
are
all
need
ed to
doy.
The
se o
re th
e sk
ills
our
scho
ols
coul
d be
teac
hing
. We
reco
mm
end
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
s or
a c
ombi
-no
v,oe
scho
ots
for
spec
ific
reas
ons.
An
iedi
vidu
al s
choo
l may
not b
e ab
le to
affo
rd th
e fa
cilit
ies
rece
ssor
y to
teac
h ae
rom
e-ch
anic
s, fo
r in
stan
ce. A
n en
tire
scho
ol d
istr
ict,
how
ever
, cou
ldbu
ild a
n oc
cupa
tiona
l ski
lls c
ente
r, o
r us
e th
e m
agne
t sch
ool
conc
ept,
or w
ork
with
a c
omm
unity
col
lege
to p
rovi
de th
e ne
ces-
sary
faci
litie
s.C
omm
unity
col
lege
s ha
ve a
ver
y im
port
ant r
ole
to p
lay
in o
ured
ucat
iona
l sys
tem
. The
y of
ten
serv
e as
a d
ecis
ion
base
, on
oppo
rtun
ity fo
r th
e st
uden
t to
see
if he
rea
lly w
ants
mor
e sc
hool
-in
g af
ter
high
sch
ool.
The
ir lo
cal n
atur
e en
able
s th
em to
per
form
man
y co
mm
unity
ser
vice
s th
at w
ould
oth
erw
ise
not b
e pe
rfor
med
.T
he fi
rst a
rea
whe
re th
ey m
ust c
ontin
ue a
nd e
xpan
d th
eir
emph
a-si
s is
voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
com
mun
ity c
olle
ges
offe
r m
ore
trai
ning
inba
sic
occu
patio
nal s
kills
to h
igh
scho
ol d
ropo
uts.
Suc
h st
uden
ts s
houl
d be
pla
ced
on a
job
som
ewhe
re fi
rst a
ndC
her
sent
to th
e co
llege
por
t-tim
e to
lear
n th
e vo
catio
nal s
kills
and
rece
ive
allie
d ba
sic
educ
atio
n. T
hese
pro
gram
s sh
ould
not
be
limite
d to
hig
h sc
hool
gra
duat
es, b
ecau
se th
e gr
eate
st n
eed
isfo
und
amon
g th
e dr
opou
ts. T
hey
are
the
peop
le w
ho r
eally
suf
fer
from
lack
of t
rain
ing
and
the
cons
eque
nt in
abili
ty to
get
a jo
b.H
igh
scho
ol d
ropo
uts
who
sho
w a
cade
mic
abi
lity
shou
ld b
een
cour
aged
to g
o bo
ck to
sch
ool.
Sin
ce m
any
are
olde
r or
hav
epr
oble
ms
of h
ome
envi
ronm
ent o
r hi
gh s
choo
l rec
ords
that
mak
eth
em u
nwill
ing
to r
etur
n an
d un
able
to fu
nctio
n in
a h
igh
scho
olen
viro
nmen
t, th
e co
mm
unity
col
lege
cou
ld o
ffer
spec
ial p
rogr
ams
to e
quip
thes
e pe
ople
for
colle
ge. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at c
omm
unity
col
lege
s de
velo
p ne
w p
ro-
gram
s to
edu
cate
hig
h sc
hool
dro
pout
s w
ho c
ould
go
on to
colle
ge if
if t!
-9y
hod
the
nece
ssar
y pr
epar
atio
n.
Com
mun
ity c
olle
ges
also
cou
ld p
lay
on a
ctiv
e ro
le in
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f priv
ate
ente
rpris
e sk
ills.
Cou
rses
in s
uch
activ
ities
as s
mal
l bus
ines
s op
erat
ion,
apa
rtm
ent h
ouse
man
agem
ent a
ndfo
rmin
g se
lf-he
lp p
roje
cts
coul
d be
coo
rdin
ated
with
priv
ate
in-
dust
ry a
nd th
e co
mm
unity
thro
ugh
the
com
mun
ity c
olle
ge. T
hese
clas
ses
not o
nly
wou
ld tr
ain
som
e o'
the
resi
dent
s to
hol
d jo
bs,
they
als
o co
uld
trai
n th
e co
mm
unity
to c
reat
e jo
bs. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
com
mun
ity c
olle
ges
offe
r m
ore
trai
ning
inm
anag
eria
l ski
lls to
res
iden
ts o
f dis
adva
ntag
ed a
reas
so
they
may
dev
elop
or
mai
ntai
n pr
ivat
e bu
sine
sses
.
Fin
ally
, we
live
in a
div
erse
and
mul
ti-gr
oup
soci
ety.
Our
educ
atio
n m
ust t
ake
note
of t
his
fact
. Our
sch
oo!s
sho
uld
ac-
quai
nt u
s w
ith th
e va
lues
of s
uch
dive
rsity
and
how
to u
se it
toou
r cd
vant
age.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
com
mun
ity c
olle
ges
prov
ide
cour
ses
1 in
sens
itivi
ty tr
aini
ng.
Cou
rses
in h
ow to
dea
l with
cul
tura
l and
rac
ial d
iffer
ence
s ar
epa
rtic
ular
ly v
alua
ble
for
peop
le w
ho li
ve a
nd w
ork
with
thes
edi
ffere
nces
. Sup
ervi
sors
in b
usin
esse
s an
d te
ache
rs in
sch
ools
ore
the
two
prim
e ex
ampl
es. I
f we
are
ever
to s
olve
the
prob
lem
of
our
hard
-cor
e un
empl
oyed
, for
inst
ance
, the
teac
hers
who
trai
nth
ese
peop
le a
nd th
e su
perv
isor
s th
at h
ire th
em m
ust b
e se
nsiti
veto
the
prob
lem
s ca
used
ID/ d
iffer
ence
s in
rac
e an
d cu
lture
.T
he v
alue
s of
div
ersi
ty c
an b
e ta
ught
by
cour
ses
that
con
side
rdi
ffere
nt c
ultu
res
and
the
cont
ribut
ions
from
eac
h cu
lture
tho'
hove
mod
e W
ashi
ngto
n an
d th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
inst
itutio
ns o
f hig
her
educ
atio
n de
velo
pan
d of
fer
cour
ses
in th
e cu
lture
and
con
trib
utio
ns o
f Afr
o-A
mer
i-ca
ns a
nd o
ther
min
ority
gro
ups.
Mor
eove
r, s
uch
cour
ses
are
only
a fi
rst s
tep
sinc
e on
ly tw
enty
per
cent
of t
he s
tude
nts
in W
ashi
ngto
n go
all
the
way
thro
ugh
colle
ge. B
esid
es, c
olle
ge is
too
late
to r
efor
m b
asic
pre
judi
ces.
Ifw
e ar
e to
live
pea
cefu
lly a
nd g
ain
the
fulle
st fr
om th
e di
vers
eso
ciet
y in
whi
ch w
e liv
e, th
e un
ders
tand
ing
and
appr
ecia
tion
ofth
e cu
lture
and
con
trib
utio
ns o
f all
the
vario
us g
roup
s th
at h
ave
mod
e ou
r co
untr
y m
ust b
e a
part
of o
ur e
very
day
life
star
ting
asea
rly a
s po
ssib
le. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
*ve
ry e
ffor
t be
mod
e by
all
scho
ol d
is-
tric
ts to
inco
rpor
ate
the
stud
y of
Afr
o-A
mer
ican
and
oth
er m
inor
-ity
gro
up, h
isto
ry a
nd c
ultu
res
into
all
rele
vant
cou
rses
fro
m th
efi
rst g
rade
thro
ugh
grad
uate
sch
ool.
As
on o
ver-
oll g
oal,
We
reco
mm
end
that
eve
ry c
itize
n ha
ve a
com
plet
e hi
ghsc
hool
edu
catio
n th
roug
h th
e tw
elft
h gr
ade
rega
rdle
ss o
f ag
e.
RE
SEA
RC
H
One
of th
e m
ajor
pro
blem
s of
any
impr
ovem
ents
in s
tate
gove
rnm
ent
has
been
to k
eep
a co
ntin
uing
flo
w o
f fr
esh,
new
idea
s in
to th
e de
cisi
on m
aker
s.tn
novo
tive
idea
s co
uld
be u
sed
to im
prov
e W
ashi
ngto
n,w
heth
er in
edu
catio
n or
any
oth
er fi
eld.
An
effe
ctiv
e w
ay to
obta
in+
this
flow
of i
deas
ofte
n us
ed b
y co
llege
s an
d pr
ivat
ebu
sine
sses
is th
e "t
hink
fact
ory.
" A
n in
depe
nden
t res
earc
h or
gan-
izat
ion
mad
e up
of b
oth
gove
rnm
ent a
nd p
rivat
e of
ficia
ls o
nS
abba
tical
leav
e co
uld
wor
k on
wid
e-ra
ngin
g pr
oble
ms
and
de-
velo
p id
eas
that
the
Gov
erno
r an
d th
e Le
gisl
atur
e co
uld
use.
The
valu
able
but
lim
ited
wor
k of
the
Nor
thw
est R
egio
nal E
duca
tiona
lLa
bora
tory
pro
vide
s a
good
pro
toty
pe. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
a "
thin
k fa
ctor
y" f
or s
tate
gov
ernm
ent
be c
onst
itute
d th
at w
ould
hav
e th
e au
thor
ity to
del
ve in
to a
wid
esc
ope
of s
tate
pro
blem
s an
d w
ork
in a
coo
rdin
atin
g bu
t ind
e-pe
nden
t res
earc
h ca
paci
ty w
ith e
xist
ing
stat
e go
vern
men
t, bu
si-
ness
, lab
or, a
nd e
duca
tiona
l ins
titut
ions
-
Thi
s or
gani
zatio
n co
uld
act a
s a
rese
arch
and
coo
rdin
atin
gce
nter
for
futu
re e
duca
tiona
l nee
ds in
Was
hing
ton
stat
e.E
duca
tion
is a
sub
ject
that
nee
ds c
ontin
uing
eva
luat
ion
inor
der
to k
eep
up w
ith th
e ch
angi
ng r
equi
rem
ents
of a
gro
win
gst
ate.
Con
sequ
ently
, it m
erits
a s
tudy
gro
up o
f its
ow
n to
hel
pbr
ing
educ
atio
n up
-to-
dote
in W
ashi
ngto
n an
d ho
pefu
lly in
sure
its fl
exib
ility
and
ado
ptab
ility
in th
e fu
ture
. The
refo
re.
We
reco
mm
end
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
stu
dy o
f st
atew
iee
and
loca
lnr
anag
erne
nt s
yste
ms,
pro
cedu
res,
and
man
pow
er u
tiliz
atio
nw
ithin
the
stat
e sy
stem
of
publ
ic in
erud
ion.
Inc
lude
d in
this
stu
dyw
ould
, of
cour
se, b
e a
stud
y of
the
pres
sing
pro
blem
s of
sch
ool
reve
nue
and
reve
nue,
dis
trib
utio
n w
hich
is s
orel
y ne
eded
.
Thi
s st
udy,
to b
e ob
ject
ive
and
succ
essf
ul, w
ill n
eed
the
back
ing
and
activ
e co
oper
atio
n of
key
sta
te a
nd lo
cal o
ffici
als,
and
the
publ
ic a
s w
ell.
It sh
ould
be
wel
l pub
liciz
ed s
o th
at it
sim
port
ance
is c
onve
yed
and
unde
rsto
od b
y th
e ci
tizen
s of
the
stat
e. The
cou
ncil'
or
task
forc
e se
lect
ed to
per
form
it s
houl
d ho
ve in
its m
embe
rshi
p ed
ucat
ion
adm
inis
trat
ors,
rep
rese
ntat
ives
of t
hebu
sine
ss c
omm
unity
, tax
aut
horit
ies
and
a nu
mbe
r of
pub
licm
embe
rs o
f var
ious
bac
kgro
unds
incl
udin
g yo
ung
peop
le. T
here
,sh
ould
be
a pr
oper
bal
ance
of i
nter
ests
on
the
coun
cil a
nd th
em
embe
rs m
ust b
e se
lect
ed s
olel
y on
the
basi
s of
thei
r qu
alifi
ca-
tions
. An
activ
e re
cord
of p
artic
ipat
ion
and
cont
ribut
ion
to c
ivic
and
gove
rnm
enta
l act
iviti
es s
houl
d ce
rtai
nly
be o
con
side
ratio
n in
mak
ing
the
sele
ctio
ns.
The
stu
dy s
houl
d re
ceiv
e ne
cess
ary
fund
s fr
om th
e Le
gisl
atur
eto
do
the
job,
incl
udin
g pr
ovis
ion
for
nece
ssar
y st
aff.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N
Dur
ing
the
post
-Spu
tnik
dec
ade,
our
Am
eric
an s
choo
ls h
ave
deve
lope
d ex
celle
nt p
rogr
ams
in th
e ph
ysic
al s
cien
ces
and
inm
athe
mat
ics.
Now
, the
urb
an c
risis
is fo
rcin
g ou
r ed
ucat
iona
lsy
stem
to m
atch
that
exc
elle
nce
in th
e so
ciol
sci
ence
s, th
e hu
man
-iti
es, a
nd in
voc
atio
nal-t
echn
ical
edu
catio
n. W
e ha
ve a
lso
lear
ned
that
it is
nec
essa
ry fo
r ou
r ch
ildre
n's
educ
atio
n to
pre
pare
them
for
the
entir
e sc
ope
of li
fe r
athe
r th
an m
erel
y fo
r fu
ture
em
ploy
-m
ent. The
bas
ic o
rgan
izat
iona
l str
uctu
re a
nd p
atte
rn o
f com
mun
ity-
adm
inis
trat
ion-
teac
her-
stud
ent i
nter
rela
tions
hips
of o
ur p
rese
ntsc
hool
sys
tem
wer
e fo
rmul
ated
man
y ye
ars
ago
and
have
sur
-vi
ved
with
onl
y sl
ight
mc,
dific
atio
ns in
spi
te o
f vas
t cha
nges
that
hove
occ
urre
d in
the
soci
ety
they
ser
ve.
Not
hing
less
than
a c
ompl
ete
reap
prai
sal o
f our
edu
catio
nal
syst
em is
a v
ital n
eces
sity
at t
his
time
in u
rban
Was
hing
ton.
Man
y sc
hool
s ha
ve b
een
expe
rimen
ting
with
the
chan
ges
that
we
prop
ose.
Man
y te
ache
rs a
nd a
dmin
istr
ator
s ho
ve b
een
adap
ting
read
ily to
the
chan
ges
that
are
ess
entia
l to
the
urba
nch
ild. W
hile
som
e ch
ange
s de
velo
ped
by in
divi
dual
sch
ools
and
pers
onne
l ore
com
men
dabl
e, th
ey o
re n
ot e
xten
sive
eno
ugh
tom
eet t
he n
eeds
of u
rban
Was
hing
ton.
Our
legi
slat
ors,
sch
ool b
oard
mem
bers
, col
lege
trus
tees
and
rege
nts,
and
oll
prof
essi
onal
edu
cato
rs m
ust r
e-ex
amin
e th
e di
rec-
tion
and
prio
ritie
s in
sch
ool f
inan
cing
, org
aniz
atio
n, p
erso
nnel
,an
d cu
rric
ulum
. Onl
y by
impr
ovin
g ou
r ed
ucat
iona
l sys
tem
tom
ake
it m
ore
rele
vant
, per
sona
lized
, sen
sitiv
e, a
nd e
ffect
ive
can
we
trul
y re
solv
e th
e lo
ng-r
un u
rban
pro
blem
s in
the
Sta
te o
fW
ashi
ngto
n.
CH
AP
TE
R V
TH
E P
HY
SIC
AL
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
Mod
em m
an li
ves
in a
n in
crea
sing
ly d
eper
sona
lized
, tec
hno-
logi
cal e
nviro
nmen
t. O
ur fa
ctor
ies
ore
built
for
prod
uctio
n w
ithlin
t* th
ough
t giv
en to
the
hum
an b
eing
s w
ho w
ork
ther
e. O
urhi
ghw
ays
ore
built
for
cars
, not
hum
an b
eing
s. O
ur s
ubur
ban
hous
ing
is d
esig
ned
unth
inki
ngly
to c
ause
gre
ater
soc
io-p
sych
o-lo
gica
l iso
latio
n of
fam
ily fr
om fa
mily
. Man
's p
hysi
cal e
nviro
n-m
ent s
houl
d be
des
igne
d to
enc
oura
ge th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
man
tom
an.' The
cre
atio
r. o
f an
urba
n en
viro
nmen
t to
mat
ch th
e m
agni
fi-ce
nce
of th
e na
tura
l env
ironm
ent i
n th
e st
ate
of W
ashi
ngto
n is
the
chal
leng
e of
our
tim
e. T
here
is a
com
pelli
ng n
eed
to c
reat
e fo
rur
ban
and
subu
rban
fam
ilies
a m
ore
bala
nced
soc
ial e
xper
ienc
e.C
onte
mpo
rary
urb
an c
omm
uniti
es o
re fo
iling
to m
eet t
he h
uman
sock
s; n
eeds
of t
oday
's fa
mili
es. M
any
of o
ur s
ocia
l ills
can
be
attr
ibut
ed d
irect
ly to
the
lock
of n
eigh
borh
ood
serv
ices
and
iden
-tif
icat
ion,
the
resu
ltant
lock
of c
ivic
prid
e an
d co
mm
unity
invo
lve-
men
t, an
d th
e ur
ban
uglin
ess
whi
ch fo
llow
s. In
the
wor
ds o
f one
of o
ur le
adin
g ar
chite
cts,
"ug
ly c
omm
uniti
es b
reed
ugl
y be
hav-
ior,
" W
e ha
ve th
e ev
iden
ce o
f rec
ent o
utbr
eaks
in v
iole
nce
toun
ders
core
this
trut
h.A
ccor
ding
ly, t
he P
hysi
cal E
nviro
nmen
t Com
mitt
ee h
as a
t-te
mpt
ed to
iden
tify
thos
e de
ficie
ncie
s in
our
man
-mod
e en
viro
n-m
ent w
hich
app
ear
to r
etar
d so
cial
pro
gres
s an
d to
con
trib
ute
toth
e so
cial
ills
of o
ur s
ocie
ty. T
he C
omm
ittee
did
not
dire
ct it
sef
fort
s sp
ecifi
cally
to th
e na
tura
l env
ironm
ent a
nd to
out
door
recr
eatio
n si
nce
exte
nsiv
e ef
fort
s ha
ve a
lread
y be
en in
itiat
ed to
cons
erve
thes
e re
sour
ces.
The
Com
mitt
ee d
ivid
ed it
self
into
gro
ups
in o
rder
to s
tudy
sele
cted
asp
ects
of t
his
broa
d fie
ld. E
ach
crou
p m
et w
ith v
ario
usex
pert
s th
roug
hout
the
stat
e in
clud
ing
pollu
tion
auth
oriti
es, c
itypl
anne
rs, p
oliti
cian
s, p
rofe
ssor
s of
env
ironm
enta
l stu
dies
, cle
rgy.
men
, a p
sych
olog
ist,
a ps
ychi
atris
t, an
d a
repr
esen
tativ
e fr
om a
corr
ectio
ns c
ente
r.T
he s
coff
has
hod
assi
stan
ce fr
om th
e T
ax A
dvis
ory
Cou
ncil,
the
Legi
slat
ive
Cou
ncil,
and
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth. T
hey
also
hove
use
d se
vera
l rep
orts
that
hav
e pr
eced
ed th
is o
ne, n
otab
lyth
e 19
62 R
epor
t of t
he C
itize
ns A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee to
the
Join
tLe
gisl
ativ
e C
omm
ittee
on
Urb
an A
rea
Gov
ernm
ent,
the
Pug
et
'Or.
Mem
el, P
ettiv
ee. C
hwee
ee o
f ft.*
Uni
vers
ey e
t Wei
hmet
ee, D
eete
e...t
of S
ocia
lan
d C
OM
InV
etry
Pee
ztee
tty.
o P
Ayu
cal &
woo
:mel
ees
Cot
erem
ew ,t
Soo
n I.,
/Not
ch 1
,$9
68.
Sou
nd R
egio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n S
tudy
, and
man
y re
port
s on
mod
-er
nizi
ng g
over
nmen
t.A
dee
p co
ncer
n fo
r W
ashi
ngto
n's
phys
ical
env
ironm
ent h
asbe
en a
rtic
ulat
ed a
nd a
cted
upo
n ag
gres
sive
ly th
roug
hout
the
last
four
yea
rs. T
he fo
cus
of th
ese
conc
erns
has
bee
n on
spe
cific
envi
ronm
enta
l pro
blem
s, e
.g. g
reen
bel
ts, o
pen
spac
es, p
ollu
tion
cont
rol,
gove
rnm
enta
l bou
ndar
ies,
etc
. The
Phy
sica
l Env
ironm
ent
Com
mitt
ee h
as to
ken
the
view
that
man
, his
indi
vidu
al d
evel
op-
men
t, an
d in
terr
elat
ion
with
oth
er m
en a
re d
irect
ly a
nd s
igni
fi-ca
ntly
affe
cted
thro
ugho
ut h
is li
fe b
y th
e en
viro
nmen
t tha
t sur
-ro
unds
him
. We
mus
t con
side
r th
e ef
fect
of p
hysi
cal e
nviro
nmen
ton
the
tota
l man
, his
phy
sica
l, m
enta
l, an
d sp
iritu
al m
akeu
p.A
n ar
ea fo
und
to w
arra
nt im
med
iate
atte
ntio
n w
as th
e ne
edfo
r fr
eque
nt h
uman
inte
ract
ion.
Our
citi
es b
ring
peop
le to
geth
erin
ano
nym
ous
crow
ds, a
nd o
ur s
ubur
bs k
eep
them
ano
nym
ousl
yap
art.
The
re is
a c
ritic
ol n
eed
for
activ
ity th
at p
rom
otes
a fe
elin
gof
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d an
d co
mm
unity
.C
itize
ns o
f Was
hing
ton
stat
e lo
ng h
ave
take
n gr
eat p
ride
inth
e st
ate'
s be
autif
ul, n
atur
al e
nviro
nmen
t. It
is w
ith a
rea
l sen
seof
con
cern
and
urg
ency
, the
refo
re, t
hat t
he C
omm
ittne
has
not
edth
e ra
pidl
y in
crea
sing
pol
lutio
n of
Was
hing
ton'
s w
ater
, air
and
land
, and
the
visu
al u
glin
ess
of W
ashi
ngto
n's
cong
este
d ur
ban
area
s. T
he C
omm
ittee
has
not
ed a
gen
eral
lack
of a
war
enes
s,kn
owle
dge,
and
sop
hist
icat
ion
on th
e pa
rt o
f the
sta
te's
citi
zens
rega
rdin
g ur
ban
desi
gn, p
lann
ing,
and
aes
thet
ics.
Was
hing
ton
citiz
ens
mus
t bec
ome
awar
e of
the
need
for
thes
e el
emen
ts o
flif
e. O
nly
thro
ugh
an in
form
ed a
nd a
ctiv
e ci
tizen
ry c
an o
ur s
tate
achi
eve
a be
autif
ul a
nd p
leas
ing
envi
ronm
ent.
last
ly, t
he C
omm
ittee
not
ed th
at c
itize
ns o
f Was
hing
ton
need
to b
e or
gani
zed
in a
way
that
is c
ondu
cive
to m
eani
ngfu
l,pe
rson
al in
volv
emen
t of i
ndiv
ival
s in
the
gove
rnm
enta
l pro
cess
.T
his
only
can
be
done
thro
ugh
smal
ler
gove
rnm
enta
l uni
ts th
atpr
ovid
e th
e di
rect
line
of p
erso
nal i
nvol
vem
ent t
hat i
s ne
eded
.W
ithou
t thi
s in
volv
emen
t, pr
oble
ms
of th
e ph
ysic
al e
nviro
nmen
tan
d go
vern
men
t in
gene
ral w
ill n
ever
be
solv
ed.
Was
hing
ton'
s ur
ban
area
s do
not
nee
d to
bec
ome
incr
eas-
ingl
y di
rty
and
ugly
and
thus
cau
se g
reat
er a
liena
tion
and
uglie
rbe
havi
or. I
nste
ad, t
hey
can
beco
me,
bec
ause
of t
he u
niqu
e op
-po
rtun
ities
one
find
s in
an
urba
n ce
nter
, an
envi
ronm
ent i
n w
hich
man
can
ach
ieve
his
fulle
st a
nd h
ighe
st p
oten
tial.
UR
BA
N L
IVA
BIL
ITY
The
pro
blem
of m
akin
g ou
r ci
ties
a re
war
ding
pla
ce to
live
isa
com
plex
one
, and
no
citiz
ens'
com
mitt
ee c
ould
hop
e to
stu
dy it
to it
s fu
ll ex
tent
in n
ine
mon
ths.
We
have
foun
d, h
owev
er, a
t
lost
two
area
s w
here
impr
ovem
ent i
s ne
cess
ary
and
whe
re a
sign
ifica
nt c
ontr
ibut
ion
con
be m
ode
to th
e liv
abili
ty o
f our
urb
anar
eas. The
firs
t are
a is
od,
ance
d pl
anni
ng. O
ur c
ities
hav
e gr
own
sora
pidl
y an
d fr
om s
o m
any
dire
ctio
ns th
at li
ttle
plan
ning
cou
ldad
equa
tely
ant
icip
ate
the
grow
th. T
his
prob
lem
is n
ot li
mite
d to
Was
hing
ton,
but
, in
cont
rast
to o
ther
are
as o
f the
cou
ntry
, we
still
have
the
spac
e to
rec
tify
it. T
he b
uilii
ng o
f new
citi
es, o
f dem
on-
stra
tion
livin
g ar
eas,
and
of m
oder
n in
dust
rial s
ites,
is a
pro
ject
we
mus
t em
bark
on
with
out d
elay
.T
hese
new
citi
es c
an b
e to
tally
pla
nned
. The
pla
nner
s ca
nex
perim
ent w
ith v
ario
us s
yste
ms
of ta
xatio
n, w
ith v
ario
us fo
rms
of g
over
nmen
t, an
d w
ith v
ario
us m
odes
of t
rans
port
atio
n. T
hein
form
atio
n gu
ined
con
pro
vide
not
onl
y re
wor
ding
hom
e si
tes
inth
ese
new
are
as, b
ut a
lso
can
be u
sed
to im
prov
e ex
istin
g ci
ties.
One
of o
ur m
ajor
phy
sica
l env
ironm
ent p
robl
ems
is th
e de
-si
gn o
f Was
hing
ton'
s su
burb
s. T
he s
ubur
ban
area
s, w
here
mos
tof
Was
hing
ton'
s gr
owth
has
occ
urre
d in
the
last
dec
ade,
are
bui
ltin
a s
praw
ling
fash
ion
that
cau
ses
soci
o-ps
ycho
logi
col i
sola
tion
of p
eopl
e an
d a
lack
of t
rue
com
mun
ity id
entif
icat
ion.
The
sub
ur-
bani
te d
rives
from
his
hom
e to
a s
hopp
ing
cent
er, t
o o
scho
ol, t
oa
recr
eatio
n si
te, t
o a
chur
ch, a
nd to
o p
lace
of e
mpl
oym
ent.
He
does
not
mee
t and
inte
ract
with
his
nei
ghbo
rs w
ithin
cor
resp
ond-
ing
neig
hbor
hood
faci
litie
s. W
ashi
ngto
n's
subu
rbs
are
ofte
n no
t"c
omm
uniti
es,-
but
are
mer
ely
plac
es o
f res
iden
cy. T
his
fact
has
cont
ribut
ed g
reat
ly to
the
isol
atio
n an
d su
bseq
uent
alie
natio
n of
mod
ern
urba
n m
on.
Nor
hov
e ou
r ur
ban
core
s be
en fr
ee fr
om th
is fo
rced
isol
atio
n.O
ur u
rban
citi
zens
are
thro
wn
toge
ther
in a
nony
mou
s cr
owds
and
hove
littl
e op
port
unity
to in
tera
ct m
eani
ngfu
lly w
ith th
eir
imm
edi-
ate
neig
hbor
s. T
he r
esul
tant
lack
of p
erso
nal i
dent
ifica
tion
with
the
plac
e w
here
one
live
s, a
nd th
e la
ck o
f em
path
y fo
r on
e's
neig
hbor
s is
a tr
aged
y of
our
mod
em ti
mes
.C
omm
unity
cen
ters
, inv
olve
men
t in
com
mun
ity im
prov
emen
tpr
ojec
ts, a
nd in
crea
sed
polit
ical
act
ivity
at t
he g
rass
roo
ts le
vel
all c
on w
ork
to o
verc
ome
this
isol
atio
n. C
omm
unity
impr
ovem
ent
proj
ects
ena
ble
neig
hbor
s to
wor
k to
geth
er a
nd to
take
prid
e in
the
impr
ovem
ents
they
join
tly c
reat
e. A
sen
se o
f con
cern
and
afe
elin
g of
bel
ongi
ng o
ll ca
n be
gen
erat
ed b
y a
city
that
isde
sign
ed w
ith c
onsi
dera
tion
give
n to
the
sens
e of
com
mun
ity.
Our
citi
es th
at h
ave
not b
een
built
that
way
can
cha
nge,
and
the
proc
ess
of c
hang
e its
elf c
an w
ork
to s
olve
our
pro
blem
s. T
here
-fo
re, w
e pr
opos
e th
e fo
llow
ing
reco
mm
enda
tions
.T
o he
lp o
verc
ome
both
the
feel
ing
of a
liena
tion
in th
e su
burb
and
the
feel
ing
of a
nony
mity
in th
e ce
ntra
l city
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Pla
nnin
g an
d C
omm
unity
Affa
irs
O
Age
ncy,
the
scho
ols,
the
Inte
rage
ncy
Com
mitt
ee o
n O
utdo
or R
ec-
reat
ion,
and
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Par
ks a
nd R
ecre
atio
n w
ork
toen
cour
age
the
deve
lopm
ent,
in a
ll ne
ighb
orho
ods
of W
ashi
ngto
nci
ties,
com
mun
ity le
isur
e-tim
e re
crea
tion
cent
ers,
whe
re a
ll ag
egr
oups
teen
ager
s, y
oung
adu
lts, f
amili
es, a
nd s
enio
r ci
tizen
sca
n m
eet t
oget
her
free
ly fo
r th
e pu
rsui
t of i
ndoo
r an
d ou
tdoo
rre
crea
tion,
hob
bies
and
voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing.
The
se c
ente
rs c
ould
use
exi
stin
g fa
cilit
ies
such
as
chur
ches
and
scho
ols.
The
y co
uld
be e
labo
rate
or
fairl
y si
mpl
e. T
he o
nly
requ
irem
ent i
s th
at th
ey p
rovi
de a
mee
ting
plac
e fo
r al
l peo
ple
from
a g
iven
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d.T
o so
lve
hous
ing
prob
lem
s, w
e al
read
y ha
ve r
ecom
men
ded
prov
idin
g fu
nds
to p
lann
ing
orga
niza
tions
with
in o
ur c
omm
uni-
ties.
To
enco
urag
e go
od p
lann
ing
with
in o
ur c
omm
uniti
es e
ven
furt
her,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Pla
nnin
g an
d C
omm
unity
Affa
irsA
genc
y in
itiat
e pr
ogra
ms
to p
rovi
de p
rofe
ssio
nal d
esig
n ad
viso
ryse
rvic
es to
inte
rest
ed c
omm
uniti
es to
dev
elop
pla
ns fo
r co
mm
u-ni
ty im
prov
emen
t in
term
s of
thei
r pa
ttern
s of
dev
elop
men
t,ap
pear
ance
, and
hum
an li
vabi
lity.
Citi
zen
invo
lvem
ent a
lway
s m
ust b
e th
e m
otiv
atin
g fo
rce
for
any
trul
y ef
fect
ive
chan
ge. T
he b
est t
ool o
ur s
tate
has
for
enco
ur-
agin
g in
volv
emen
t is
our
scho
ol s
yste
m. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
cur
ricul
um r
equi
re-
men
t cal
ling
for
one
sem
este
r of
Was
hing
ton
stat
e hi
stor
y be
broa
dene
d to
em
brac
e th
e fu
ll re
spon
sibi
lity
of c
itize
nshi
p w
ithpa
rtic
ular
em
phas
is o
n **
visu
al li
tera
cy**
am
ong
our
youn
g pe
ople
and
enco
urag
emen
t of a
sen
se o
f civ
ic p
ride.
**V
isua
l lite
racy
" re
fers
to a
n ae
sthe
tic s
ensi
tivity
to th
e w
orld
of s
ight
. Our
you
ng p
eopl
e sh
ould
be
c-Ig
niza
nt o
f bot
h th
eug
lines
s an
d th
e be
auty
that
sur
roun
ds th
em. H
opef
ully
, thi
slit
erac
y w
ill m
otiv
ate
them
to w
ork
for
the
beau
ty a
nd a
gain
stth
e ug
lines
s th
roug
h co
nstr
uctiv
e in
volv
emen
t in
the
plan
ning
and
desi
gn o
f our
citi
es.
Sta
te g
over
nmen
t sho
uld
then
rew
ord
this
invo
lvem
ent w
ithre
cogn
ition
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
a G
over
nor's
Aw
ards
Com
mis
sion
be
Inst
itute
d an
nual
ly to
com
men
d th
ose
pers
ons,
bot
h th
e pu
blic
and
priv
ate
sect
or, t
hat m
ake
sign
ifica
nt c
ontr
ibut
i.ms
to th
eim
prov
emen
t of t
heir
mtv
ironm
ent.
An
Aw
ards
Com
mis
sion
ent
ails
littl
e co
st, y
et it
cer
tain
ly c
anpr
ovid
e si
gnifi
cant
enc
oura
gem
ent t
o ci
tizen
s an
d gr
oups
to b
e-co
me
invo
lved
with
impr
ovin
g th
e ph
ysic
al e
nviro
nmen
t.F
inal
ly, t
he a
nsw
er to
rni
;ny
of o
ur p
hysi
cal e
nviro
nmen
t
prob
lem
s co
uld
be th
e de
velo
pmen
t of e
ntire
ly n
ew c
omm
uniti
es.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton
(thr
ough
app
ro-
pria
te d
epar
tmen
ts)
take
the
lead
ersh
ip in
gui
ding
the
deve
lop-
men
t of e
ntire
ly n
ew c
omm
uniti
es, w
ith g
reen
bel
ts b
etw
een,
whi
ch m
ight
set
a n
ew s
tand
ard
and
beco
me
a m
odel
for
all
com
mun
ities
in th
e st
ate
to e
mul
ate.
Thu
s, w
e m
ake
the
sam
e re
com
men
datio
n to
sol
ve p
hysi
cal
envi
ronm
ent p
robl
ems
that
we
mad
e to
sol
ve h
ousi
ng p
robl
ems.
Thi
s du
plic
atio
n is
one
mor
e ex
ampl
e of
the
inte
rrel
ated
ness
of
both
pro
blem
s an
d so
lutio
ns th
at a
re n
eces
sary
to s
olve
urb
anpr
oble
ms.
PR
OP
ER
TY
TA
XA
TIO
N
Pro
pert
y ta
xatio
n ha
s on
ext
ensi
ve in
fluen
ce o
n th
e qu
ality
of
our
phys
ical
env
ironm
ent.
The
use
of l
and
is la
rgel
y de
term
ined
by p
rope
rty
taxe
s th
at m
ake
the
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n pr
ofit
and
loss
and
bet
wee
n re
tent
ion
and
sale
. Was
hing
ton
has
at le
ast
thre
e m
ajor
pro
blem
s th
at m
ust b
e re
solv
ed if
we
are
to u
sepr
oper
ty ta
xatio
n as
an
impr
ovem
ent t
ool f
or th
e w
elfa
re o
f our
stat
e ra
ther
than
as
on o
bsta
cle.
The
firs
t is
the
need
for
diffe
ring
rate
s of
ass
essm
ent.
The
Con
stitu
tion
of W
ashi
ngto
n sa
ys a
ll la
nd m
ust b
e ta
xed
at it
shi
ghes
t pot
entia
l mar
ket v
alue
. Alth
ough
man
y of
the
argu
men
tsfo
r th
is r
ulin
g ap
pear
to b
e so
und,
they
ove
rlook
its
impa
ct o
nth
e ph
ysic
al e
nviro
nmen
t. G
reen
belts
, his
toric
al s
ites,
and
res
iden
-tia
l par
ks a
ll su
ffer
beca
use
of th
is p
rovi
sion
. Gov
ernm
ent s
houl
dbe
free
to u
se ta
xatio
n to
pro
mot
e ar
eas
of g
reen
and
are
as o
fhi
stor
ical
inte
rest
, rat
her
than
bei
ng r
equi
red
to d
isco
urag
e th
em.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
the
pass
age
of im
plem
entin
g le
gisl
atio
n fo
rH
ouse
Joi
nt R
esol
utio
n 1
to p
erm
it no
n-ur
ban
prop
erty
ass
ess-
men
t on
the
basi
s of
pre
sent
, rat
her
than
pot
entia
l use
.
In th
e po
st, t
he s
tate
cou
ld a
ct in
one
of t
wo
way
s re
gard
ing
farm
s an
d fo
rest
s in
clo
se p
roxi
mity
to a
n ur
ban
area
. It c
ould
take
con
trol
ove
r th
em a
nd m
ake
them
into
par
ks a
nd g
reen
belts
.O
r, it
cou
ld ta
x th
em a
t the
ir lo
catio
n's
high
est v
alue
and
thus
driv
e th
e fo
rmer
or
fore
ster
out
of b
usin
ess
and
the
land
into
resi
dent
ial a
nd in
dust
rial u
rban
use
. With
this
legi
slat
ion,
the
stat
e co
uld
tax
such
are
as o
n th
eir
pres
ent u
se, t
hat i
s th
eir
valu
eas
a fo
rm o
r a
fore
st, r
ecei
ve s
ome
tax
retu
rn, a
llow
the
pres
ent
owne
r to
con
tinue
his
occ
upat
ion,
and
allo
w th
ese
area
s to
rem
ain
a w
elco
me
and
nece
ssar
y re
lief o
f gre
en in
an
othe
rwis
e
O
tota
lly u
rban
are
a.T
he im
plem
entin
g le
gisl
atio
n m
ust c
onsi
der
the
inci
Fr
dan-
ger
of la
nd tp
ecul
atio
n an
d th
e pr
actic
al p
robl
ems
of r
each
ing
a
Ir.
P*
1.1!
1.1
fair
asse
ssm
ent o
n la
nd s
ubje
ct to
suc
h po
tent
ial u
ses
as r
esid
en-
tial a
nd in
dust
rial d
evel
opm
ent.
Acc
ordi
ngly
, we
wou
ld fa
vor
appl
icat
ion
of th
e ne
w a
sses
smen
t prin
cipl
e on
ly to
land
whi
chha
s be
en e
ffect
ivel
y zo
ned
or r
eser
ved
by o
pen
spac
e co
vena
nts,
and,
furt
her,
that
ret
roac
tive
pena
lties
be
impo
sed
whe
re c
hang
ein
ow
ners
hip
and
usag
e m
ay r
efle
ct ta
x ev
asio
n.A
sim
ilar
prob
lem
is fo
und
with
in u
rban
are
as. M
any
old
build
ings
and
site
s or
e of
sig
nific
ant h
isto
rical
inte
rest
. An
offic
ebu
ildin
g, fo
r ex
ampl
e, m
ay d
ate
from
the
foun
ding
of a
city
and
still
be
used
for
offic
e sp
ace.
With
ris
ing
tax
cost
s, h
owev
er, i
tm
ay b
ecom
e un
prof
itabl
e to
mai
ntai
n an
d pr
eset
re
such
a b
uild
-in
g. T
he c
ity is
face
d w
ith a
noth
er d
ilem
ma.
It e
on e
ither
take
over
the
site
or
build
ing
itsel
f and
lose
all
tax
retu
rn, o
r it
can
see
the
build
ing
torn
dow
n to
mak
e ro
om fo
r so
met
hing
mor
epr
ofita
ble.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
enc
oura
gem
ent b
e gi
ven
by a
ppro
pria
teta
x re
lief l
egis
latio
n fo
r th
e m
aint
enan
ce a
nd p
rese
rvat
ion
ofhi
stor
ical
site
s an
d bu
ildin
gs d
esig
nate
d by
an
ofR
cial
age
ncy
leec
h as
ate
Sta
te H
isto
rical
Site
s C
ounc
il).
The
pre
sent
pro
pert
y ta
x st
ruct
ure
itsel
f is
the
seco
nd p
robl
emth
at p
reve
nts
taxa
tion
from
bei
ng o
n ef
fect
ive
impr
ovem
ent t
ool
for
the
phys
ical
env
ironm
ent.
As
poin
ted
out i
n C
hapt
er II
I, w
hen
a pe
rson
impr
oves
his
pro
pert
y, h
e is
ass
esse
d m
ore
;n tu
xes,
whi
le if
he
lets
it de
terio
rate
, his
toxe
s ac
tual
ly d
ecre
ase.
Thi
ssy
stem
is in
here
ntly
unf
air
and
coun
terp
rodu
ctiv
e. T
he P
hysi
cal
Env
ironm
ent C
omm
ittee
con
curs
with
the
reco
mm
enda
tion
mod
ein
this
reg
ard.
One
hin
dran
ce :n
our
tax
syst
em is
not
a s
tate
tax,
but
aru
ling
of th
e na
tiona
l Int
erna
l Rev
enue
Ser
vice
. The
trou
ble
lies
inth
e m
olte
r of
dep
reci
atio
n al
low
ance
s on
dem
oliti
on o
f det
erio
-ra
ted
build
ings
.T
he In
tern
al R
even
ue S
ervi
ce p
erm
its o
n ex
istin
g ow
ner
tow
rite
off h
is b
asis
on
a re
al e
stat
e im
prov
emen
t if h
e de
cide
s to
tear
it d
own
alon
g w
ith w
ritin
g of
f the
cos
t of d
emol
ition
, but
ifa
new
ow
ner
buys
a p
iece
of p
rope
rty
with
the
inte
nt o
f rem
ov-
ing
on o
ld b
uild
ing,
he
mus
t cha
rge
it to
the
valu
e of
the
land
and
also
cha
rge
the
dem
oliti
on c
osts
to th
e va
lue
of th
e la
nd.
In o
ther
wor
ds, t
he In
tern
al R
even
ue S
ervi
ce is
art
ifica
lly p
ut-
ting
up a
bar
rier
betw
een
the
deve
lope
r w
ho w
ishe
s to
des
troy
on o
ld b
uild
ing
and
rebu
ild w
ith a
new
use
. Our
rec
omm
ende
dam
endm
ent o
f the
inco
me
tax
regu
latio
n w
ould
rel
ease
the
tal-
ents
and
res
ourc
es o
f som
ethi
ng in
the
neig
hbor
hood
of 1
00,0
00pr
ofes
sion
al in
vest
ors
and
deve
lope
rs o
n th
is p
robl
em o
f rem
ov-
ing
olde
r bu
ildin
gs fr
om u
rban
are
as. H
owev
er, t
he s
tate
can
do
noth
ing
but n
otify
Con
gres
s of
this
pro
blem
and
req
uest
app
ro-
pria
te a
ctio
n. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at th
e S
tate
Leg
isla
ture
mem
oral
ize
Con
-gr
ess
to d
irect
the
Inte
rnal
Rev
enue
Ser
vice
, thr
ough
the
appr
opri-
ate
actio
ns, t
o ch
ange
the
rulin
g re
gard
ing
depr
ecia
tion
allo
w-
ance
s on
dem
oliti
on o
f det
erio
rate
d bu
ildin
gs.
The
Hou
sing
Cha
pter
rec
omm
ende
d au
thor
izin
g se
lf-liq
uida
-tio
n of
cos
ts b
y co
mm
uniti
es. O
ne o
f the
rne
th.x
is th
e co
mm
uni-
ties
can
use
to s
elf-
liqui
date
cos
ts is
thro
ugh
tax
allo
catio
n fin
anc-
ing.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
Ace
nec
essa
ry le
gisl
atio
n be
pas
sed
auth
oris
-in
g ta
x al
loca
tion
finan
cing
of u
rban
dev
elop
men
t pro
ject
s by
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
.
We
are
prop
osin
g th
at S
ectio
n R
CW
35.
81.1
00 (
5) b
e re
-pe
aled
. Thi
s se
ctio
n of
the
Sta
te U
rban
Ren
ewal
Low
con
stitu
tes
on in
adeq
uate
atte
mpt
at a
tax
allo
catio
n m
etho
d of
fina
ncin
gde
velo
pmen
t pro
gram
s as
thes
e ta
x te
chni
ques
will
be
desc
ribed
belo
w. I
t doe
s no
t mak
e m
anda
tory
the
requ
irem
ent t
hat a
llta
age
ncie
s w
ithin
the
boun
darie
s of
a r
enew
al p
roje
ct p
ar-
ticip
ate
in th
e fin
anci
ng p
lan.
Suc
h a
chan
ge, h
owev
er, p
roba
bly
wou
ld r
equi
re a
con
stitu
tiona
l rev
isio
n un
der
our
pres
ent l
aws.
In s
umm
ary,
tax
allo
catio
n fin
anci
ng w
orks
in th
e fo
llow
ing
man
ner:
whe
reve
r a
loca
l div
isio
n of
gov
ernm
ent w
hich
eng
ages
in r
ev'to
lizat
ion
activ
ities
(fo
r pr
esen
t pur
pose
s th
ese
activ
ities
are
usua
lly u
rban
ren
ewal
act
iviti
es),
cer
tain
cos
ts o
re in
curr
ed w
hich
ore
not r
eim
burs
able
und
er a
ny p
rese
nt p
rogr
ams.
In s
ome
case
sth
ese
cost
s co
nstit
ute
the
loca
l sho
re o
f fed
eral
ly a
ssis
ted
pro-
gram
s. In
oth
er c
ases
, a lo
cal g
over
nmen
tal u
nit m
ay w
ish
toen
gage
in a
ctiv
ities
whi
ch a
re n
ot fe
dera
lly a
ssis
ted
and
the
cost
invo
lved
may
be
com
plet
ely
loca
l and
alm
ost c
ompl
etel
y no
n-re
imbu
rsab
le.
Tax
allo
catio
n fin
anci
ng p
rovi
des
a so
urce
of r
eim
burs
emen
tfo
r th
ese
cost
s in
eith
er a
ppro
ach.
A p
roje
ct a
rea
is d
elin
eate
d in
a b
light
ed d
istr
ict.
At t
he d
ate
of th
e oF
icia
l ini
tiatio
n of
suc
h a
proj
ect,
all o
f the
ad
valo
rem
prop
erty
ass
esse
d va
lues
with
in th
e pr
ojec
t ore
froz
en. F
rom
that
time
on. a
lt of
the
agen
cies
rec
eivi
ng m
illag
e re
venu
es fr
om th
ispr
ojec
t are
gua
rant
eed,
thro
ugh
the
life
of th
e pr
ojec
t and
its
exec
utio
n, th
e pr
evai
ling
rate
at a
ny fu
ture
dat
e of
mill
age
reve
nues
bas
ed u
pon
this
froz
en a
d va
lore
m v
olrt
ion.
As
time
goes
on,
the
activ
ities
of t
he lo
cal g
over
ning
bod
y en
gagi
ng in
the
deve
lopm
ent a
ctiv
ity w
ithin
the
proj
ect a
rea
crea
te p
rivat
ede
velo
pmen
t whi
ch, i
n tu
rn, i
ncre
ases
the
ad v
alor
em b
ase
with
inth
e pr
ojec
t. It
is th
is in
crem
ent o
f c,..
sess
ed v
alue
whi
ch is
one
of
the
two
key
fact
ors
in p
rovi
ding
th s
:ype
of f
inan
cing
to th
e lo
cal
gove
rnm
enta
l uni
t eng
agin
g in
suc
h ac
tiviti
es. T
he o
ther
fact
or is
the
man
dato
ry p
artic
ipat
ion
of a
ll ot
her
taxi
ng a
genc
ies
in th
isfin
anci
ng p
lan
with
in th
e pr
ojec
t bou
ndar
ies.
The
then
com
bine
d m
illag
e ra
te o
f all
taxi
ng a
genc
ies
will
be
appl
ied
from
yea
r to
yea
r ag
ains
t the
incr
ease
, if a
ny, o
f the
asse
ssed
val
uatio
n of
the
proj
ect a
nd th
e re
sult
of s
uch
appl
ica-
non
shal
l be
depo
site
d in
a s
peci
al fu
nd to
rep
ay th
e ju
risdi
ctio
n
whi
ch h
as e
ngag
ed in
the
proj
ect a
ctiv
ities
to r
eim
burs
e its
cos
ts,
if an
y. O
nce
all c
osts
of t
his
unit
of g
over
nmen
t hav
e be
enre
imbu
rsed
, the
n th
e to
tal a
sses
sed
valu
atio
n of
the
com
plet
edpr
ojec
t sha
ll be
app
lied
agai
nst t
he s
epar
ate
mill
age
rate
s in
effe
ct a
t tha
t tim
e an
d al
l tax
ing
agen
cies
sha
ll sh
are
in th
ein
crea
sed
reve
nues
.T
his
type
of f
inan
cing
can
be
used
eith
er a
s a
repa
ymen
t of
adva
nces
in c
ash
by th
e un
it of
gov
ernm
ent e
ngag
ing
in p
roje
ctac
tiviti
es o
r co
n be
ple
dged
as
repa
ymen
t for
the
issu
ance
of
bond
s w
hich
wou
ld b
e au
thor
ized
und
er th
is p
ort.
Suc
h bo
nds
are
tax
exem
pt a
nd h
ove
succ
essf
ully
bee
n so
ld in
oth
er ju
risdi
ctio
ns.
A s
tudy
sho
uld
be m
ode
as to
the
advi
sabi
lity
in th
e S
tate
of
Was
hing
ton
of m
akin
g su
ch fi
nanc
ing
avai
labl
e no
t onl
y w
ithin
Urb
on R
enew
al p
roje
cts
but a
lso
with
in a
ny o
t! er
pro
ject
s w
hich
are
in n
eed
of d
evel
opm
ent b
ut w
hich
do
not n
eed
Urb
an R
e-ne
wal
act
iviti
es. F
or in
stan
ce, m
ost c
entr
al b
usin
ess
dist
ricts
in th
eve
ry c
ore
are
not ,
uffic
ient
ly b
light
ed to
war
rant
the
appl
icat
ion
of U
rban
Ren
ewal
act
ion
unde
r a
stat
e en
ablin
g le
gisl
atio
n. O
nth
e ot
her
hand
, mos
t cor
e ar
eas
are
grea
tly in
nee
d of
mun
icip
otac
tiviti
es s
uch
as la
ndsc
apin
g, m
alls
, par
king
, sto
rm a
nd s
anita
ryse
wer
s, s
tree
t lig
htin
g, v
est p
ocke
t par
ks, p
laza
s, a
nd tr
affic
im-
prov
emen
ts. S
uch
a co
mbi
ned
mun
icip
al p
rogr
am u
sual
ly g
oes
hand
in h
and
with
priv
ate
deve
lopm
enta
l act
ivity
on
the
bala
nce
of th
e la
nd w
ithin
the
core
. Tax
allo
catio
n fin
anci
ng c
ould
be
used
to r
eim
burs
e th
e ci
ty fo
r ac
tiviti
es o
f thi
s ki
nd w
hich
ore
not
othe
rwis
e re
imbu
rsab
le fr
om s
uch
sour
ces
os a
rter
ial f
unds
, wat
erpo
llutio
n, m
atch
ing
fund
s, fe
dera
l bea
utifi
catio
n gr
ants
, etc
. Eve
nin
the
case
of m
atch
ing
fund
s, th
e lo
cal s
hare
of s
uch
activ
ities
mig
ht b
e re
imbu
rsed
thro
ugh
tax
incr
emen
t fin
anci
ng.
Fin
ally
, Was
hing
ton
resi
dent
s m
ust b
e as
sure
d th
at th
e as
ses-
sors
, tho
se w
ho a
dmin
iste
r th
e pr
oper
ty s
ox la
ws,
are
the
fines
tca
liber
pos
sibl
e. 1
; pro
pert
y ta
xatio
n is
to b
e a
soci
al b
enef
itra
ther
than
a s
ocia
l cos
t. th
en p
rofe
ssio
nals
mus
t be
trai
ned
and
qual
ified
to a
dmin
iste
r .t
with
this
vie
w in
min
d. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
te D
epor
tmen
t of R
even
ue, c
oope
r-at
ing
with
cou
nty
gove
rnm
ents
, be
give
n re
spon
sibi
lity
for
the
trai
ning
and
eva
luat
ion
of p
rope
rty
asse
ssor
s. W
e fu
rthe
r re
com
-m
end
that
the
Mas
ter
App
rais
ers
Inst
itute
(M
AR
be
requ
este
d to
deve
lop
stat
utor
y pr
ofes
sion
al s
tand
ards
that
wou
ld s
ent*
as
prer
equi
site
s to
the
offic
e of
cou
nty
asse
ssor
.
TkA
NS
PO
RT
AT
ION
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
rout
ing
pose
s at
leas
t tw
o m
ajor
pro
blem
s.F
irst,
tran
spor
tatio
n ro
utes
ore
the
grea
test
sin
gle
influ
ence
of t
helo
catio
n, d
evel
opm
ent a
nd c
hara
cter
of u
rban
gro
wth
. Sec
ond,
high
way
des
igne
rs h
ave
all t
oo fr
eque
ntly
sho
wn
an a
ppal
ling
disr
egar
d to
bot
h th
e ef
fect
of h
ighw
ay c
onst
ruct
ion
on fa
cets
of
urba
n E
t oth
er th
an tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
the
man
y al
tern
ativ
em
etho
ds o
f tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
Bui
ldin
g ne
w fr
eew
ays
is c
erta
inly
not
the
cure
-all
solu
tion
for
all o
f our
sta
te's
urb
an tr
ansp
orta
tion
need
s. W
hen
a ne
w fr
ee-
woy
is c
onst
ruct
ed, t
he b
enef
its to
the
publ
ic a
re im
med
iate
lyu:
Jvio
vs--
high
spe
ed a
cces
s to
the
Cen
tral
City
; sev
enty
mile
s an
hour
thro
ugh
aree
. whi
ch p
revi
ousl
y ha
d be
en to
rtur
ousl
y sl
ow.
Dis
tanc
e be
com
es m
easu
red
in m
inut
es r
athe
r th
an m
iles.
Wha
t is
not s
o ob
viou
s or
os
plea
sant
to c
onte
mpl
ate
are
the
soci
al c
osts
whi
ch m
ay a
lso
resu
lt. T
he r
ibbo
n of
a h
igh
spee
d fr
eew
ayco
nal
so r
esul
t in
a di
srup
tion
of th
e so
cial
fabr
ic o
f com
mun
ities
thro
ugh
whi
ch it
pas
ses.
Peo
ple,
fam
ilies
, nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds, a
ndco
mm
unity
gro
wth
pat
tern
s al
l bec
ome
the
vict
ims.
Thi
s do
es n
otha
ve to
be
the
case
.U
rban
tran
spor
tatio
n sh
ould
be
guid
ed b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
con-
side
ratio
ns_
Firs
t, an
urb
an tr
ansp
orta
tion
syst
em s
houl
d be
a to
ol fo
rsh
apin
g th
e gr
owth
of t
he m
etro
polit
an a
rea
and
shou
ld h
ave
asit;
prim
ary
purp
ose
the
impr
ovem
ent o
f the
qua
lity
of th
e en
vi-
ronm
ent.
Sec
ond,
ther
e sh
ould
be
a lo
cally
evo
lved
sol
utio
n th
at r
efle
cts
a ba
lanc
e of
tran
spor
tatio
n m
odes
mos
t app
ropr
iate
for
that
part
icul
ar a
rea.
Thi
rd, p
refe
rent
ial f
undi
ng s
houl
d no
t be
the
basi
s up
onw
hich
mod
e se
lect
ion
is m
ade.
Fou
rth,
in o
rder
that
tran
spor
tatio
n sy
stem
sca
n be
pla
nned
and
prog
ram
med
inte
llige
ntly
, ass
ured
long
-ter
m fu
ndin
g fo
r al
lse
lect
ed m
odes
is e
ssen
tial.
Sea
ttle,
alo
ng w
ith C
hica
go, B
altim
ore,
and
a fe
w o
ther
com
-m
uniti
es, i
s us
ing
who
t has
com
e to
be
know
n as
the
Des
ign
Tea
m A
ppro
ach
in p
lann
ing
new
, coo
rdin
ated
sys
tem
s. T
o a
perh
aps
less
ee d
egre
e, th
is a
ppro
ach
can
also
be
used
in e
xten
d-in
g an
d im
prov
ing
exis
tinj s
yste
ms.
Our
feel
ing
is th
at th
e ul
ti-m
ate
plan
sho
uld
not r
efle
ct th
e do
min
ance
of a
ny o
ne d
isci
plin
e.R
athe
r, w
e sh
ould
brin
g to
geth
er o
f the
ince
ptio
n a
colle
ctio
n of
skill
s al
l of w
hom
, wor
king
coo
pera
tivel
y, w
ill p
rodu
ce a
fina
lpr
oduc
t tha
t rep
rese
nts
a bl
endi
ng o
f eac
h, h
opef
ully
, in
the
right
prop
ortio
n. T
he b
asic
ass
umpt
ion
is th
at th
ere
ore
envi
ronm
enta
l,so
cial
, and
eco
nom
ic c
onsi
dera
tions
wk.
ich
shou
ld a
lso
be e
x-pl
ored
and
dev
elop
ed a
s a
com
pone
nt o
f our
tran
spor
tatio
n pl
an.
The
des
ign
team
will
con
sist
of a
n en
gine
er, a
n ec
onom
ist,
anar
chite
ct, a
n ur
ban
desi
gner
, and
, mos
* im
port
antly
, the
ele
cted
offic
ial o
r po
licy
mak
er. O
ther
ski
lls s
houl
d be
add
ed a
s ap
prop
ri-at
e. T
he u
rban
des
ign
spec
ialis
t add
s o
dim
ensi
on w
hich
has
hith
erto
not
bee
n av
aila
ble.
He
is a
n in
divi
dual
who
, by
trai
ning
and
expe
rienc
e, b
ridge
s se
vera
l of t
he s
kills
invo
lved
and
, in
addi
tion,
he
shou
ld b
e ca
pabl
e of
rel
atin
g th
e to
tal p
roje
ct to
the
com
mun
ity a
nd v
ice
vers
o. It
is a
lso
impe
rativ
e th
at th
e de
cisi
onm
aker
be
activ
ely
invo
lved
on
o co
ntin
uing
bas
is. T
he p
oint
of a
l:th
is is
that
the
com
mun
ity v
iew
poin
t is
mod
e a
part
of t
he p
roje
ctan
d th
e ul
timat
e pl
an r
epre
sent
s a
prod
uct w
hich
is a
ccep
tabl
e to
the
peop
le a
nd c
ompa
tible
with
com
mun
ity g
oals
.T
hus,
the
prob
lem
of t
rans
port
atio
n is
the
need
for
coor
dina
-tio
n am
ong
tran
spor
tatio
n sy
stem
s, a
nd p
lann
ing
that
take
s in
toac
coun
t the
soc
ial,
econ
omic
, and
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
of e
very
tran
spor
tatio
r. r
oute
.In
ord
er to
insu
re th
at a
ll m
odes
of t
rans
port
atio
n ar
epl
anne
d to
geth
er, a
nd th
at n
o on
e m
etho
d do
min
ates
to s
uch
ode
gree
that
it a
nd o
ther
s ar
e us
ed in
effe
ctiv
ely,
we
need
a s
ingl
eag
ency
cha
rged
with
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r th
e w
hole
fiel
d of
tran
spor
tatio
n. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
e cr
eatio
n of
a S
tat.
Dep
artm
ent o
f Tra
ns-
port
atio
n, w
ith o
ver-
all r
espo
nsib
ility
for
prom
otin
g ba
lanc
edtr
ansp
erta
tion
thro
ugho
ut th
e st
ate,
to m
eet t
he n
eeds
of o
bur
-ge
onin
g po
pula
tion,
for
who
m a
utom
obile
tran
spor
tatio
n al
one
does
not
pro
vide
an
adeq
uate
sol
utio
n.In
add
ition
to p
lann
ing
oil t
ypes
of t
rans
port
atio
n to
geth
er,
we
mus
t pla
n tr
ansp
orta
tion
rout
es w
ith a
ttent
ion
give
n to
mor
eth
an m
erel
y m
ovin
g pe
ople
and
goo
ds. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at th
e S
tate
dev
elop
(pe
rhap
s th
roug
h th
epr
opos
ed D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n) a
mei
tidis
eipl
ine
desi
gnlo
om a
ppro
ach
in th
e ro
utin
g an
d de
sign
of n
ew tr
ansp
orta
tion
rout
es w
hich
wou
ld r
ecog
nize
thei
r so
da!,
econ
omic
, and
env
iron-
men
tal i
mpa
ct o
n co
mm
uniti
es.
In th
is r
egor
d, th
e U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il pa
ssed
the
follo
win
gre
solu
tion
on M
ay 2
0, 1
968,
com
men
ding
the
inte
r-di
scip
linar
y
desi
gn te
am a
ppro
ach
used
by
the
Citi
zens
Adv
isor
y C
omm
ittee
of th
e S
poka
ne M
etro
polit
an A
rea
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stu
dy, w
hich
isas
follo
ws-
Wbr
reas
this
app
roac
h to
hig
hway
des
ign
thro
ugho
ut u
rban
settl
emen
ts fo
r th
e fir
st ti
me
embr
aces
soc
iolo
gica
l and
env
iron-
men
tal c
onsi
dera
tion,
in a
dditi
on to
pur
ely
econ
omic
fact
ors,
and
Whe
reas
the
effe
ct o
f im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e H
ighw
ay D
epar
t-m
ent a
ppro
ach
requ
ires
its u
se a
t the
con
cept
ion
of n
ew h
ighw
aypl
anni
ng b
efor
e th
e ba
sic
rout
ing
of th
e hi
ghw
ay 4
est
ablis
hed.
Be
it re
solv
ed th
at,
1. T
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il co
rnm
eno
the
Hig
hway
Dep
art-
men
t for
spo
nsor
ing
and
part
icip
atin
g in
this
stu
dy;
2. T
hat t
he U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il re
com
men
d th
at th
e S
tate
Hig
hway
Dep
artm
ent i
mpl
emen
t the
des
ign
philo
soph
yre
pres
ente
d in
the
stud
y, th
roug
h a
pilo
t pro
ject
enc
om-
pass
ing
the
nort
h/so
uth
free
way
pro
pose
d fo
r S
poka
ne;
and
3. T
hat t
he S
tate
Hig
hway
Dep
artm
ent d
evel
op th
e m
uti-d
is-
cipl
ine
capa
bilit
ies
in th
e D
epar
tmen
t to
unde
rtak
e th
isco
mpr
ehen
sive
app
roac
h to
new
hig
hway
des
ign.
last
ly, t
he C
ounc
il ha
s no
ted
that
pub
lic tr
ansp
orta
tion,
i.e.
,hi
ghw
ays,
nav
al tr
ansp
orta
tion,
ear
ly r
ailro
ad c
onst
ruct
ion,
etc
.,ha
s al
way
s be
en g
over
nmen
t sup
port
ed. I
tis
onl
y rig
ht, t
hen,
that
the
vario
us fo
rms
of u
rban
rap
id tr
ansi
t, bu
ses,
trai
ns, o
rm
onor
ails
, sho
uld
also
be
adeq
uate
ly s
uppo
rted
by
gove
rnm
ent
fund
s.
PO
LLU
TIO
N
Pol
lutio
n is
one
of t
he m
ost o
bvio
us e
nviro
nmen
tal e
ffect
s of
urba
n gr
owth
. Whe
n w
e ho
ve s
een
the
com
plex
ity o
f cop
ing
with
indi
vi6v
ol is
olat
ed o
ffend
ers,
we
con
real
ize
the
prob
lem
of a
lle-
viat
ing
pollu
tion
by r
egio
nal a
utho
ritie
s. E
ach
regi
on, i
n ad
ditio
nto
eac
h co
mm
unity
, mus
t mak
e a
full
com
mitm
ent t
o co
mba
ting
pollu
tion,
and
giv
e th
e pr
oble
m c
onst
ant a
ttent
ion.
A41
1
The
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton
has
set a
nat
ionw
ide
exam
ple
byth
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f mod
el a
ir po
llutio
n la
ws.
The
form
ulat
ion
ofst
atew
ide
wat
er q
ualit
y st
anda
rds
is w
ell u
nder
woy
. Nev
erth
e-le
ss, w
e di
scov
er m
any
area
s of
env
ironm
enta
l pol
lutio
n w
hich
requ
ire u
rgen
t otte
ntio
n if
we
ore
to m
aint
ain
the
dist
inct
ive
qual
ity o
f life
and
hea
lth in
the
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton.
One
diff
icul
ty In
volv
ed in
atta
ckin
g po
llutio
n is
its
inte
rrel
a-te
dnes
s w
ith a
ll of
the
envi
ronm
ent.
We
may
dec
ide
that
bur
ning
our
garb
age
is p
ollu
ting
the
air,
so
we
dum
p it.
But
this
dum
ping
polk
tes
the
land
, so
we
thro
w it
in o
ur r
iver
s, a
nd g
et w
ater
pollu
tion
inst
ead.
In o
rder
to e
limin
ate
pollu
tion,
we
mus
t pla
nw
ith a
mul
tiple
-use
con
cept
inst
ead
of m
erel
y ch
angi
ng o
ne fo
rmof
pol
lutio
n in
to a
noth
er. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at a
ll po
llutio
n co
ntro
l act
iviti
es b
e co
nsol
i-da
ted
unde
r on
e ag
ency
dire
ctly
res
pons
ible
to th
e G
over
nor.
Thr
ee fo
rms
of p
ollu
tion
ore
beco
min
g m
ore
exte
nsiv
e no
w
from
a la
ck o
f gov
ernm
enta
l aut
horit
y an
d fin
anci
ng fo
r co
ntro
l.W
e ho
ve a
ir an
d w
ater
pol
lutio
n ag
enci
es, b
ut n
o co
mpa
rabl
ele
vel o
f pro
gram
in s
olid
was
tes
that
pol
lute
our
land
. The
refo
re,
We'
rec
omm
end
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of a
sta
te c
ompr
ehen
sive
solid
was
te p
lan
(pos
sibl
y by
the
prop
osed
Sta
te P
ollu
tion
Con
trol
Age
ncy)
, the
dev
elop
men
t of c
ontr
ol s
tand
ards
, the
pro
mot
ion
ofco
ordi
nate
d pl
anni
ng, a
nd p
rovi
sion
for
cont
rolli
ng s
olid
was
teop
erat
ions
and
enf
orci
ng s
tand
ards
.S
peci
fic c
ontr
ols
over
the
grow
ing
prob
lem
of d
ispo
sal o
fju
nked
aut
omob
iles
shou
ld b
e in
clud
ed in
any
com
preh
ensi
veso
lid w
aste
pro
gram
.T
he s
econ
d fo
rm o
f pol
lutio
n w
ith n
o sp
ecifi
c co
ntro
ls, o
ther
than
act
ion
toke
n ag
ains
t offe
nder
s by
the
Coa
st G
uard
, is
the
oil
spill
age
in P
uget
Sou
nd. T
he s
pille
d oi
l can
drif
t ont
o m
any
beac
hes,
and
the
owne
r of
eac
h be
ach
is e
xpec
ted
to c
lean
it u
p.O
bvio
usly
, the
par
ty th
at s
pille
d th
e oi
l sho
uld
clea
n it
up. O
ften,
how
ever
, by
the
time
the
stat
e co
uld
forc
e th
e ac
tual
offe
nder
toac
t, th
e oi
l has
spr
ead
so b
adly
that
mor
e da
mag
e an
d ad
di-
tiona
l exp
ense
are
ent
aile
d. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
e en
actm
ent o
f leg
isla
tion
pert
aini
ng to
oil
spill
age
in s
tate
wat
ers
and
Pug
et S
ound
, whi
ch w
ould
pro
hibi
tth
e di
scha
rge
of o
ily w
aste
in th
ese
wat
ers,
est
ablis
h pe
nalti
esfo
r su
ch d
isch
arge
, and
giv
e th
e st
ate
the
pow
er a
nd fi
nanc
es to
clea
n up
oil
spill
s an
d as
sess
the
cost
s of
the
oper
atio
n ag
ains
tth
e of
fend
ing
part
y.T
he th
ird fo
rm is
aut
omot
ive
exha
ust.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
Sta
te P
ollu
tion
Con
trol
Age
ncy
be r
espo
nsib
le fo
r th
e in
spec
tion
of a
nd e
nfor
cem
ent o
ffe
dera
l sta
ndar
ds fo
r m
ovin
g ve
hicl
es in
this
sta
te.
in a
dditi
on to
all
of th
ese
prog
'nm
s, w
e m
ust r
ecog
nize
oth
erty
pes
of p
ollu
tion
whe
n tr
ying
to r
emov
e th
e pr
oble
m o
f apo
llute
d en
viro
nmen
t. T
he u
glin
ess
of o
ur c
ities
is o
ver
y re
alfo
rm o
f "vi
sual
pol
lutio
n" th
at h
as a
dem
onst
rabl
e ba
d ef
fect
on
soci
al b
ehav
ior.
Pro
gram
s to
rem
ove
and
prev
ent t
his
uglin
ess
mus
t be
incl
uded
in a
ny p
lann
ing
that
hop
es to
impr
ove
our
citie
s an
d m
ake
them
cle
an a
nd p
leas
ant p
lace
s to
We.
The
re-
fore
, We
reco
mm
end
that
the
prop
osed
Sta
te P
ollu
tion
Con
trol
Age
ncy
be o
f su
ch s
top*
that
it d
eals
with
the
prob
lem
s of
the
dege
nera
te e
ffec
t on
soci
al b
ehav
ior
of "
visu
al p
ollu
tion"
.
To
cr;c
1lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es in
thei
r fig
ht a
gain
st u
rban
ugl
ines
s,
We
reco
mm
end
tin.:
legi
slat
ion
be e
nact
ed w
here
by a
esth
etic
sm
ay b
e in
clud
ed a
s o
prop
er s
tand
ard
for
zoni
ng p
urpo
ses.
The
Sta
te P
ollu
tion
Con
trol
Age
ncy
mus
t als
o se
t con
trol
stan
dard
s fo
r no
ise
polk
ition
'inc
ludi
ng s
onic
boo
ms.
Fin
anci
ng p
ollu
tion
cont
rol i
s an
othe
r m
ajor
pro
blem
. The
finan
cial
inco
pabi
lttie
s of
man
y co
mm
uniti
es to
impl
emen
t the
stat
e's
requ
irem
ents
ser
ious
ly r
educ
es th
e et
Tec
tiven
ess
of th
est
ate'
s pr
ogra
m to
con
trol
wat
er p
ollu
tion.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Stat
e Po
llutio
n C
ontr
ol A
genc
y in
ves-
tsga
te th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f a
revo
lvin
g fu
nd a
nd a
des
ign
:ent
ice
e4 a
ssis
t gov
ernm
enta
l uni
ts w
ith th
e de
sign
and
fin
anci
ng o
fco
llect
ion
and
trea
tmen
t fac
ilitie
s.
GO
VE
RN
ME
NT
AL
MO
DE
RN
IZA
TIO
N
Our
pre
sent
for
ms
oflo
cal g
over
nmen
t wer
e co
ncei
ved
befo
reW
ashi
ngto
n ex
perie
nced
trem
endo
us g
row
th. C
onse
quen
tly, t
hey
are
not o
rgan
ized
or
equi
pped
to c
ope
effe
ctiv
ely
with
pro
blem
sof
urb
an g
row
th.
Tw
o pr
inci
ples
ore
ess
entia
l for
effe
ctiv
e lo
cal g
over
nmen
t.O
ne, l
ocal
gov
ernm
ent s
houl
d be
abl
e to
sol
ve a
reaw
ide
vob-
fern
s th
roug
h on
are
awid
e fo
rm o
f gov
ernm
ent.
For
exa
mpl
e,m
any
peop
le li
ve o
utsi
de th
e ci
ty li
mits
and
driv
e to
wor
k on
city
stre
ets.
Roo
d m
aint
enan
ce, t
raffi
c co
ntro
l and
par
king
con
gest
ion
are
agr
eat e
xpen
se to
the
city
, yet
thos
e dr
iver
s pa
y lit
tle in
city
taxe
s. Als
o, m
any
prob
lem
s of
pol
lutio
n, tr
ansp
orta
tion,
com
mun
ica-
tion,
and
indu
stria
l dev
elop
men
t can
be
hand
led
mor
e ef
fect
ivel
yon
o r
egio
nal b
asis
rat
her
than
o c
omm
vnity
one
. Unf
ortu
nate
ly,
few
form
s of
gov
ernm
ent e
xist
on
a re
gion
al b
asis
. Som
e fo
rmof
coo
rdin
atio
n or
coo
pera
tion
betw
een
loca
l gov
ernm
enta
l uni
ts
shou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
in e
very
reg
ion
thro
ugho
ut th
e st
ate.
In o
rder
to h
andl
e ar
eaw
ide
prob
lem
s on
an
area
wid
e ba
sis,
man
y of
the
gove
rnm
ents
we
have
in th
e st
ate
toda
y w
ill h
ave
toco
mbi
ne o
r an
nex
grea
ter
area
s un
der
thei
r ju
risdi
ctio
n. C
ities
shou
ld id
eally
incl
ude
the
entir
e m
etro
polit
an a
rea,
so
'hey
con
mos
t effe
ctiv
ely
hand
le s
uch
prob
lem
s as
sch
oolin
g, tr
ansp
orta
-tio
n, a
nd p
ollu
tion.
No
long
er c
an th
e su
burb
exp
ect t
o us
e a
city
's r
oads
, sch
ools
and
wor
k in
its
indu
strie
s w
ithou
t hel
ping
topa
y fo
r th
e go
vern
men
t nec
essa
ry fo
r th
ose
priv
ilege
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
a p
ositi
ve a
nnex
atio
npo
licy
be e
nact
edth
roug
h le
gisl
atio
n w
hich
, whi
le m
aint
aini
ng a
ppro
pria
te s
afe-
guar
ds, w
ill e
ncou
rage
con
solid
atio
n an
d ex
pans
ion
ofin
corp
o-ra
ted
area
s in
the
inte
rest
of
effi
cien
t gov
ernm
ent.
We
offe
r no
spe
cific
rec
omm
enda
tions
, sin
ce m
any
com
mitt
ees
have
dev
elop
ed e
xcel
lent
met
hods
. The
Leg
isla
tive
Cou
ncil
Com
-m
ittee
on
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent t
his
year
and
the
Citi
zens
Adv
isor
yC
omm
ittee
to th
e Jo
int C
omm
ittee
on
Urb
an A
rea
Gov
ernm
ent i
n19
62 o
re ju
st tw
o of
the
man
ygr
oups
one
cou
ld s
ite. W
e or
ere
com
endi
ng th
at th
e su
gges
tions
of g
roup
s lik
e th
ese
be in
corp
o-ra
ted
into
a c
reat
ive
onne
xatio
n po
licy
and
that
the
Legi
slat
ure
enac
t suc
h a
polic
y.O
ne o
f the
ele
men
ts o
f a c
reat
ive
anne
xatio
n po
licy
is th
e
poss
ibili
ty o
f com
bine
d ci
ty-c
ount
y go
vern
men
ts. Y
et, s
ever
alpr
oble
ms
exis
t tha
t wou
ld fa
ce a
ny c
ity-c
ount
y go
vern
men
t tha
tw
as c
reat
ed to
day.
No
agre
ed u
pon
spec
ifica
tions
exi
st fo
r co
m-
bine
d de
bt li
mits
, tax
equ
aliz
atio
n or
sub
divi
sion
s w
ithin
city
-co
unty
gov
ernm
ents
. Thu
s, a
ny n
egot
iatio
n se
t up
now
wou
ld g
etbo
gged
dow
n in
con
trov
ersy
, not
onl
y be
twee
n th
e ci
ty a
ndco
unty
invo
lved
, but
als
o w
ith s
tate
law
, sta
te g
over
nmen
t, an
dth
e S
tate
Con
stitu
tion.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
Art
icle
11,
Sec
tion
16 o
f the
Sta
te C
onst
i-tu
tion
be a
men
ded
to p
rom
ote
com
bine
d ci
ty-c
ount
y go
vern
men
ton
a fi
nanc
ially
feas
ible
bas
is b
y pr
ovid
ing
com
bine
d de
bt li
mits
,m
ore
equi
tabl
e ta
x eq
ualiz
atio
n, a
nd th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f sep
-ar
ate
but r
elat
ed u
nits
(su
bdiv
isio
ns)
with
in th
e pr
opos
ed c
on-
solid
atio
n.T
he s
econ
d ke
y pr
inci
ple
to C
fect
ive
loca
l gov
ernm
ent i
sne
ighb
orho
od r
epre
sent
atio
n. E
ach
neig
hbor
hood
or
com
mun
itysh
ould
feel
that
itis
rep
rese
nted
on
city
c.)
unc,
Is a
nd a
t reg
iona
l
conf
eren
ces.
The
form
atio
n of
bro
ader
and
bro
ader
gov
ernm
ent
shou
ld n
ot p
recl
ude
loco
! con
cur.
and
invo
lvem
ent.
An
area
wid
ego
vern
men
t with
rec
ooni
zed
loca
l rep
rese
ntat
ion
shou
ld b
e th
ego
al o
f eve
ry p
lan
for
gove
rnm
ent m
oder
niza
tion.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
an
adeq
uate
ly s
taffe
d an
d fu
nded
sta
te-
wid
e co
mm
issi
on o
n m
oder
aizi
ng lo
cal g
over
nmen
t, br
oadl
y re
p-re
sent
ativ
e of
lay
citiz
ens
and
elec
ted
offic
ials
thro
ugho
nt th
est
ate,
be
auth
oriz
ed b
y th
e Le
gisl
atur
e an
d ap
poin
ted
by th
eG
over
nor.
Per
haps
som
e of
the
idea
s fo
r m
oder
nizi
ng g
over
nmen
t cou
ldco
me
out o
f the
"th
ink
fact
ory"
rec
omm
ende
d in
Cha
pter
s I a
ndII
.F
inal
ly, t
he k
ey to
trul
y ef
fect
ive
gove
rnm
enta
l pro
gram
s is
toin
volv
e in
pla
nnin
g th
ose
who
m th
e pr
ogra
m w
ill a
ffect
. The
re-
fore
, We
reco
mm
end,
in g
ener
al, a
clo
ser
wor
king
rel
atio
nshi
p be
enco
urag
ed b
etw
een
loca
l gov
ernm
ent,
priv
ate
indu
stry
, and
stat
e go
vern
men
t thr
ough
out t
he s
tate
to a
ssur
e in
telli
gent
, com
-pr
ehen
sive
forw
ard
plan
ning
of a
n ar
ea w
ith p
artic
ular
em
phas
ison
futu
re r
equi
rem
ents
for
com
mer
cial
and
indu
stria
l site
s.
CO
NC
LUS
ION
Tod
ay's
dec
isio
ns a
re d
eerm
inin
g th
e st
ruct
ure
of to
mor
row
'sco
mm
unity
. Whe
neve
r a
high
way
rou
te is
set
, a n
ew h
ousi
ngde
velo
pmen
t is
perm
itted
, a n
ew fa
ctor
ies
are
cons
truc
ted,
etc
.,fu
ture
livi
ng p
atte
rns
are
bein
g de
term
ined
. Our
dec
isio
n m
aker
sm
ust c
aref
ully
con
side
r th
e fa
r-re
achi
ng r
amifi
catio
ns o
f the
irac
tions
.O
nly
with
a c
once
ntra
ted,
inte
nsiv
e ef
fort
can
the
dire
ctio
n of
our
stat
e be
sub
stan
tially
alte
red
to c
reat
e th
e op
timum
phy
sica
len
viro
nmen
t for
futu
re u
rban
fam
ilies
. The
urb
an li
fe c
ould
be
and
shou
ld b
e co
nduc
ive
to th
e hi
ghes
t end
fine
st d
evel
opm
ent o
fm
anki
nd's
pot
entia
l.
CH
AP
TE
R V
I
TH
E N
ON
-UR
BA
N S
EC
TO
RR
ural
kW
- go
off
to c
olle
ge a
nd n
ever
ret
urn.
The
y go
to th
eP
uget
Sou
nd a
rea
whe
re th
e jo
bs a
nd m
oney
are
. Our
sm
all
fam
ily fa
rms
have
all
but d
isap
pear
ed a
s th
e pr
ice-
cost
squ
eeze
is fo
rcin
g co
nsol
idat
;on.
Our
sm
all t
own
mer
chan
ts a
re fo
ldin
g up
beca
use
it is
impo
ssib
le to
com
pete
aga
inst
the
city
sto
res
whi
char
f. no
w o
nly
a co
uple
of h
ours
aw
ay. O
ur s
choo
ls a
re b
eing
clos
ed b
ecau
se w
e ca
n't o
ffer
trig
onom
etry
or
Fre
nch
3. O
urch
urch
es a
re c
losi
ng b
ecau
se w
e ca
n no
long
er a
fford
a m
inis
ter.
..
.A
nd y
ou a
sk w
hy o
ur r
ural
peo
ple
are
mov
ing
to th
eci
ty.' W
ith th
e at
tent
ion
of o
ur n
atio
n fo
cuse
d on
the
cris
is o
f our
citie
s, w
e ha
ve o
ften
over
look
ed o
ne o
f the
cris
is' m
ain
prec
ipita
t-in
g fa
ctor
s, th
e so
cial
, eco
nom
ic, a
nd e
ven
phys
ical
dis
inte
grat
ion
of o
ur r
ural
are
as. W
hen
the
Pre
side
nt's
Nat
iona
l Adv
isor
y C
om-
mis
sion
on
Rur
al P
over
ty's
stu
dy w
as m
ade,
they
ent
itled
it, T
heP
eopl
e Le
ft B
ehin
d. O
vr N
on-U
rban
Sec
tor
Com
mitt
ee c
erta
inly
did
not f
ind
that
this
lack
of n
atio
nal a
ttent
ion
mea
nt a
lack
of
deep
pro
blem
s. T
he il
l effe
cts
of p
over
ty, d
isea
se, a
liena
tion
and
a _s
pair
wer
e fu
lly a
s pr
esen
t out
side
urb
an a
reas
as
insi
de th
em.
The
se p
eopl
e m
ust n
ot b
e fo
rgot
ten
in th
e w
ake
of u
rban
con
-ce
rn. C
once
ntra
ted
effo
rts
mus
t be
devo
ted
to s
olvi
ng th
e pr
ob-
lem
s of
our
non
-urb
an a
reas
just
as
we
are
begi
nnin
g to
dev
ote
serio
us e
ffort
to s
olvi
ng th
e pr
oble
ms
of o
ur c
ities
.O
ne m
ay a
sk w
hy th
e N
on-U
rban
Sec
tor
Com
mitt
ee is
a p
art
of th
e U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il. T
wo
answ
ers
mak
e th
e ne
cess
ity o
fth
e in
clus
ion
clea
r. F
irst,
the
Urb
an A
ffairs
Cou
ncil
has
not b
een
conc
erne
d w
ith th
e pr
oble
ms
of s
peci
fic g
eogr
aphi
cal a
reas
, but
with
the
prob
lem
s of
peo
ple
in o
ur m
oder
n ur
ban
soci
ety.
The
sepr
oble
ms
are
not i
n ou
r ci
ties
alon
e, b
ut s
tret
ch th
roug
hout
the
stat
e. T
he N
on-U
rban
Sec
tor
Com
mitt
ee m
ade
reco
mm
enda
tions
conc
erni
ng e
duca
tion,
hea
lth c
are,
job
trai
ning
and
opp
ortu
nitie
s,la
w a
nd ju
stic
e, c
itize
n in
volv
emen
t, an
d th
e ag
edpr
oble
ms
that
hav
e a
grea
t affe
ct o
n pe
ople
whe
reve
r th
ey li
ve.
Sec
ondl
y, w
e fe
el th
at a
cru
cial
rel
atio
nshi
p ex
ists
bet
wee
nou
r ci
ties
and
the
rest
of o
ur s
tate
. The
last
twen
ty y
ears
hav
ese
en o
ur p
eopl
e m
ove
from
rur
al a
reas
into
the
citie
s fo
llow
ed b
yth
e m
ass
exod
us o
f for
mer
city
dw
elle
rs to
the
subu
rbs
leav
ing
inth
eir
wak
e de
pres
sed
rura
l com
mun
ities
and
dec
ayin
g co
re c
ities
.T
his
drea
dful
cyc
le c
anno
t be
perm
itted
To
cont
inue
. Alth
ough
this
chap
ter
does
con
tain
imm
edia
te r
emed
ies
for
thes
e de
pres
sed
'Com
men
ts b
y D
onal
d W
. Moo
s, D
irect
or o
f the
Wos
hing
ton
Sta
te D
epor
tmen
t of A
gric
-co
ltore
, at a
Non
-U
rban
Sec
tor
mee
ting,
Feb
ruar
y 27
. 196
8.
rura
l are
as, a
s th
e ot
her
chap
ters
do
for
the
deca
ying
cor
e ci
ties,
we
cann
ot b
e co
nten
t to
let o
ur e
ffc-t
s st
op th
ere.
Man
y of
our
reco
mm
enda
tions
are
spe
cific
ally
to b
uild
vig
orou
s, th
rivin
g co
m-
mun
ities
in o
ur n
on-u
rban
are
as th
at w
ill h
alt a
nd m
aybe
eve
nre
vers
e th
e m
igra
tion
that
has
led
to s
o m
any
prob
lem
s an
d so
muc
h m
iser
y. O
nly
by s
tem
min
g th
e in
volu
ntar
y flo
w o
f our
poo
r,ou
r si
ck, a
nd o
ur m
inor
ities
into
the
core
citi
es b
ecau
se th
eyde
cent
livi
ng c
ondi
tions
, job
opp
ortu
nitie
s an
d go
vern
men
tal
serv
ices
in th
e ru
ral a
reas
, can
we
effe
ctiv
ely
solv
e th
e m
assi
vepr
oble
ms
that
bes
et o
ur u
rban
are
as to
day.
The
Com
mitt
ee h
as h
eld
hear
ings
in Y
akim
a, W
ater
ville
,M
ount
Ver
non,
Col
ville
, Che
halis
, and
Sea
uim
. The
se h
earin
gsin
clud
ed p
ublic
rep
rese
ntat
ives
and
citi
zens
from
thes
e °r
ec.:.
The
Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
, the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
ith, a
nd th
zO
ffice
of E
cono
mic
Opp
ortu
nity
pro
vide
d ba
ckgr
ound
info
rmat
ion
that
the
Non
-Urb
an S
ecto
r C
omm
ittee
use
d in
writ
ing
its r
ecom
-m
enda
tions
.T
he s
taff
has
wor
ked
with
thes
e de
part
men
ts a
s w
ell a
s th
eD
epar
tmen
t of P
ublic
Ass
ista
nce
in p
rovi
ding
add
ition
al in
form
a-tio
n. P
opul
atio
n es
timat
es w
ere
take
n fr
om th
e re
port
pre
pare
dby
the
Div
isio
n of
Pop
ulat
ion
Stu
dies
of t
he P
lann
ing
and
Com
-m
unity
Affa
irs A
genc
y. S
ever
al p
rivat
e tr
ansp
orta
tion
agen
cies
also
pro
vide
d so
me
assi
stan
ce.
O
The
pro
blem
of W
ashi
ngto
n's
non-
urba
nse
ctor
is q
uite
eas
yto
sta
te b
ut q
uite
diff
icul
t to
solv
e.T
he p
robl
em is
one
of p
opul
a-tio
n sh
ift. I
n th
e pa
st e
ight
yea
rs,
85 p
er c
ent o
f the
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th o
f Was
hing
ton
occu
rred
in th
e te
nla
rges
t cou
ntie
s. A
l-th
ough
mos
t sm
alle
r co
untie
s di
d ex
perie
nce
som
egr
owth
, it w
as
a fo
r di
ffere
nt ty
pe o
fgro
wth
than
that
exp
erie
nced
by
the
urba
n
area
s. The
his
toric
tren
d, in
Was
hing
ton
asel
sew
here
, has
bee
n a
popu
latio
n sh
ift fr
om th
e fa
rm in
toth
e ci
ty. T
he n
atur
e of
this
shift
cau
ses
seve
ral p
robl
ems.
Firs
t,it
is th
e yo
unge
spec
ially
the
brig
ht y
outh
swho
hav
e le
ft th
eru
ral a
reas
and
hav
e go
nein
to th
e ur
ban
ones
. The
med
ian
age
of p
eopl
e in
Pie
rce,
Kin
gan
d S
noho
mis
h C
ount
ies
in '1
960
was
29. B
y 19
70, i
t will
be
25.
In c
ontr
ast,
coun
ties
like
Lew
isan
d C
lalla
m a
re e
xper
ienc
ing
anin
flux
of o
lder
peo
ple
seek
ing
a qu
iet p
lace
tore
tire.
The
you
ng g
o in
to th
e ur
ban
area
sbe
caus
e th
ey th
ink
that
rura
l are
as c
anno
t pro
vide
aco
mpa
rabl
e qu
ality
of l
ife. T
he jo
bop
port
uniti
es a
re n
ot a
s ex
tens
ive.
Hou
sing
is u
sual
ly n
ot a
sgo
od. G
over
nmen
tal s
ervi
ces
like
scho
olin
g, p
ublic
util
ities
, ade
-qu
ate
road
s, a
nd m
odem
heal
th c
are
are
usua
lly n
ot c
ompa
rabl
e.T
hus,
the
youn
g pe
ople
who
are
cap
able
ofte
n m
ove
into
the
city
,w
hich
, eve
n w
ith it
s m
any
prob
lem
s,of
ten
does
a b
ette
r jo
b th
anou
r ru
ral a
reas
. The
peop
le w
ho a
re le
ft ar
e ei
ther
thos
e fe
wfa
mili
es w
ith la
nd, w
ealth
, and
com
fort
ore
lse
thos
e un
able
toni
ovet
he e
xtre
mel
y po
or, t
he u
nski
lled,
the
Indi
an a
nd th
eM
exic
an-A
mer
ican
.A
t the
sam
e tim
e, r
ural
com
mun
ities
are
beco
min
g 're
tirem
ent
have
ns fo
r th
e ag
ed. T
his
tren
d br
ings
peop
le e
ither
uni
nter
este
din
or
unab
le to
wor
k fo
r im
prov
emen
tsin
the
com
mun
ities
, suc
h
as in
edu
catio
n an
djo
b op
port
uniti
es. T
hey
real
ize
thes
e im
-pr
ovem
ents
com
e ou
t of t
axes
on
thei
r fix
ed in
com
es, a
nd, c
onse
-qu
ently
, the
y be
com
e a
siza
ble
votin
gbl
ock
resi
stan
t to
chan
ge.
Thi
s un
fort
unat
e cy
cle
has
been
augm
ente
d by
the
surg
e of
out-
of-s
tate
peo
ple
into
Was
hing
ton.
Mas
tof t
hese
peo
ple
go to
our
citie
s. M
ost o
f the
othe
rs s
impl
y ad
d to
the
poor
in o
urru
ral
area
s. T
he m
igra
nt is
one
cas
ein
poi
nt. W
ashi
ngto
n ha
s an
expa
ndin
g ec
onom
y, o
ne th
at b
oth
thriv
es o
nan
d su
pplie
s a
grow
ing
num
ber
of p
eopl
e. In
Our
rur
al a
reas
,ho
wev
er, t
heec
onom
y do
es n
ot fu
nctio
nth
at w
ay. E
ach
new
per
son
com
-po
unds
the
plig
ht o
f tho
se a
lread
y th
ere,
inst
ead
of p
rovi
ding
addi
tiona
l lab
or a
nd a
n ad
ditio
nal m
arke
tfo
r an
exp
andi
ngru
ral e
cono
my.
Thu
s, w
e fin
d th
e so
me
prob
lem
s of
edu
catio
n,jo
b op
port
uni-
ties,
hou
sing
, and
hea
lth c
are
faci
ngru
ral c
itize
ns th
at th
e ur
ban
ones
enc
ount
er.
The
rur
alar
eas
have
thei
rdi
sadv
anta
ged
pers
ons
and
blig
hted
are
as ju
st a
s th
e ur
ban
cent
ers
do. T
heN
egro
and
the
core
cit;
ghe
tto a
rem
atch
ed b
y th
e In
dian
and
the
rese
rvat
ion,
and
the
mig
rant
and
the
farm
labo
r ca
mp.
It is
a p
robl
em th
atus
ually
is m
ore
diffi
cult
to s
ee, a
nd e
qual
lydi
fficu
lt to
sol
ve.
EM
PLO
YM
EN
T
The
mai
n em
ploy
men
t pro
blem
inru
ral a
reas
is th
e ne
ed fo
rm
ore
job
oppo
rtun
ities
.T
here
is a
gre
at n
eed
fcr
mer
eru
ral
indu
strie
s. T
rain
ing
that
equ
ips
peop
lefo
r ru
ral j
obs
is a
lso
esse
ntia
l. O
ne o
f the
gre
ates
t ben
efits
rura
l job
s ca
n pr
ovid
e is
toke
ep th
e ru
ral u
nem
ploy
ed fr
om m
igrc
ting
to th
e ci
ty a
nd, o
s a
cons
eque
nce,
add
ing
toth
e un
empl
oyed
ther
e. If
our
sta
te c
anpr
ovid
e op
port
uniti
es fo
r pe
ople
in r
ural
are
as, w
ew
ill im
prov
eth
e w
elfa
re o
f bot
h ur
ban
and
non-
urba
n ar
eas.
We
mus
t em
phas
ize
that
job
oppo
rtun
ities
are
the
core
of t
heno
n-ur
ban
prob
lem
. Onl
y w
hen
the
bulk
of t
he jo
b op
port
uniti
essh
ifted
to th
e ur
ban
cent
ers
did
peop
lefo
llow
. It i
s a
subs
tant
ial
prob
lem
for
the
non-
urba
n se
ctor
con
stan
tlyto
pro
mot
e jo
b op
-po
rtun
ities
. If p
eopl
e ha
ve jo
bs, t
hey
will
sta
y to
dev
elop
ade
-qu
ate
gove
rnm
ent,
educ
atio
n,an
d so
cial
ser
vice
s, if
they
do
not
have
jobs
, the
,- u
sual
ly m
ust l
eave
.T
here
fore
, with
in th
e un
it fo
rno
nind
ustr
ial a
reas
rec
omm
ende
d in
Cha
pter
II,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
teD
epar
tmen
t of C
omm
erce
and
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
ent e
stab
lish
aru
ral s
ervi
ces
sect
ion
who
se
prim
ary
job
and
resp
onsi
bilit
y w
ould
be
aidi
ng r
ural
com
mun
ities
to s
urve
y th
eir
need
s an
d po
tent
ials
in a
ttrac
ting
appr
opria
tein
dust
ries.
In a
dditi
on to
job
trai
ning
and
edu
catio
n re
com
men
datio
nsth
roug
hout
all
chap
ters
of o
ur r
epor
t,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Em
ploy
men
t Sec
urity
revi
ew M
anpo
wer
Dev
elop
men
t and
Tra
inin
g A
ct (
MD
TA
) pr
o-gr
ams
in th
e S
tate
of W
ashi
ngto
n in
ord
er to
dev
elop
mor
eap
prop
riate
pro
gram
s fo
r m
eetin
g ru
ral n
eeds
.
FA
RM
LA
BO
RE
RS
Far
m la
bore
rs, e
spec
ially
mig
rant
s, m
ake
up o
ne g
roup
of t
heru
ral p
oor,
and
suf
fer
the
prob
lem
s of
poo
r ev
eryw
here
. Pro
blem
sth
at th
e C
ounc
il's
Non
-Urb
an S
ecto
r C
omm
ittee
focu
sed
upon
incl
uded
thos
e of
hea
lth (
cove
red
ir. C
hapt
er V
), e
mpl
oym
ent,
hous
ing
educ
atio
n, a
nd th
e la
ck o
f gov
ernm
enta
l ser
vice
s.
ts
Mig
rant
wag
e le
vels
are
a s
ubst
antia
l im
pedi
men
t to
the
solu
tion
of a
ll th
e ot
her
prob
lem
s. W
hile
we
appl
aud
the
hear
-in
gs th
at a
re b
eing
hel
d to
con
side
r fa
rm la
bore
rs fo
r go
vern
-
men
tal p
rogr
ams
of in
dust
rial i
nsur
ance
and
min
imum
wag
es, w
eco
nsid
er th
e lo
ng-r
ange
pro
blem
to b
e on
e of
sel
ectiv
e su
bsid
y of
cons
umer
pric
ing
of th
e pr
oduc
ts o
f mig
rant
labo
rers
by
pres
ent
wag
e le
vels
. No
over
-all
solu
tion
of th
e ni
gran
t pro
blem
can
be
achi
eved
with
out r
ecog
nizi
ng th
at th
e co
st e
f for
m p
rodu
ce w
illev
entu
ally
hav
e to
ref
lect
a ju
st a
nd a
deat
.late
wag
e to
the
som
ede
gree
that
this
cos
t ref
lect
s th
e ot
her
cos'
s of
pro
duct
ion.
The
Far
m H
ousi
ng A
utho
rity
prov
ides
long
-ter
m 3
per
cen
tlo
ans
to n
on-p
rofit
cor
pora
tions
for
the
cons
truc
tion
of fa
rm la
bor
hous
ing.
Thi
s F
eder
al lo
on a
ssis
tanc
e pr
ogra
m is
aim
ed a
t rel
iev-
ing
the
mig
rant
hou
sing
sho
rtag
e by
enc
oura
ging
con
stru
ctio
nth
roug
h lo
w-c
ost l
oans
. Loa
ns p
rese
ntly
are
mad
e di
rect
ly to
tax-
exem
pt b
odie
s (c
ount
ies,
mun
icip
aliti
es, e
tc.)
at t
he in
tere
stra
te o
f 3 p
er c
ent.
Als
o, th
e go
vern
men
t will
insu
re (
in e
ssen
ce,
co-s
ign)
loan
s fr
om p
rivat
e so
urce
s to
priv
ate
part
ies
for
cons
truc
-tio
n pu
rpos
es a
nd p
ay a
ny in
tere
st c
harg
es r
esul
ting
from
rat
esov
er 5
per
cen
t. G
over
nmen
t ins
ured
loan
s fr
or..
priv
ate
sour
ces
can
gene
rally
be
obta
ined
on
a sh
ort t
erm
bas
s (2
to 3
yea
rs)
for
appr
oxim
otel
y 61
/2 p
er c
ent.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
Far
m H
ousi
ng A
utho
rity
prog
ram
s pr
es-
ently
ava
ilabl
e to
non
-pro
fit o
rgan
izaf
inns
for
3 pe
r ce
nt c
onst
ruc-
tion
mon
ey p
ayab
le o
ver
a lo
ng te
rm fo
r fa
rm k
door
ers'
hou
sing
be e
xten
ded
to in
divi
dual
farm
ers.
Per
haps
the
best
pro
cedu
re w
ould
be
for
the
stat
e to
set
asi
defu
nds
to p
ay a
ny in
tere
st c
harg
es a
bove
3 p
er c
ent.
One
of t
he m
ajor
diff
icul
ties
in h
elpi
ng m
igra
nt fa
rm la
bore
rsis
that
man
y of
them
spe
ak S
pani
sh fa
r m
ore
fluen
tly th
anE
nglis
h. T
he S
ecre
tary
of S
tate
now
pub
lishe
s vo
ter
info
rmat
ion
inS
pani
sh. :
n ad
ditio
n,W
e re
com
men
d th
at th
e D
epar
tmen
ts o
f Hea
lth, P
ublic
Ass
ist-
ance
, and
Em
ploy
men
t Sec
urity
and
loca
l sch
ool d
istr
icts
be
en-
cour
aged
to e
mpl
oy b
iling
ual a
ides
abl
e to
com
mun
icat
e w
ithpe
ople
in th
e m
igra
nt s
trea
m.
Man
y of
the
child
ren
of m
igra
nt fo
rm la
bore
rs le
ave
scho
ol in
Apr
il an
d do
not
rej
oin
until
late
Oct
ober
or
Nov
embe
r be
caus
eof
the
need
for
them
to h
elp
in th
e fie
lds.
Con
sequ
ently
, man
y of
thes
e ch
ildre
n fa
ll fa
rthe
r an
d fa
rthe
r be
hind
in s
choo
l. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at th
e W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Offi
ce o
f the
Sup
er-
inte
nden
t of P
ublic
Inst
ruct
ion
cont
inue
to e
xpan
d its
mig
rant
divi
sion
and
imm
edia
tely
req
uest
add
ition
al fu
nds
from
the
Fed
-er
al D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth
, Edu
catio
n an
d W
elfa
re u
nder
the
mig
rant
sec
tion
of th
e E
lem
enta
ry a
nd S
econ
dary
Edu
catio
n A
ct.
The
se fu
nds
shou
ld b
e m
ade
avai
labl
e fo
r di
rect
edu
catio
nal
assi
stan
ce to
mig
rant
and
Mex
ican
-Am
eric
an c
hild
ren.
The
div
i-si
on s
houl
d ac
tivel
y en
cour
age
mor
e sc
hool
dis
tric
ts to
pro
vide
sum
mer
sch
ool p
rogr
ams
for
thes
e ch
ildre
n. W
here
thes
e su
mm
er
scho
ol p
rogr
ams
are
mad
e av
aila
ble,
fund
s fo
r tr
ansp
orta
tion
toan
d fr
om s
choo
ls a
nd h
ealth
ser
vice
s sh
ould
be
incl
uded
in th
ebu
dget
.
ED
UC
AT
ION
Sin
ce it
was
foun
d th
at s
choo
ls h
ave
man
y of
the
sam
epr
oble
ms
in th
e ru
ral a
reas
as
in u
rban
are
as, w
e w
ill d
uplic
ate
gene
ral r
ecom
men
datio
ns c
over
ed w
ell i
n C
hapt
er I.
The
pro
b-le
ms
cons
ider
ed h
ere
are
thos
e pe
culia
r to
the
non-
urba
n ar
eas.
Abo
ve a
ll, th
e S
tate
of W
ashi
ngto
n m
ust r
ecog
nize
the
diffe
r-in
g ed
ucat
iona
l nee
ds o
f the
non
-urb
an s
ecto
rs. T
he n
on-u
rban
sect
or n
eeds
teac
hers
and
adm
inis
trat
ors
with
spe
cial
trai
ning
tore
late
wel
l with
rur
al a
reas
and
rur
al p
eopl
e. Q
uite
ofte
n a
sem
antic
bar
rier
exis
ts b
etw
een
the
teac
her
and
his
stud
ent.
Man
y tim
es th
e te
ache
r an
d st
uden
t com
e fr
om e
ntire
ly d
iffer
ent
cultu
ral b
ackg
roun
ds, e
spec
ially
in r
elat
ion
to M
exic
an-A
mer
ican
san
d In
dian
s. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
curr
icul
um in
col
lege
s of
edu
catio
nin
clud
e te
ache
r tr
aini
ng a
nd e
xper
ienc
e to
wor
k w
ith m
inor
itygr
oups
in a
way
con
sist
ent w
ith m
inor
ity c
ultu
ral b
ackg
roun
ds.
The
voc
atio
n tr
aini
ng fi
eld
prov
ides
a g
ood
exam
ple
of th
edi
ffere
nce
betw
een
urba
n an
d no
n-ur
ban
requ
irem
ents
. The
citi
esha
ve la
rge
indu
strie
s th
at h
ave
thei
r ow
n tr
aini
ng p
rogr
ams.
A
plan
t lik
e B
oein
g, fo
r ex
ampl
e, w
ould
rat
her
have
hig
h sc
hool
grad
uate
s th
at it
can
trai
n to
bec
ome
mec
hani
cs th
an h
igh
scho
oldr
cpot
.,ts
with
mec
hani
cal t
rain
ing.
Sm
all r
ural
indu
strie
s, h
uvv-
ever
, can
not a
fford
thei
r ow
n tr
aini
ng p
rogr
ams.
Con
sequ
ently
,th
ey c
an h
ire o
nly
the
expe
rienc
ed o
r th
e tr
aine
d. A
n ef
fect
ive
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g pr
ogra
m in
rur
al a
reas
wou
ld a
ssur
e th
atpe
ople
from
the
rura
lco
uld
be h
ired.
At p
rese
nt, h
owev
er,
mos
t ind
ivid
ual r
ural
sch
ools
are
too
smal
l to
offe
r an
ext
ensi
vevo
catio
nal-t
echn
ical
pro
gram
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
occ
upat
iona
l ski
lls c
ente
rs b
e de
velo
ped
thro
ugho
ut th
e st
ate
to a
llow
for
trai
ning
in te
chni
cally
spe
cial
-iz
ed fi
elds
.
An
occu
patio
nal s
kills
cen
ter
is a
irai
nirg
inst
itutio
n fo
r m
od-
ern
skill
s. B
y co
nsol
idat
ing
a nu
mbe
r of
ski
lls in
to o
ne in
stitu
tion,
it ca
n ob
tain
a la
rge
enou
gh s
tude
nt b
ody
and
an e
ffici
ent
enou
gh o
pera
tion
that
it c
an o
ffer
the
late
st e
quip
men
t as
aids
and
the
late
st in
ski
lls a
s cu
rric
ulum
. Suc
h fa
cilit
ies
as la
bora
tor-
ies
for
trai
ning
labo
rato
ry a
ssis
tant
s, fu
lly e
quip
ped
gara
ges
for
trai
ning
aut
o m
echa
nics
, and
qua
lifie
d te
ache
rs in
al!
field
s ar
epo
ssib
le u
sing
this
con
cept
.A
lso,
rur
al c
hild
ren
ofte
n ha
ve to
cho
ose
earli
er th
an u
rban
child
ren
whi
ch d
irect
ion
thei
r ed
ucat
ion
will
take
sin
ce th
ey d
one
ed a
dditi
onal
trai
ning
to w
ork
in th
e sm
alle
r ru
ral i
ndus
trie
s.T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
cou
nsel
ing
pruv
ram
s be
exp
ande
d in
elem
enta
ry s
choo
ls.
The
str
onge
r vo
catio
nal e
mph
asis
nec
essa
ry in
non
-urb
ansc
hool
s sh
ould
not
ore
juci
ice
thos
e th
at o
re w
illin
g an
d ca
pabl
eof
abs
orbi
ng a
nd u
sing
an
acad
emic
pro
gram
bey
ond
high
scho
ol. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
inst
itutio
ns o
f hig
her
educ
atio
n br
oade
nth
eir
norm
al e
ntra
nce
requ
irem
ents
to in
clud
e st
uden
ts w
ho h
ave
take
n a
siza
ble
amou
nt o
f voc
atio
nally
orie
nted
cou
rses
in s
ec-
onda
ry s
choo
l.
The
add
ition
al e
mph
asis
on
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g w
e ar
e ad
vo-
catin
g w
ill r
equi
re m
any
mor
e vo
catio
nal t
each
ers.
The
Div
isio
nof
Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
does
offe
r se
para
te p
roce
dure
s fo
r su
chte
ache
rs. F
or e
xam
ple,
to te
ach
a su
bjec
t lik
e au
to m
echa
nics
, ate
ache
r m
ust h
ave
com
plet
ed a
trai
ning
or
appr
entic
eshi
p pr
o-gr
am in
mec
hani
cs a
nd w
orke
d at
his
voc
atio
n fo
r a
min
imum
of
thre
e ye
ars.
He
can
then
obt
ain
a on
e-ye
ar c
ertif
icat
e to
teac
hau
to m
echa
nics
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
all
scho
ol d
istr
icts
take
full
adva
ntag
e of
the
spec
ial c
ertif
icat
ion
for
voca
tiona
l tea
cher
s in
ord
er to
pro
vide
expa
nded
trai
ning
in v
ocat
iona
l ski
lls.
The
se te
ache
rs c
ould
do
mor
e th
an m
erel
y te
ach
a m
echa
nica
lsk
ill. A
sch
ool d
istr
ict c
ould
hire
suc
h a
teac
her
to tr
avel
to a
llel
emen
tary
and
sec
onda
ry s
choo
ls w
ithin
the
dist
rict a
nd a
cqua
int
youn
g pe
ople
with
the
adva
ntag
es o
f and
pre
requ
isite
s fo
r hi
svo
catio
n. Y
oung
peo
ple
then
will
hav
e a
bette
r id
ea n
ot o
nly
ofw
hat t
hey
wan
t to
do in
thei
r sc
hool
ing,
but
als
o w
hat o
ppor
tuni
-tie
s th
ey h
ave
afte
r gr
adua
tion.
Fin
ally
, the
sch
ool i
n th
e ru
ral a
rea
is o
ften
a m
ore
impo
rtan
tse
gmen
t of t
he c
omm
unity
than
in u
rban
are
as. R
ural
peo
ple
rely
on it
to p
rom
ote
com
mun
ity in
volv
emen
t, bo
th b
y its
cou
rses
and
its fu
nctio
n as
a c
omm
unity
cen
ter.
The
que
stio
ns o
f cur
ricul
uman
d co
nsol
idat
ion
mus
t alw
ays
cons
ider
this
impo
rtan
t com
mun
ityro
le th
e sc
hool
s pl
ay.
Am
ong
the
man
y ro
les
thes
e sc
hool
s fu
lfill,
they
sho
uld
pro-
vide
muc
h of
the
stim
ulus
with
in a
sm
all t
own
fcr
com
mun
ity;n
valv
emen
t. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Offi
ce o
f the
Sup
erin
tend
ent o
f Pub
licIn
stru
ctio
n pr
epar
e U
p-to
-dat
e an
d m
ore
rele
vant
mat
eria
ls fc
rte
achi
ng a
bout
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
in th
e S
tate
of W
ashi
ngto
n in
orde
r to
stim
ulat
e un
ders
tand
ings
and
invo
lvem
ent i
n co
mm
unity
affa
irs.
In a
dditi
on, t
he v
ery
exis
tenc
e of
a s
choo
l sys
tem
and
its
build
ings
hel
ps to
hol
d sm
all c
omm
uniti
es to
geth
er. T
he b
uild
ings
are
ofte
n us
ed fo
r co
mm
unity
cul
tura
l and
rec
reat
iona
l cen
ters
.T
he q
ualit
y of
edu
catio
n is
a fo
cus
of c
omm
unity
con
cem
. The
fact
is, h
owev
er, t
hat t
he s
ize
limita
tion
in s
mal
l sch
ools
' sta
ffs.
equi
pmen
t, an
d su
ch d
epriv
e so
me
rura
l stu
dent
s of
an
adeq
uate
educ
atio
n. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
all
stud
ents
in n
on-u
rban
are
as o
f Was
h-in
gton
hav
e th
e op
port
unity
for
the
broa
dest
pos
sibl
e ed
ucat
iona
lex
perie
nce,
thro
ugh
such
tech
niqu
es a
s ed
ucat
iona
l par
ks, o
ccu-
patio
nal s
kills
cen
ters
, and
con
solid
atio
n of
sch
ool d
istr
icts
.H
owev
er,
We
also
rec
omm
end
that
prio
r to
any
dec
isio
n fo
r sc
hool
cons
olid
atio
n, th
at th
e lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es ta
ke p
art i
n th
e de
cisi
onm
akin
g pr
oces
s to
insu
re fu
ll co
nsid
erat
ion
of th
e sp
ecifi
c ne
eds
.f th
e co
mm
unity
, the
val
ue o
f a d
ecen
tral
ized
, per
sona
lized
educ
atio
nal e
xper
ienc
e, th
e va
lue
of a
hig
h de
gree
of c
omm
unity
invo
lvem
ent i
n sc
hool
affa
irs, a
nd th
e co
mm
unity
cen
ter
role
the
scho
ols
ofte
n pl
ay in
sm
all c
omm
uniti
es.
HE
ALT
H C
AR
E
Rur
al c
itize
ns s
uffe
r fr
om a
lack
of h
ealth
cor
e se
rvic
es m
ore
than
alm
ost a
ny o
ther
peo
ple
in th
e st
ate.
One
of t
he p
robl
ems
has
been
the
inab
ility
of c
ount
y he
alth
dep
artm
ents
, eith
erth
roug
h la
ck o
f fun
ds o
r la
ck o
f qua
lifie
d, e
ffect
ive
pers
onne
l, or
both
, to
deliv
er th
e m
inim
al le
vel o
f hea
lth c
are.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
an
inte
rim s
tudy
be
mad
e on
the
rela
-tio
nshi
p be
twee
n lo
cal h
ealth
dep
artm
ents
and
the
Sta
te H
ealth
Dep
artm
ent.
Car
eful
con
side
ratio
n sh
ould
be
give
n to
the
poss
i-bi
lity
of g
ivin
g th
e S
tate
Dep
artm
ent e
ither
the
pow
er to
with
hold
fund
s fr
om a
loca
l dep
artm
ent t
hat d
oes
flat d
o an
effe
ctiv
e jo
bor
ass
ume
ful!
resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r al
l loc
al h
ealth
dep
artm
ents
.A
noth
er p
robi
em th
at w
as n
ot m
entio
ned
else
whe
re is
the
prev
alen
ce o
f dis
ease
, par
ticul
arly
ski
n di
seas
e am
ong
mig
rant
child
ren.
Mig
rant
labo
rers
' chi
ldre
n of
ten
are
kept
out
of s
choo
lbe
caus
e th
eir
heal
th c
ondi
tion
is a
haz
ard
to th
e sc
hool
. The
sest
uden
ts, h
owev
er, n
eed
thei
r ea
ucat
ion
even
mor
e th
an o
ther
stuc
l?.n
ts a
nd s
ome
mea
ns m
ust b
e fo
und
to e
nabl
e th
em to
rece
ive
it. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at th
e S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Hea
lth m
ake
ast
udy
in c
onju
nctio
n w
ith th
e O
ffice
of t
he S
uper
inte
nden
t of
Pub
lic In
stru
ctio
n of
the
prob
lem
s en
coun
tere
d by
chi
ldre
n ha
ving
heal
th p
robl
ems,
suc
h as
con
tagi
ous
skin
dis
ease
s, a
nd m
ake
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
solu
tions
.
TR
AN
SP
OR
TA
TIO
N
The
crit
ical
pro
blem
of r
ural
isol
atio
n co
uld
be r
esol
ved
with
an a
dequ
ate
tran
spor
tatio
n sy
tsem
.R
ural
are
as h
ave
a di
ffere
nt p
robl
em w
ith tr
ansp
orta
tion
than
urba
n ar
eas.
In u
rban
are
as, t
he p
robl
em is
to m
ove
larg
eam
ount
of g
oods
and
a la
rge
num
ber
of p
eopl
e sh
ort d
ista
nces
.In
rur
al a
reas
, the
pro
blem
is to
mov
e sm
alle
r am
ount
s an
d a
smal
ler
num
ber
long
er d
ista
nt.z
s. T
hus,
in a
ny s
tudy
of t
rans
por-
tatio
n in
this
sta
te, w
e m
ust r
ecog
nize
the
diffe
ring
prob
lem
s of
our
urba
n an
d ru
ral a
reas
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Gov
erno
r ap
poin
t a c
itize
ns a
dvis
ory
com
mitt
ee to
the
appr
opria
te s
tate
dep
ortm
ent t
o st
udy
and
mak
e re
com
men
datio
ns c
once
rnin
g th
e pr
oble
ms
of p
ublic
and
priv
ate
tran
spor
tatio
n in
rur
al a
reas
.
Benton-Franklin
Chelan-Douala.
Clans-Jefferson
Clark-Skemenia
Comlits-Wahkiakve
Grant
leland
Xitamp
Xittltaa
Okanogan
Pend Oreille
Skagit
Snohomish
Spoken* County
Thureton-Maeon
Walla Walla
Whetcom
Whiter.,
Yakima
Spokane City
SANITATION ACTIVITIES
WASHINGTON STATE .
1966
Total Sanitation Serviette Reported Ter 100
Population. By Health Dietrict
Average of .11 reporting
Health Districts
1
01
23
45
67
99
10
11
12
I)
14
15
Service:I Per 100 P
letInn
LAW
AN
D J
US
TIC
E
Tw
o pr
oble
ms
appe
ar e
spec
ially
to tr
oubl
e th
e ru
ral a
reas
.T
he fi
rst
is th
e fa
ct th
at m
any
coun
ty a
nd s
mal
l tow
n la
wen
forc
emen
t offi
cial
s ar
e hi
red
and
serv
e w
ithou
t eve
r re
ceiv
ing
adeq
uate
, up-
to-d
ate
trai
ning
. Sin
ce tw
o S
tate
age
ncie
s ar
e tr
ying
to in
corp
orat
e th
e la
test
in la
w e
nfor
cem
ent t
echn
ique
s, in
clud
ing
com
mun
ity r
elat
ions
, no
grea
t bar
rier
exis
ts to
mak
ing
this
info
r-m
atio
n an
d ex
pert
ise
avai
labl
e to
hel
p ou
t the
rur
al la
w e
nfor
ce-
men
t offi
cial
. The
Was
hing
ton
Sta
te L
aw E
nfor
cem
ent O
ffice
rT
rain
ing
Com
mis
sion
is c
urre
ntly
dev
elop
ing
prog
ram
s in
com
mu-
nity
col
lege
s fo
r th
is p
urpo
se. T
he P
lann
ing
and
Com
mun
ity A
f-fa
irs A
genc
y is
als
o w
orki
ng in
this
are
a si
nce
they
hav
e be
ende
sign
ated
by
the
Gov
erno
r to
adm
inis
ter
the
Fed
eral
Om
nibu
sC
rime
Legi
slat
ion
and
fund
s. T
o as
sure
that
app
ropr
iate
act
ions
are
toke
n in
this
are
a,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Gov
erno
r de
sign
ate
a S
tate
age
ncy
topr
ovid
e st
aff s
ervi
ces
to lo
cal l
aw e
nfor
cem
ent a
genc
ies,
esp
e-ci
ally
in r
ural
are
as, f
or m
ore
exte
nsiv
e an
d so
phis
ticat
ed tr
ain-
ing.
In a
dditi
on to
:ow
enf
orce
men
t tec
hniq
ues,
thes
e se
rvic
essh
ould
incl
ude
trai
ning
in c
omm
unity
rel
atio
ns.
A s
econ
d pr
oble
m w
as m
entii
oned
ofte
n at
our
hea
rings
.P
eopl
e te
stifi
ed th
at fo
od p
rices
wer
c ab
norm
ally
hig
h in
pov
erty
and
min
ority
are
as. T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Con
sum
er P
rote
ctio
n D
ivis
ion
of th
eA
ttorn
ey G
ener
al's
Offi
ce s
tudy
and
, if a
ppro
pria
te, a
ct o
n th
eal
lege
d pr
obie
m o
f inc
onsi
sten
t pric
es in
food
mar
kets
in th
ear
eas
serv
ing
the
poor
and
min
oriti
es.
The
Offi
ce o
f Eco
nom
ic O
ppor
tuni
ty's
lega
l ass
ista
nce
shou
ldbe
use
d m
ore
read
ily b
y th
e ru
ral c
omm
unity
. Rur
al to
wns
sho
uld
inst
itute
pub
lic d
efen
ders
.
CIT
IZE
N IN
VO
LVE
ME
NT
IN C
IVIC
AF
FA
IRS
A m
ajor
pro
blem
foun
d th
roug
hout
our
sta
te, b
ut o
f par
ticul
arsi
gnifi
canc
e in
sm
alle
r co
mm
uniti
es, i
s th
e de
plor
able
lack
of
citiz
en in
volv
emen
t in
civi
c af
fairs
. Man
y ci
tizen
s ar
e un
awar
e of
how
they
can
be
activ
e. K
now
ledg
e of
wha
t the
indi
vick
al c
itize
nan
d ci
tizen
gro
ups
can
do to
effe
ct c
hang
es in
the
com
mun
ityw
ould
enc
oura
ge m
ore
activ
e an
d m
eani
ngfu
l par
ticip
atio
n.T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
act
ion
whi
ch w
ould
stim
ulat
e ci
tizen
invo
lvem
ent i
n co
mm
unity
affa
irs b
e st
imul
ated
and
initi
ated
by
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
, com
mun
ity c
olle
ges,
sec
onda
ry s
choo
ls, a
ndpr
ivat
e gr
oups
.C
itize
n ad
viso
ry g
roup
s, s
uch
as th
e U
rban
Affa
irs C
ounc
il,ca
n do
muc
h bo
th to
stim
ulat
e in
volv
emen
t and
to s
erve
as
am
eans
of c
ultiv
atin
g ch
ange
. The
se g
roup
s sh
ould
follo
w th
epr
inci
ple
of b
road
-bas
ed r
epre
sent
atio
n. S
ince
muc
h re
form
inhe
alth
car
e, h
ousi
ng, p
hysi
cal e
nviro
nmen
t, et
c., a
ffect
s di
sadv
an-
tage
d pe
rson
s, th
ey s
houl
d be
incl
uded
on
such
gro
ups.
The
re-
fore
, We
reco
mm
end
the
incr
ease
d us
e in
city
, cou
nty
and
stat
ego
vern
men
ts o
f citi
zens
adv
isor
y gr
oups
that
wou
ld in
clud
e di
s-ad
vant
aged
per
sons
.O
ne o
f the
gre
ates
t dan
gers
Was
hing
ton
face
s is
that
it w
illlo
se th
e in
tere
st a
nd in
volv
emen
t of i
ts y
oung
peo
ple.
The
you
ngm
en a
nd w
omen
of t
oday
gra
duat
e fr
om h
igh
scho
ol a
nd/o
rco
llege
wan
ting
to ta
ke th
eir
plac
e in
soc
iety
, and
ofte
n ar
e ro
ost
will
ing
to w
ork
to im
prov
e it.
The
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
vol
unte
ers
for
the
Pea
ce C
orps
and
VIS
TA
is a
n ill
ustr
atio
n of
the
will
ingn
ess
tobe
act
ivis
ts. O
ften,
how
ever
, thi
s w
illin
gnes
s to
hel
p an
d w
ork
isde
stro
yed
by th
e fe
elin
g of
alie
natio
n ex
perie
nced
by
toda
y's
youn
g pe
ople
. In
rura
l are
as, m
any
yout
hs fe
el th
ey c
an d
ono
thin
g to
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f life
aro
und
them
. Con
sequ
ently
,th
ey le
ave
or b
ecom
e ap
athe
tic.
One
of t
he fi
rst s
teps
to c
hann
elin
g th
eir
yout
hful
ene
rgie
sin
to c
onst
ruct
ive
proj
ects
is to
pro
vide
them
with
an
oppo
rtun
ityto
par
ticip
ate
as fu
lly a
s po
ssib
le in
the
affa
irs o
f the
ir co
mm
u-ni
ty. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at th
e vo
ting
age
be lo
wer
ed to
1S
yea
rs o
fag
e in
ord
er to
enc
oura
ge a
nd m
cs;n
tain
inte
rest
and
invo
lvem
ent
of y
outh
in c
omm
unity
affa
irs.
You
ng p
eopl
e be
twee
n th
e ag
es o
f 18
and
21 w
ould
mak
eup
less
than
10
per
cent
of t
hose
elig
ible
to v
ote
if th
e le
gal a
gew
ere
low
ered
. The
com
mun
ity, h
owev
er, w
ould
ben
efit
enor
-m
ousl
y fr
om th
e in
volv
emen
t thi
s ac
tion
wou
ld s
timul
ate
and
the
ener
gy th
is in
clus
ion
coul
d to
rn in
to c
onst
ruct
ive
chan
nels
.
GO
VE
RN
ME
NT
AL
RE
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
Tw
o rh
anzi
es in
pre
sent
day
gov
ernm
ent i
n W
ashi
ngto
n co
uld
be o
f eno
rmou
s be
nefii
, par
ticul
arly
to th
e ru
ral a
reas
of o
urst
ate.
One
, the
mul
ti-se
rvic
e ce
nter
con
cept
cou
ld b
e us
ed m
ore
exte
nsiv
ely.
In r
ural
are
as, p
eopl
e of
ten
have
to tr
avel
a lo
ngw
ay 4
o ta
ke a
dvan
tage
of g
over
nmen
tal s
ervi
ces
such
as
heal
thca
re a
nd e
mpl
oym
ent c
ouns
elin
g. H
avin
g el
l ser
vice
s ne
ar o
nean
othe
r w
ould
gre
atly
red
uce
tran
spor
tatio
n pr
oble
ms.
Mul
ti-se
rv-
ice
cent
ers
also
mak
e re
ferr
als
and
serv
ice
on a
l! .."
.obl
erps
eas
ier
for
the
citiz
en to
obt
ain.
The
refo
re,
0111
0au
cAtio
to-S
EIN
ICE eE
NT
EI2
IRT
Era
k>,
ILL
L L
RE
AL
M
IA/S
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
mul
ti-se
rvic
e ce
nter
con
cept
be
adop
ted
as th
e on
goin
g pa
ttern
of h
uman
res
ourc
e-re
late
d de
-pa
rtm
ents
thro
ugh
the
stat
e of
Was
hing
ton.
Tw
o, w
e w
ere
stru
ck b
y th
e ne
edle
ss d
uplic
atio
n of
man
ygo
vern
men
ts a
nd th
e in
abili
ty o
f loc
aliz
ed g
over
nmen
t to
atta
ckar
eaw
ide
prob
lem
s. A
lso,
man
y of
our
gov
ernm
enta
l uni
ts a
re s
osm
all t
hat t
hey
sim
ply
do n
ot h
ave
the
reso
urce
s to
do
anad
equa
te jo
b. C
onso
lidat
ion
is a
com
plex
pro
blem
, how
ever
, and
cons
olid
atio
n th
at r
emov
es lo
cal r
epre
sent
atio
n is
no
solu
tion
atal
l. T
here
fore
, we
stro
ngly
con
cur
with
the
reco
mm
enda
tion
inC
hapt
er IV
cal
ling
for
the
form
atio
n of
a s
tate
wid
e co
mm
issi
onon
the
mod
erni
zatio
n of
loca
l gov
ernm
ent.
TA
XA
TIO
N
Few
res
iden
ts o
f Was
hing
ton
are
satis
fied
with
our
sys
tem
of
taxa
tion.
For
thos
e in
Was
hing
ton'
s ru
ral a
reas
, it p
oses
sev
eral
part
icul
ar h
ards
hips
. One
is th
e re
lianc
e on
the
prop
erty
tax.
Pro
pert
y ta
xes
may
be
the
only
feas
ible
tax
in a
reas
of m
uch
land
and
few
peo
ple.
How
ever
, tax
es d
esig
ned
for
area
s w
here
each
indi
vidu
al h
olds
a s
mal
l am
ount
of p
rope
rty
(as
in u
rban
area
s) w
ork
undu
e ha
rdsh
ips
on r
ural
are
as w
ith la
rge
amou
nts
of la
nd p
er p
erso
n. T
here
fore
, we
conc
ur w
ith th
e re
com
men
da-
tion
in C
hapt
er I
for
com
preh
ensi
ve ta
x re
form
incl
udin
g lim
iting
prop
erty
taxe
s to
25
per
cent
of t
rue
and
fair
prop
erty
val
ue a
tth
e 40
-mill
Om
it.ou
r pr
esen
t wel
fare
sys
tem
mak
es p
rovi
sion
s fo
r re
gu-
lar
prop
erty
tax
char
ges,
it d
oes
not p
rovi
de fo
r sp
ecia
l cha
rges
.If
a sp
ecia
l lev
y is
impo
sed,
for
inst
ance
, the
wel
fare
rec
ipie
nts'
allo
wan
ce d
oes
not i
ncre
ase.
Sin
ce th
e in
crea
se is
ofte
n a
high
perc
enta
ge o
f wha
t the
y w
ould
nor
mal
ly s
pend
on
food
and
clot
hing
, vre
lfolz
rec
ipie
nts
are
unde
rsta
ndab
ly r
eluc
tant
to fa
ceth
ese
spec
ial c
harg
es_
Con
sequ
ently
, the
y be
com
e a
forc
e vo
ting
agai
nst s
peci
al le
vies
and
bon
ding
issu
es a
nd, t
hus,
ret
ard
prog
-re
ss fo
r th
e en
tire
com
mun
ity, I
n no
n-ur
ban
area
s w
hich
hav
ehi
gher
per
cent
ages
of -
unem
ploy
ed a
nd s
enio
r ci
tizen
s, th
is fo
rce
agai
nst p
rogr
ess
beco
mes
a c
ritic
al p
robl
em. T
here
fore
,
We
nace
mm
encl
that
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Pub
lic A
ssis
tanc
eal
low
mer
e fu
nds
to w
elfa
re r
ecip
ient
s w
hen
they
are
ass
esse
dsp
ecia
l pro
pert
y ch
arge
s.
Ano
ther
rur
al h
ards
hip
is th
at th
e di
fficu
lties
of c
omm
unic
a-tio
n an
d tr
ansp
orta
tion
mak
e sp
ecia
l ele
ctio
ns e
xtre
mel
y di
fficu
lt.T
he r
equi
rem
ent o
f 60
per
cent
for
spec
ial l
evie
s is
an
unre
alis
ticnu
mbe
r to
exp
ect a
nyon
e or
any
issu
e to
rec
eive
and
unf
air
in a
dem
ocra
tic r
epub
lic th
at is
pre
mis
ed o
n a
maj
ority
rul
e ba
sis.
Thi
sis
par
ticul
arly
true
in r
ural
are
as w
here
com
mun
icat
ion
is m
ore
diffi
cult
and
the
inhe
rent
tend
ency
is to
vot
e "n
o" w
hen
in d
oubt
.T
here
fore
,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
te C
onst
itutio
n be
am
ende
d to
allo
w a
sim
ple
maj
ority
of t
hose
vot
ing
to d
eter
min
e th
e pa
ssag
eor
failu
re o
f spe
cial
levi
es a
nd b
ondi
ng is
sues
.
On
a m
ore
posi
tive
note
, tax
atio
n po
licie
s ca
n be
use
d as
ast
rong
indu
cem
ent f
or in
dust
ry to
mov
e in
to r
ural
are
as. T
axin
cent
ives
can
enc
oura
ge b
usin
ess
to lo
cate
thei
r pl
ants
in a
reas
such
as
rura
l com
mun
ities
that
hav
e un
empl
oym
ent p
robl
ems.
Thi
s fie
ld is
hig
hly
com
plex
, so
we
offe
r no
sId
ecifi
c re
com
men
da-
tions
. We
do, h
owev
er, s
tron
gly
urge
that
bot
h th
e st
ate
and
loca
lgo
vern
men
ts u
se ta
x in
cent
ives
to e
ncou
rage
indu
stry
to m
ove
into
are
as o
f une
mpl
oym
ent.
Sin
ce m
any
smal
l mun
icip
aliti
es s
impl
y do
not
hav
e an
ode
-cr
iate
tax
base
, the
y ca
nnot
pro
vide
ess
entia
l gov
ernm
ent s
erv-
iz...
. Man
y ca
nnot
qua
lify
for
tede
ral p
rogr
ams
due
to a
lack
of
mat
chin
g fu
nds.
Yet
, the
nee
ds o
f the
se c
omm
uniti
es r
equi
refu
nds.
Hea
lth c
are
faci
litie
s, s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs, e
tc.,
are
all e
xpen
-si
ve. R
oad
repa
irs a
nd fi
re p
rote
ctio
n of
ten
cove
r m
ore
area
than
in u
rban
cen
ters
. Sta
te a
id to
com
mun
ities
is b
oth
nece
ssar
y an
def
ficie
nt o
n a
bloc
k-gr
ant b
asis
. How
ever
, a fo
rmul
a th
at s
ends
paltr
y am
ount
s to
cer
tain
com
mun
ities
is a
lmos
t wor
se th
an o
neth
at s
ends
no
mon
ey to
thes
e co
mm
uniti
es a
t all.
We
need
toin
sure
that
blo
ck g
rant
s to
com
mun
ities
and
all
stat
e ai
d or
e us
edin
a w
ay th
at p
rovi
des
the
mos
t hel
p to
the
com
mun
ity. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at m
ore
soph
istic
ated
fo.-
mul
as b
e us
ed to
dist
ribut
e bl
ock
gran
ts o
f sta
te f.
.ntd
s to
loca
l com
mun
ities
.F
inal
ly, i
n C
hapt
er II
I the
ext
rem
ely
effe
ctiv
e ro
le th
e 4t
ate
coul
d pl
ay in
hel
ping
loca
l com
mun
ities
obt
ain
fede
ral f
unds
was
men
tione
d. T
he. s
ome
proc
edur
e co
uld
be u
sed
;:or
all p
rogr
ams
inw
hich
the
fede
ral g
over
nmen
t giv
es g
rant
s to
loca
l com
mun
ities
on a
blo
ck-g
rant
bcc
:.. T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at r
ole
Pla
nnin
g an
d C
omm
unity
Affa
irsA
genc
y de
term
ine
thos
e co
mm
uniti
es th
at c
ar n
ot q
ualif
y fo
r fe
d-er
al p
rogr
ams
die
to a
lack
of m
atch
ing
fund
s an
d pr
ovid
e st
ate
fund
s fo
r a
port
ion
of th
e no
n-fe
dera
l fun
ding
req
uire
men
ts in
thos
e ca
ses.
TH
E A
GE
DM
any
of o
ur r
ural
cou
ntie
s ar
e be
com
ing
retir
emen
t hav
ens
for
the
elde
rly. A
s ha
s be
en n
oted
, with
this
gro
up c
omes
spe
cial
prob
lem
s.A
pro
blem
that
has
not
bee
n m
entio
ned
is th
e qu
ality
of t
heir
lives
. The
phy
sica
l tol
l of y
ears
and
soc
iety
's s
eem
ing
indi
ffere
nce
to th
eir
prob
lem
s ca
use
man
y el
derly
peo
ple
to w
ithdr
aw fr
omso
ciet
y. T
his
with
draw
al th
ough
, is
a hi
ndra
nce
to th
e co
mm
unity
.T
hese
peo
ple
may
vot
e "n
o" o
r si
mpl
y no
t vot
e on
spe
cial
levi
es:
'yam
J
4'A
bond
issu
es, o
ne s
uch.
Con
sequ
ently
, as
a st
ep to
war
ds im
r_sr
ove-
men
t: ea
ch c
omm
unity
nee
ds to
ass
ure
that
its
olde
r ci
tizen
s ha
vefu
ll an
d ac
tive
lives
. The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Sta
te C
ounc
il on
Agi
ng s
tudy
the
prob
lem
of e
nviro
nmen
tal c
ondi
tions
of t
he a
ped
in th
e S
tate
of
Was
hing
ton
with
a v
iew
to p
rovi
ding
for
full,
act
ive
lives
for
our
seni
or c
itize
ns.
Of p
artic
ular
con
cern
are
thos
e se
nior
citi
zens
who
can
no
long
er li
ve a
lone
but
do
not w
ant t
he h
ospi
tal a
tmos
pher
e of
anu
rsin
g ho
me.
Som
e so
lutio
n to
thei
r di
lem
ma
mus
t be
foun
d.A
lso,
Was
hing
ton
citiz
ens
alw
ays
have
res
erve
d th
e hi
stor
icrig
ht o
f par
ents
to g
ive
thei
r ho
mes
to th
eir
child
ren.
Yet
, in
the
case
of o
ur o
lder
citi
zens
on
wel
fare
, thi
s hi
stor
ic r
ight
is n
otal
low
ed. T
he r
ecip
ient
s m
ust r
ecei
ve "
fair
mar
ket v
alue
- fo
r an
yas
set t
hey
give
to s
omeo
ne, a
nd th
ey c
anno
t rec
eive
wel
fare
es
long
as
they
hav
e ca
sh o
r sa
vina
s as
sets
gre
ater
than
$20
0. T
hey
can
live
in th
eir
own
hous
e an
d st
ill r
ecei
ve w
elfa
re p
aym
ts.
As
a co
mpr
omis
e m
easu
re, w
e be
lieve
that
they
sho
uld
be a
ble
toai
ve th
e ho
use
to th
eir
child
ren
and
yet c
ontin
ue to
live
in it
and
rece
ive
wel
fare
pay
men
ts.
Thi
s pr
oced
ure
wou
ld n
ot c
ost t
he s
tate
any
mor
e an
d ye
t, it
wou
ld a
llow
thes
e el
derly
per
sons
to b
e su
re th
at h
is c
hild
ren
will
have
a h
ome
afte
r hi
s de
ath
with
out h
avin
g to
wai
t for
set
tle-
men
t of a
will
or
havi
ng to
pay
inhe
ritan
ce ta
xes.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
wel
fare
rr
cipi
ents
be
allo
wed
to q
uit-
clai
m d
eed
thei
r pr
oper
ty w
hile
res
ervi
ng li
fe e
stat
e pr
ivile
ges
with
out l
osin
g th
eir
wel
fare
pay
men
ts.
IND
IAN
AF
FA
!RS
Indi
ans
are
the
mos
t dis
adva
ntag
ed g
roup
in W
ashi
ngto
nst
ate.
Indi
an r
eser
vatio
ns a
re o
ften
wor
se p
lace
s to
live
in th
anur
ban
ghet
tos.
An
inor
dina
te c
omm
itmen
t in
time,
effo
rt, a
ndfu
nds
will
be
nece
ssar
y in
ord
er to
pro
vide
ade
quat
e se
rvic
es a
ndjo
b op
port
uniti
es to
thes
e pe
ople
.In
dian
s ho
ve a
n un
ders
tand
able
sen
se o
f prid
e, h
owev
er, t
hat
mak
es it
diff
icul
t for
out
side
rs to
wor
k w
ith th
em. C
onse
quen
tly, a
serio
us c
omm
itmen
t to
help
ing
the
Indi
ans
mus
t inc
lude
usi
ngIn
dian
s as
con
tact
peo
ple.
The
se p
eopl
e ha
ve v
ast n
eeds
inhe
alth
, job
opp
ortu
nitie
s, e
duca
tion,
and
all
othe
r go
vern
men
tal
serv
ices
. Con
sequ
ently
, the
se d
epar
tmen
ts o
f gov
ernm
ent m
ust
use
or h
i-e In
dian
s if
they
are
to b
ecom
e ef
fect
ive.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
ence
that
thos
e st
ate
agen
ices
loca
ted
in c
ount
ies
havi
ng a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
Indi
ans
fol:o
w th
e S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
fE
mpl
oym
ent S
ecur
ity's
lead
and
take
ste
ps to
attr
act I
ndia
ns to
thei
r st
aff i
n or
der
to in
crea
se c
omm
unic
atio
n an
d th
e le
vel o
fse
rvic
e to
this
gro
up.
Hea
lth p
robi
ems
a-e
a m
ajor
han
dica
p to
Indi
ans
in th
isst
ate.
The
refo
re,
We
reco
mm
end
that
the
Com
preh
ensi
ve H
ealth
Pla
nnin
gC
ounc
il st
udy
in d
epth
the
heal
th n
eeds
of I
ndia
n ci
tizen
s in
the
Sta
te o
f Was
hing
ton,
cal
ling
upon
trib
al m
embe
rs, b
oth
on a
ndof
f the
res
erva
tion,
Indi
an g
roup
s, a
nd c
pp:o
p:ia
te a
genc
ies
both
fede
ral a
nd s
tate
hav
ing
som
e re
spon
sibi
lity
in th
is a
rea
to h
elp
,sur
e th
at th
e he
alth
nee
ds, i
nclu
ding
den
tal,
of th
e In
dian
citiz
ens
will
be
adeq
uate
ly m
et.
Fin
ally
, in
line
with
our
rec
omm
enda
tions
LI t
he fi
rst c
hapt
er,
We
reco
mm
end
that
sch
ool d
istr
icts
ser
ving
mem
bers
of I
n-di
an y
oung
ster
s un
dert
ake
to a
ttrac
t Ind
ians
, bot
h pr
ofes
sion
alan
d no
n-pr
ofes
sion
al, t
o th
eir
staf
fs.
GE
NE
RA
L R
EC
OM
ME
ND
AT
ION
ST
he o
ver-
all i
mpr
essi
on w
e ar
e le
ft w
ith is
that
rur
al c
itize
nsfe
el e
vent
s ar
e sw
irlin
g pa
st th
em. G
over
nmen
t is
beco
min
gin
crea
sing
ly c
once
rned
with
the
prob
lem
s of
the
citie
s at
the
expe
nse
of th
e ru
ral a
reas
, and
indu
stry
is c
hoos
ing
the
city
near
ly 1
00 p
er c
ent o
f the
tim
e. R
ural
citi
zens
and
gov
ernm
ent
need
hel
p in
wor
king
with
eac
h ot
her
to im
prov
e ou
r ru
ral a
reas
and,
thus
, im
prov
e th
e qu
ality
of l
ife fo
r al
l of W
ashi
ngto
n.T
here
fore
,W
e re
com
men
d th
at th
e G
over
nor
appo
int a
Citi
men
s A
dvis
ory
Cou
ncil
on R
ural
Affa
irs w
hi -
h w
ould
wor
k w
ith th
e D
epar
tmen
t.of
Agr
icul
ture
, the
Offi
ce o
f Eco
nom
ic O
ppor
tuni
ty, a
nd th
e P
lan-
ning
end
Com
mun
ity A
ffairs
Age
ncy
to p
rovi
de c
ontin
uing
dia
-lo
gue
with
rur
al c
itize
ns.
CO
NC
LUS
ION
Was
hing
ton'
s ur
ban
prob
lem
s w
ill n
ot b
e co
mpl
etel
y re
soiv
edby
the
trea
tmen
t of s
ympt
oms.
Incr
ecis
inc.
; the
num
ber
of w
ell-
trai
ned
polic
emen
, bus
sing
stu
dent
s, im
p. Iv
in1
tran
spor
tatio
n fa
-ci
litie
s, a
nd s
uch,
may
hel
p, b
ut th
ese
step
s do
nut
dire
ctly
trea
tca
uses
. If t
he m
igra
tion
sequ
ence
from
rur
al a
reas
to c
ities
tosu
burb
s co
uld
be s
topp
ed o
r re
vers
ed, t
hepr
essu
re o
n th
e ur
ban
area
s w
ould
be
cons
ider
ably
less
ened
. The
refo
re, t
he c
itize
ns o
fth
is s
tate
and
thei
r el
ecte
d re
pres
enta
tives
sho
uld
give
muc
h m
ore
atte
ntio
n to
the
plgh
t of o
ur r
ural
citi
zenr
y. T
heir
prob
lem
s of
empl
oym
ent,
hous
ing,
hea
lth c
are,
tran
spor
tatio
n, la
w e
nfor
ce-
men
t, an
d su
ch, a
re e
xten
sive
. With
a r
elat
ivel
y sm
all i
nves
tmen
tof
tim
e an
d fu
nds,
vas
t im
prov
emen
ts c
ould
be
mad
e. R
ural
citiz
ens
shou
ld h
ave
equa
l rig
hts
of a
cces
s to
the
proc
esse
s of
'go
vern
men
t in
the
solu
tion
of th
eir
prob
lem
s. U
rban
citi
zens
and
repr
esen
tativ
es s
houl
d re
aliz
e th
at s
uch
inve
stm
ents
whi
ch im
-pr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f rur
allif
e w
ill c
ontr
ibut
e gr
eatly
to t!
lere
solu
tion
of o
ur u
rban
ills
.
PH
OT
OG
RA
PH
Y
Slia
nre
City
Pla
nnin
g C
omm
issi
on. c
over
. pag
e. 4
5, 4
6 (t
opl,
47.4
9, 5
:.S
eattl
e O
ppor
tuni
ties
Indu
stria
lizat
ion
Cen
ter,
pag
es 6
, 7. P
acifi
c N
orth
wes
t hel
l Tel
epho
ne C
cmpo
ny, ,
,age
s 9,
75.
Nat
ured
,S
poka
ne. p
age
11. T
he S
nort
. nos
es, p
ages
12,
14,
^3,
44,
53,
55,
56.
Sea
ttle
Urb
an R
enew
al, p
oges
15.4
6 (b
otto
m).
Aer
oirs
t for
tairw
and
Man
or, p
age
18. J
ames
0. 5
nedd
ort f
or U
neve
n's'
''.of
Was
hing
ton,
page
!O. W
eshi
ngto
n S
tore
Dep
ortm
ent o
f Hea
lth, p
ages
17,
c4,
60. M
odel
Citi
es. S
eattl
e. p
age
23.
Sea
ttle
Pvi
sitc
Sch
ools
. pag
e: 3
.4, 3
6, 3
9. Y
akim
a H
erol
d Z
npvb
iic. p
ages
50
(top
), 5
7. S
eattl
e H
ousi
ng
Aut
horit
y, p
ugs
57, l
eft.
CH
AR
TS
Mon
Whi
te i.
e..
eS
tate
of W
ashi
ngto
n, C
olvi
n S
chm
id (
01yr
repi
cti W
ashi
ngto
n S
tate
Fla
:min
g an
dC
ornm
uniy
Affa
irs A
genc
y), 1
968,
pag
es 3
, 4, 3
1.
Tar
sche
r S
uppl
y on
o D
eman
d in
Was
hing
ton,
196
7.19
68 1
01yr
eloa
r O
ffice
of t
he S
Jpei
nten
dent
of
Pub
lic In
stru
ctio
n/. p
age
30.
A R
epor
t to
the
Pre
sioe
nt o
n M
edic
al C
are
P60
/1, F
ebru
ary,
196
7 (W
ashi
ngto
n. D
.C.:
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
CO
vote
nnon
g P
rintin
g O
ffice
/ pag
e 24
, DE
SIG
N A
ND
alle
altA
l.G
RA
PH
ICS
Jack
Pso
ici:k
.;, O
lym
pia
UR
BA
N A
FFA
IRS
CO
UN
CIL
c/o
Sec
reto
ry o
f Sta
te
Le
Olo
tive
&sl
idin
gO
lym
pia,
Was
hing
ton
9850
1
