Urban Development, Vulnerabilities and Disasters: Social ... · PDF fileUrban Development,...
Transcript of Urban Development, Vulnerabilities and Disasters: Social ... · PDF fileUrban Development,...
Urban Development, Vulnerabilities and Disasters: Social Justice and Land Reclamation in IndonesiaRita Padawangi
Senior Research FellowAsia Research InstituteNational University of [email protected]
I thank WatchDoc Documentary Filmmaker, particularly Dandhy Dwi Laksono and Suparta Arz who had conducted Ekspedisi Indonesia Biru that collected interviews in Bali and Jakarta. The fieldwork for this paper was funded by the Singapore Ministry of Education AcRF Tier 2 grant for the project “Governing Compound Disasters in Urbanizing Asia” (MOE2014-T2-1-017)
Social Justice in Urban DevelopmentSegregations of economic classes as manifestations
of capitalism in the urban landscape
Distributional justice and procedural justice
Environmental justice
• inter-generational justice and intra-generational
justice in exploitation and conservation of resources
• place-specific struggles
• historically connected practice and theory and potentially feed into global social mobilization
Questioning “normalization of social injustices” as a product of powerful institutions and/or
populist politics
Does social justice matter in urban development? If so, to whom does social justice matter, and
what are the implications on urban development?
https://www.premedhq.com/environmental‐justice
Land Reclamation and Social JusticeLand reclamation has been a trend in Southeast Asia’s development in major cities.
• Singapore
• Jakarta
• Phnom Penh
• etc.
Decentralization, urban development and coastal reclamation in Indonesia
The local government’s authority over the city’s spatial plan means that they could
become “more entrepreneurial in their approaches to development, representation
and consumption”, particularly in the pursuit of “being competitive” in the country and
in the region (Susilo, 2015).
Land Reclamation in IndonesiaLocation Area (in hectares) Planned/In Process/CompletedSouth Aceh 6,305.82 PlannedTangerang 7,500 PlannedJakarta 5,155 In ProcessSemarang 204 CompletedSurabaya 600 CompletedBalikpapan 5,130 In ProcessMakassar 4,000 In ProcessBali 700 PlannedLombok 1,250 PlannedPalu 24.5 In ProcessManado 114 CompletedBitung 2,000 PlannedKendari 17.5 Planned
Total (Completed) 918Total (In Process) 14,254.50Total (Planned) 12,103.32
Total (all) 27,275.82
Jakarta’s Coastal Reclamation
Historical port city
Currently one of the megacities threatened by
sea level rise
Water as a threat (North Coast of Jakarta)
North Jakarta has more poor population
(48,000 households) compared to other
administrative areas
Most of these poor households occupy houses
less than 50 square meters with insufficient
basic needs infrastructures.
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/rising‐seas/if‐ice‐melted‐map
Development of Disasters
Not suited for expansion
Limited urban expansion
Major urban expansion
Limited urban expansion
Protected uplands
Environmental Zoning 1985‐2005
Development of DisastersEnvironmental Zoning 1985‐2005 Master Plan 2010‐2030
(Jakarta Bay)”Jakarta is a coastal city. The only beach that is near to settlements is Ancol. We can develop Ancol to be the number one beach. It will be a golden beach.” (Ciputra, ca. 1966, as quoted in Kompas).
Development of DisastersMaster Plan 2010‐2030
(Jakarta Bay)“The same sea that is now a threat will be used in many ways to benefit the National Capital, and the country as a whole. Jakarta Bay provides room for a new city district that accommodates over 1.5 million people from all income classes and a National Tangerang-Bekasi Highway that connects the provinces Jakarta, West-Java and Banten. The bay is also used to expand the port and strengthen the existing fisheries, thus stimulating economic growth. The bay will be converted into a large waduk (retention lake). It contributes to alleviate the urban floods and river floods which have affected the National Capital for so long, and will also serve as a sustainable source for drinking water for the citizens of Jakarta.” (NCICD Draft Master Plan, 2014: 11)
Presidential Decree 52/1995: the north coast was designated to be a Prime Location (Kawasan Andalan), with “strategic value from the perspective of the economy and the development of the city”, and that thorough planning of the area through reclamation was needed (Keppres 52/1995).
Social Justice, Development and Disasters
0200,000400,000600,000800,000
1,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 n.a.
Build
ing Co
verage Area of
Prop
osed
New
Sup
erblocks (in
squa
re m
eter)
Year
Jakarta’s new superblocks 2000‐2010 +4.7 million sq m building coverage area
(Herlambang, 2010)
Social Justice, Development and Disasters
Social Justice, Development and Disasters
“My mother and father were fishermen. I was born in Ancol, Hailai was my birthplace. From Ancol I was moved to Muara Karang, and from MuaraKarang to Muara Angke. And now in Muara Angke we will be moved again? We are not animals, Sir, we are human beings.” (Woman resident of Muara Angke, Audience at DPRD DKI, 2016)
“Islets O, P, Q will be Port of Jakarta. In collaboration with the Port of Rotterdam… Those who do not like reclamation, listen well, do you think Ancol was a result of the soil reproducing itself?” (Governor Basuki T. Purnama, 2016).
Bali’s Coastal ReclamationPresidential Regulation 51/2014
1) the need to revitalize Benoa Bay based
on “strategic national policies” and
“internal dynamics” of the area
2) potentials to develop economic activities
along with social, cultural and religious
activities.
The Presidential Regulation also cited the use
of reclaimed land for “disaster mitigation”
PT Tirta Wahana Bali International (TWBI) is
linked to Jakarta-based businessman Tomy
Winata.
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/09/rising‐seas/if‐ice‐melted‐map
http://nusabenoa.com
Social Justice, Development and Disasters
Social Justice, Development and Disasters
“DEVELOPMENT BASED ON BALINESE CULTURE”
http://twbi.co.id/
Social Justice, Development and Disasters
http://nusabenoa.com
Social Justice, Development and Disasters
http://www.solopos.com/2014/11/23/foto‐reklamasi‐bali‐forum‐rakyat‐bali‐demo‐di‐jakarta‐554487
http://www.semetonnews.com/post/read/2065/bali‐tolak‐reklamasi‐‐gendo‐jawab‐tudingan‐soal‐dana‐aksi‐forbali
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb3UkYVyNpY
“First, we should see it together. Don’t compare to, like you said just now, Singapore, which is already developed. Now, my question is, without what you showed to us, we have developed, Sir. Bali is still a touristic place. Maybe Singapore is still no comparison to Bali on tourist attraction. I am sure Bali is still sustained with its people who still hold tight to the traditions.” (Community Representative, Environmental Impact Assessment Public Consultation, 11 March 2015).
Social Justice: Jakarta and Bali ReclamationJakarta Bali
Land Area (hectares) 66,152 (city/province)640,071 (metropolitan region Jabodetabek)
578,000 (island/province)
Land Reclamation Plan (hectares)
5,155 700
Share of public land from reclamation islets (hectares)
773.25 (15%) 300 (42.86%)
Dominant use of reclamation islets
Housing (middle class & above)Theme ParkCommercialPort
Housing (middle class & above)Theme ParkCommercialFisherman’s WharfBotanical GardenMangrove
Jakarta BaliPopulation 10,075,300 (2014) 4,152,800 (2016)Fisherfolk Population
27,753 1,852
Land Reclamation Policy
Keppres 52/1995 Perpres 51/2014
Status of Reclamation
In Process Planned
Climate Change Proneness
Sea Level Rise Sea Level Rise
Environmental Threats
Land Subsidence (10x sea level rise)
Sea Water Intrusion
Flooding
Sedimentation of rivers and the bay
Social Justice: Jakarta and Bali Recmalation
Jakarta BaliResistance Ministry of the
Environment lawsuit (overturned, 2011)
Fishermen’s lawsuit on Islet G (overturned, 2016, appealing to the Supreme Court)
Fishermen’s lawsuit on Islet F (submitted, 2016)
Fishermen’s lawsuit on Islet I (submitted, 2016)
Fishermen’s lawsuit on Islet K (submitted, 2016)
Rejection of Environmental Impact Assessment (2015, 2016)
Rejection from Parisada Hindu Dharma Council of Indonesia, October 2015
Street demonstrations (multiple, 2014‐present)
Jakarta BaliEnvironmental Reasons in Land Reclamation
Revitalization of Jakarta Bay
Combined with Giant Sea Wall to protect against sea level rise
Revitalization of Benoa Bay
Number of developers
9 (all Jakarta‐based)
1 (Jakarta‐based)
Prior information to the people
No No
Spatial Planning In Process (Draft to be signed by local parliament)
Planned
Social Justice: Jakarta and Bali Reclamation
In Jakarta, the idea of social justice in mitigating
inequalities is proven difficult. The poor are increasingly
stigmatized as causes of floods and as stubborn people
who refuse the offer to be relocated to rental flats in the
urban periphery.
Photo credit: Ian Wilson, 2016
Photo credit: Tubagus Rachmat, 2016
Social Justice: Jakarta and Bali ReclamationThese land reclamation projects, supported by local and
national policies, are marketed for groups of population
that are wealthier than those whose livelihoods were
affected as well as potentially displaced, such as the
fisherfolks.
However, the argument that manage to unite a social
movement against land reclamation in these two cases
is the culture and traditions argument and not socio-
economic class equality like a Marxist social justice
discourse would suggest.
http://www.rappler.com/indonesia/144238‐aktivis‐turun‐demonstrasi‐protes‐proyek‐teluk‐benoa
Source: Tigor Hutapea, November 2016http://www.suara.com/news/2016/04/17/112949/akhirnya‐ribuan‐nelayan‐ramai‐ramai‐segel‐pulau‐g‐siang‐ini
Social Justice in Urban DevelopmentDoes social justice matter in urban development?
• Land reclamation: Social justice is rarely the agenda of urban development
• Environment and disaster vulnerabilities as justification of urban development projects
If so, to whom does social justice matter, and what are the implications on urban development?
• Social justice in social movements agenda
• Very rarely found as the priority in the official discourses of policies
Three implications of social justice-urban development disjuncture:
1) Increased segregation and marginalization of the lower economic class starting from the
decision-making process
2) Urban development prioritized over climate change impact
3) Identity-themed mobilization to counter urban development discourse indicates the
prevalence of urban development discourse over social justice: social movement that rely on
identity are more popular rather than that of class equality.