URBAN BLOCK TYPOLOGY A S URBAN GENERATOR · 1) urban block typology, 2) urban forces shaping urban...
Transcript of URBAN BLOCK TYPOLOGY A S URBAN GENERATOR · 1) urban block typology, 2) urban forces shaping urban...
ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMME 2007-2008 DESIGN REPORT
URBAN BLOCK TYPOLOGY AS URBAN GENERATOR
CHOW Chun Man May 2008
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Urban Block Typology as Urban Generator
Thesis Abstract
Considering the emergence of ''modern architecture" serving to fulfill new
programmatic needs of the rapidly growing city as background, this thesis starts by
critiquing the actions of the Urban Renewal Authority (LIRA) in Hong Kong, which
tend to replace traditional urban block types by blocks dominated by monotonous
and large scale buildings. Arguably, this sudden change would destroy existing sub-
cultures, spatial characters and communal networks, in other words spatial practices
that have evolved over decades which are highly dependent on the traditional urban
block type. In response to this type of insensitive wholesale development, this thesis
explores possibilities of incremental urban renewal processes that seek to reconcile
the conflicts between the new programmatic needs and traditional type of urban
block.
By studying the logic and mechanism of different types of existing urban blocks in
Central, this thesis aims at creating a new block typology which on one hand
preserves existing sub-cultures, spatial characters and communal networks; and on
the other hand fulfill the emergent programmatic needs. Eventually, this thesis will
propose an alternative urban model which reinterprets urban block typology as an
urban renewal generator, in the context of historical and high dense city as central.
P.1
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Background
Central, as the first developed area of Hong
Kong, experienced rapid urban growth from
1841 to now. The long history of Central
makes it a place containing rich context of
urban block typologies, as a result, the rich
context of urban block typologies give rise to
the rich context of sub-cultures, spatial
characters and communal networks of Central,
UtLBPsfJ f�i?(es
figure & ground map of Central in 1843 drawn by Chow Chun Man
z
\ J/ / IPSNVTf, COLU'^TW/B Hh^OfLV
diagram showing the importance of urbari block typology drawn by Chow Chun Man
The different urban forces, such as
reclamation, URA projects, emergence of new
infrastructure and new building technology,
would lead to the evolution of the urban
blocks, at the same time, affecting the sub-
cultures, spatial characters, communal
networks of the city.
figure & ground map of Central in 1889 drawn by Chow Chun Man
. : 々 广 ) 狀 我 w 一 .
figure & ground map of Central in 1930 drawn by Chow Chun Man
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figure & ground map of Central in 1964 drawn by Chow Chun Man
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figure & ground map of Central in 2007 drawn by Chow Chun Man
p.2
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Purpose
As criticized by Leon Krier, the current situation of Central, Hong Kong, which is a mixture of new and traditional, is identified as "False Pluralism" causing no possibility of choice^. In response to his criticism, this thesis explores possibilities to reconcile the conflicts between the new programmatic needs and traditional type of urban block.
In the 60s, Japanese Metabolism Group and Archigram suggested new urban model like Helix City and Plug-in City as means to fulfill new programmatic needs out of the reconstructing modern cities in the post-war period. However, their proposal highly inclined to the using of mega-structure and new technology, the vision remained futurist drawings in their books.
This thesis aims at creating a new practical urban model which uses urban block typology as a generator, on one hand preserving existing sub-cultures, spatial characters and communal networks, and on the other hand fulfilling the new programmatic needs.
T^Co^ PLURALISM WSSi&iLiTr OF CflOiCE
- 嚇
Tfv-c PL UfiAilJY
False Pluralism vs. True Plurality^ images from "Architecture Choice or Fate", Leon Krier
Helix City Plan for Tokyo, Kisho Kurokawa^ images from "Kisho Kurokawa, From the Age of the Machine to the Age of Life", Dennis Sharp
Plug-in City, Peter Cook^ images from http://www.archigrann.net
P-3
r"e 运一a—n—tf th..白Tr印-咨 tia r 卞否 q DTf白Ttf —iifs done by Chow Chun Man
P.4
Site Contextual Study, 1:3,000 done by Chow Chun Man
Study of urban Forces Shaping Urban Blocks done by Chow Chun Man
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
& Result
The research is divided into four parts,
which are the studies of
1) urban block typology,
2) urban forces shaping urban blocks,
3) sub-cultures and their spatial
requirements, and the
4) site contextual study in the scale of
1 to 3,000 study of Urban Block Typology done by Chow Chun Man
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c diagram showing Classification of Block done by Chow Chun Man
first 3 columns of the study of Urban Block Typology done by Chow Chun Man
6
隱VIDED
i PUBLIC ACCESSIBLE
PUBLIC BUILDING
隱-OWNER
B 哪 n g
ACCESSIBLE
OWNER im-
8 PRIVATE BUILDING
隱-OWNER
9
OWNER iim-
P.5
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
1) Study of Urban Block Typology
The study of urban block typology was
started by classifying all urban blocks
existing in Central, based on different
characters like,
sub-divided or single-owner,
number of side with shop-front,
with or without courtyard,
public or private,
public accessibility and
with or without shopping mall.
Through this classification, all blocks are
generalized into nine types.
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOCK
BLOCK TYPE
PLAN
DIAGRAM
ISOMETRIC
OPEN SPACE
2 猶晓丨,
• V I D E D
BUILDING BLOCK
ALL SIDES COMMERCIAL
W/ SHOP
• • E D
4 绍丨 COMMERCIAL-
臓VIDED
open spse
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3
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CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
DISTRIBUTION The characters of different block types are
L 」 . 」 • L £ i - u • J - J. • ! _ i.- J 1:20.000 PLAN 1:20,000 SECTION
Stud ied in terms of their distribution and
massing scale. These studies aim at
figuring out the physical inter-relationship
between different block types.
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Study of distribution and massing scale done by Chow Chun Man
P.6
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CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Typical individual blocks of each type are
selected and their sub-division pattern
and programmatic spatial arrangement
are studied.
p.7
SELECTD EXAMPLES
IMAGE SUB-DIVISION PROGRAM
study of sub-division pattern and program done by Chow Chun Man
# RPr.l AMATION lQfi4-20(j7
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ON THE COAST SIDE, MOST BLOCKS ARE OF THE TYPE 6,7,8,9, WHICH IS OF SINGLE OWNER. THIS LEADS TO MONO-PROGRAM ALONG THE COASTLINE.
BLOCKS ALONG THE COASTLINE CAN BE MODIFIED TO SUB-DIVIDED BLOCKS INTENTIONALLY IN ORDER TO BRING NEW STREETSCAPE TO THE
Study of urban forces done by Chow Chun Man
% REClAMAIlDNJflflSJ^。丨
RECLAMATION
RECLAMATION 丨撒 $ R.ODT
X Seven urban forces are studied, which are
1) Reclamation & Barracks,
2) LDC & URA Projects,
3) New Infrastructure,
4) New Building Technology,
5) Heritage Preservation,
6) Government Hill Axis, and
7) Building Ordinance
1) Reclamation & Barracks
Central experienced several reclamation
projects since the colonization. Every time
the aim is to gain land for new
development. Therefore, generally, from
the hillside to the coastline, the history of
land becomes younger and younger. Block
type also show a generally change from
the hillside to the coastline. This leads to
change of streetscape from the hillside to
the coastline.
The removal of barracks since the 1970s
gave land for the new block types, and led
to the emergence of new commercial zone
in Admiralty.
P.8
REMOVAL OF BARRACKS
BARRACK 1964
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
2) Study of Urban Forces RECLAMATION & BARRACKS
E
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CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
2) LDC & URA Projects
The LDC & URA projects led to the
emergence of new block types, it serves
to renew the old structures and fulfill the
new programmatic needs. However, it
leads to rupture and decline of old type
blocks, also the rupture and decline of the
existing sub-cultures, spatial characters
and communal networks.
3) New Infrastructure
The stringent spatial needs of the railway
station lead to the emergence of gigantic
new block types.
The scale and flow rate of the new roads
and highways encourage the growth of
the new blocks types, which provide
internalized street and podium to resist
the polluted and noisy roads.
LDC& URA PROJECTS
jRA PROJECTS
OVERLAY W; TYPE 2 &3、〜议, Trf^ EWER rpov THE
GRANELMLLENNl L ^ ^
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NEW INFRA-
STRUCTURE
frIRPQRT EXPRESS & STATIC
URA PROJECT IS THE BRUTAL URBAN FORCE CAUSING RUPTURE OF BUILDINGS. COMMUNAL NETWORKS. SPATIAL CHARACTERS AND SUB-CULTURE.
THE URBAN SHOULD BE RENEWED WITHOUT LOSING THE ORIGINAL CHARACTERS. URA PROJECTS MUST BE STOPPED AND A NEW RENEWAL APPROACH SHOULD BE DESIGNED
THE SCALE OF STREET MUST BE CAREFULLY DESIGNED NEW BUILDINGS ARE RESISTANT TO HEAVY STREET BY INTERNALISATION OF STREET, BUT OLD STREETS IS SENSITIVE TO VEHICULAR TRAFFIC
IN SOME PLACES, PEDESTRIANIZATION OF STREETS CAN HELP ENCOURAGING STREET LIFE AND NEW STREET PROGRAM
Study of urban forces done by Chow Chun Man
P.9
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GROWING TYPES
The new building technology allows the
construction of skyscrapers, which require
blocks with large size in order to have
efficient development. This leads to the
growth of new type blocks.
The change of building construction
method also leads to the decline of the old
type blocks which were sub-divided into
very 门arrow lots.
5) Heritage Preservation
The heritage preservation helps the old
building blocks survive in the rapid urban
renewal process. Some old blocks are
transformed into other type by changing
of program, but the structures and skins
of the old buildings are kept unchanged.
3UILDINGS QVEB-KfflM,色、... ,:】
I TECHNOLOC
、 ‘CCiSTP.LCT Ofi 奄 SKrCRAPHR
s
PRESERVED TYPES • #
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
4) New Building Technology NEW BUILDING HERITAGE TECHNOLOGY PRESERVATION
DECLINING TYPES
TRANSFORMING TYPES
THE SCALE OF STREET MUST BE CAREFULLY DESIGNED. NEW BUILDINGS ARE RESISTANT TO HEAVY STREET BY INTERNALISATION OF STREET, BUT OLD STREETS IS SENSITIVE TO VEHICULAR TRAFFIC.
IN SOME PLACE, PEDESTRIANI2ATI0N OF STREET CAN HELP ENCOURAGING STREET LIFE AND NEW STREET PROGRAM
Study of urban forces done by Chow Chun Man
THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS ARE ALL TIME POSITIVE TO THE CITY.
INSTEAD OF KEEPING STRUCTURE AND CHANGING PROGRAM INSIDE. ORIGINAL LANDSCAPE AND STRUCTURE OF THOSE BUILDINGS CAN BE MODIFIED TO CREATE NEW PUBLIC SPACE AND PROGRAM.
P.10
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GOVERNMENT HILL
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CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
6) Government Hill Axis
The government hill axis leads to the
concentration of single-owner blocks along
the axis. And the inter-block relationship
along the axis can be kept through the
several reclamations in the recent 100
years.
7) Building Ordinance
New building ordinance such as needs for
accessible street creates some 门on-
developable lots in the center of some old
type blocks, and leads to the emergence
of the ''courtyard" block, which is type 2.
GOVERNMENT HILL AXIS
BUILDING ORDINANCE
Also, new building ordinance such as
needs for prescribe windows, limitation on
site coverage, means of escape, leads to
more complex building types which
requires much larger site. This leads to
the combination of small lots into larger
lots, subsequently leads to transformation
of block type.
S
THE INTER-BLOCK ARRANGEMENT ON THE GOVERNMENT HILLAXIS IS NOT RETAINED IN THE LATEST RECLAMATION ZONE.
INTER-BLOCK ARRANGEMENT IN THOSE NEW LAND SHOULD BE REDESIGNED SO THAT THE CHARACTERS OF THE AXIS WILL NOT BE CONTAMINATED.
CURRENT BUILDING ORDINANCE TREATS ALL BUILDINGS EQUALLY, BUT WITHOUT SPECIFIC CARE REGARDING DIFFERENT SITUATIONS OF DIFFERENT BLOCKS.
NEW CONCEPTS MUST BE INTRODUCED TO THE ORDINANCE TO PROTECT THE CHARACTERS OF URBAN BLOCK.
P.11
Study of urban forces done by Chow Chun Man
CHANGS QF LOT SCALE IN BLQgK
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
3) sub-cultures
This is the study of sub-cultures in terms
of the distribution, block type, program,
spatial sequence and temporal spatial
requirement along the Peel Street in
Central. The sub-cultures are
1) white-collar workers who work in
the office,
2) local resident,
3) upper class local resident,
4) creative industry and
5) SoHo (western pubs and
restaurants)
In the column of distribution, we can see
that all sub-cultures are concentrated and
have clear boundaries.
SUB-CULTURE DISTRIBUTION BLOCK TYPE
111
Q D t: D 0 I [fi ] (/)
WHITE-COLLAR WORKER (WORKING GROUPS IN OFFICE BUILDINGS)
八 ' V : 八 . 。-、!二
〜、产-1
2 3 8
r
9
LOCAL RESIDENT A (GLASS ROOT AND MIDDLE CLASS)
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2 3 4
LOCAL RESIDENT B (UPPER CLASS LIVING IN LUXURIOUS APARTMENTS)
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CREATIVE INDUSTRY (STUDIOS AND GALLERIES USERS)
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2 3 4
SOHO (WESTERN PUBS AND RESTAURANTS) - • … % / .
, " 、 1
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2 3 4
study of sub-cultures done by Chow Chun Man
In the column of types, we can see that
the sub-divided block types such as
2,3,4,5 are good container of all sub-
cultures, in contrary, new block types
such as 8,9 can only contain the office
buildings for the white-collar worker.
P.12
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Different sub-cultures have different
spatial requirement. For example, office
buildings need lifts and car parks and
attachment to wide roads. Luxurious
resident buildings also need lifts and car
parks but the lower class resident
buildings don't.
DIAGRAM SPATIAL SEQUENCE
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: VISUAL
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t i • . !
; 幻晰訂
I N D O O R
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OFFICE
o r n c E
、 CAJ^
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CAR PAJ9K
I i ! r ^ . 1 CONNfeCTION
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I N D O O R
APARTMEMT
APARTMEfJT
APARTMENT
APARTMENT
LOBBY U FT; STAIR
SHOP "i STREET
T • i MARKET !
I N D O O R
APARTMEMT
APARTMEfJT
APARTMENT
APARTMENT
LOBBY U FT; STAIR
SHOP
M '-•si
V 二 -
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丨 VENTILATION
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I N D O O R
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VFNTU^ATION
〜 〜 J i
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LOTT
nAR/RPSTAiiRANT
study of sub-cultures
done by Chow Chun Man
P.13
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Different sub-cultures also have different
special requirement in different time. For
example, the creative industry and SoHo
people need to operate at night but the
upper class need to live in quiet
environment at all time. The street market
need to be high dense, crowded, noisy
and wet while the white-collar like to be
quiet, clean and dry.
The study of sub-culture shows the
typology of urban block has a close
relationship with the existence of sub-
cultural groups.
TEMPORAL SPATIAL REQUIREMENT 3 6 12 18 24
time
working
transport
catering
OUiETAND CLE/kN AND BRIGHT
CROWDED AND NOISY
3 12 15 18 21
time
living food buying
OUIET ANO DARK
QUIET AND CLEAN AND f
9 12 15 18 21 24
l i v ing
「park
club house
Q JIETANO CLEAN AND ISOLATED OlIIETAND DARK
ISOLATED
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
time -
working
displaying
selling QUIEl AND CLEAN ANO CLOSf; TO STREET
C'UIFTAND CLEAN
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
time
street life drink food
CROWDED AND NOISY
CROWDED AND NOISY AND DARK
Study of sub-cultures done by Chow Chun Man
P.14
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、u ^CREATIVE INDUSTRY
ACCESSIBLE BY PEDESTRIANS
S AND ESCALATORS
/
• V OFFICE BUILDING
LUXURY APARTMENT ( > H K S 7 . C ) 0 3 @ n s . q )
ft
@
; 聊
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恭
•REETf 3 000
Site Contextual Study, 1:3000 done by Chow Chun Man
P.15
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
4) site contextual study in the scale of 1 to 3,000
Site mapping regarding different parameters such as distribution of office building�
residential apartment, street market, creative industry, pub, and also ages of
building and pattern of pedestrian, open space and roads.
A
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OZElvss 3ts
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Proposed Site and Conclusion
The area around the street market in Graham Street and Peel Street is selected for
site in the next stage of this thesis, for it is border line of the new type blocks and
old type blocks, also its rich context of sub-cultures. Conflicts arise when old type
blocks cannot survive the new programmatic needs of the city. As a result, old type
blocks are replaced by new type blocks, at the same time, existing sub-cultures,
spatial characters and communal networks are destroyed.
A LIRA projects is now being undertaken to so-called��renew� the area. Numbers of
old buildings will be demolished and the street market will be destroyed.
This thesis tries to give alternative proposal by creating new type blocks, which on
one hand, fulfilling the new programmatic needs, and on the other hand maintaining
the spatial environment of the existing sub-culture groups, eventually maintaining
the special and diversified characters of Central.
NEW BUILDINGS OF URA PROJECTS INTRODUCE NEW USERS TO THE SITE
BUILDINGS TO BE DEMOLISHED DESTORY OF LOCAL NETWORK AND SUB-CULTURE
BUILDINGS ALONG THE STREET MARKET AS CONTAINER OF THE LOCAL NETWORK AND SUB-CULTURE
APARTMENT BUILDINGS FOR POLICEMEN (UNOCCUPIED)
CENTRAL"^ MID-tEVEL
‘ESCALATORS
DEVELOPED BY LDC, BUILT IN 19S8
ALL OLD BUILDINGS WERE DEMOLISHED IN THE BLOCK FOR THE NEW DEVELOPEMENT
CENTRAL / MARKET
‘(UNOCCUPIED)
3D Model of the Proposed Site done by Chow Chun Man
P.16
Central, Hong Kong, figure and ground, 2007 the area bounded by red line is the study area of thesis the red coloured blocks are the proposed site done by Chow Chun Man
site plan done by Chow Chun Man
.17
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Site Conditions
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CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Design Strategy
Front Street and Urban Courtyard/ Backlane form the two surfaces of traditional urban block. Traditionally, Front Street serves as main circulation network of urban block, and it forms a delicate ecology of sub-cultures with stringent spatial requirements, which is incompatible with other programs and sub-cultures.
existing relationship between front street and
urban courtyard/ backlane
non-courtyard blocks combined to form courtyard
block
connected urban courtyard serve as an alternative circulation network and
space for new constructions
As a design strategy, this thesis intends to make use of Urban Courtyard/ Backlane to serve as an alternative circulation network which provide individual lots/ buildings with the possibilities to develop new programs, while the existing spatial practices in Front Street can be preserved.
P.18
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Urban Transformation Process 1960s
In the 60s, the blocks were sub-divided into narrow lots with width of 4-5m.
The buildings had 3 to 4 storeys.
Mf,
existing
Small and narrow lots were combined into bigger lots and developed into highrise with modern building technologies.
Street food market is developed in the front streets.
c: c e c.
URA
Bunch of old buildings will be demolished and redeveloped into giant towers of residential apartments, offices and hotel.
Street market will be destroyed.
an alternative Urban courtyards and backlanes are used to initiate a new urban transformation process.
Non-courtyard blocks are combined to form courtyard blocks, with demolition of selected buildings.
P.19
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
existing buildings
connected courtyards
streets and shops
new buildings
parks
o
Instead of demolition of all old buildings to gain a clear site, over 70% of existing buildings are preserved to minimize the impact on the existing spatial practices.
Urban courtyards are connected to form a new circulation network for new programs. Also, it offers basic infrastructures to the blocks, such as open space and private communal space.
Between the front streets and the courtyards are thresholds which serve to signify the spatial change.
Shops along the streets are preserved so that the existing spatial practices ar maintained.
New-built shops are managed by a governmental body to control the program and rental price of the shops, so that effect of gentrification is minimized.
Corner sites are selected to redeveloped Hqto new middle-rise buildings for finamqlal return of the initial coastriTctions.
^AffcTrdable housing is provided in these "iDuildings to act against gentrification.
Flat-to-flat compensation is also provided for the local residents by using these buildings.
Shared car parks are offered to the blocks to enhance infrastructure of the blocks.
P.20
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Building Envelope
Development of the individual lots are subject to a virtual building envelope to ensure spatial qualities of the blocks, such as ventilation, viewing, natural lighting and development density.
Catalytic Buildings
New buildings with modern building technologies are built in the courtyards as an urban renewal catalyst. It can colonize the surrounding buildings for space expansion, by constructing linking bridges.
Exiting old buildings can be adaptively reused in this process, demolition of old structures can be avoided.
•、:^
P.21
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Programmatic Transformation
Program (existing)
Program (LIRA)
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Program (proposed)
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residential
retail shop
office
hotel
hybrid
P.22
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Final Design
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P.23
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
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P.24
CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
P.25
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CUHK Department of Architecture, 2007-2008, Urbanization Studio, MArch 2 teacher: Professor Thomas Chung student: Chow Chun-man 06426860
Bibliography
1. image from "Hong Kong - City of Vision", chapter 3 by Peter Cookson-Smith.
2. Leon, Krier. Architecture Choice or Fate. Andreas Papadakis Publisher, 1998,
p.16.
3. Dennis, Sharp. Kisho Kurokawa, From the Age of the Machine to the Age of Life.
Book Art Ltd, 1998, pp. 40-41.
p.28
ARCHITECTURE LIBRARY 建 築 學 圖 書 餘
THESIS畢業論文 Overdue Fines on Thesis
HKSl.OO per hour
4 hrs, Time Due
還書時間
2 0 DEC “ F9
‘ 2 ''JG 2D!I 1
3 r. J i•.山 1 .牛O
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2 8 ^ 2 0 : 1
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CUHK
004563304