Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

232
Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline and Romet-30 R in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). By Trevor 0. Jones B.Sc, University of Victoria, 1986 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Animal Science) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1990 fj) Trevor Owen Jones, August 20, 1990

Transcript of Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

Page 1: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

U p t a k e a n d D e p u r a t i o n o f t h e A n t i b i o t i c s ,

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 R

i n t h e P a c i f i c O y s t e r , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ( T h u n b e r g ) .

By

T r e v o r 0 . J o n e s

B . S c , U n i v e r s i t y o f V i c t o r i a , 1986

A T H E S I S SUBMITTED I N P A R T I A L F U L F I L L M E N T OF

T H E REQUIREMENTS FOR T H E DEGREE OF

MASTERS OF S C I E N C E

i n

T H E F A C U L T Y OF GRADUATE S T U D I E S

( D e p a r t m e n t o f A n i m a l S c i e n c e )

We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s a s c o n f o r m i n g

t o t h e r e q u i r e d s t a n d a r d

THE U N I V E R S I T Y OF B R I T I S H COLUMBIA

A u g u s t 1990

fj) T r e v o r Owen J o n e s , A u g u s t 2 0 , 1990

Page 2: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced

degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it

freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive

copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my

department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or

publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written

permission.

Department

The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada

DE-6 (2/88)

Page 3: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

i i

A b s t r a c t

U s e o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n t h e a q u a c u l t u r e i n d u s t r y f o r

t h e c o n t r o l o f b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n s i n s a l m o n h a s l e d t o

p u b l i c c o n c e r n r e g a r d i n g a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s i n s a l m o n

t i s s u e a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l h e a l t h r i s k t h i s p o s e s t o h u m a n s .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 a r e two common a n t i b a c t e r i a l

a g e n t s u t i l i z e d t o c o n t r o l d i s e a s e i n t h e l o c a l f i n f i s h

a q u a c u l t u r e i n d u s t r y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , C a n a d a . Many f i s h

f a r m s i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a a r e l o c a t e d w i t h i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y

t o e x i s t i n g s h e l l f i s h s t o c k s . T h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a n t i b i o t i c

b i o c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b a c t e r i a l r e s i s t a n c e

t o t h e d r u g s i n b i v a l v e s i s a c o n c e r n . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a

s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e s e two d r u g s f r o m

P a c i f i c o y s t e r s , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s was a c c o m p l i s h e d .

A n a l y s i s o f w h o l e o y s t e r s v i a H P L C r e v e a l e d d e t e c t a b l e

l e v e l s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 up t o 4 weeks a f t e r

a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t a t t h e s a l m o n f a r m s i t e . O y s t e r s

s u s p e n d e d i n t h e s a l m o n n e t p e n s a n d s u r r o u n d i n g w a t e r s w e r e

s a m p l e d o v e r a 5 m o n t h p e r i o d . C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e r e s i d u e s i n o y s t e r t i s s u e r e a c h e d a maximum

o f 0 . 1 1 ppm ( n = 2 ) . L e v e l s o f s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e i n o y s t e r

t i s s u e r e a c h e d a maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 . 2 7 ppm ( n = 2 ) .

Maximum d e t e c t a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f o r m e t o p r i m i n o y s t e r s

w e r e 0 . 2 6 ppm ( n = 2 ) .

A c o n t r o l l e d s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t i n g u p t a k e a n d d e p u r a t i o n

o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r

r e v e a l e d r e s u l t s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e s a l m o n

Page 4: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

i i i

f a r m . A f l o w t h r o u g h d r u g d e l i v e r y s y s t e m f o r t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r was u t i l i z e d o v e r a t e n d a y u p t a k e a n d t h i r t y d a y

d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d . L e v e l s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n w h o l e a n i m a l

t i s s u e i n c r e a s e d i n a l i n e a r f a s h i o n ( r 2 = 0 . 9 8 4 ) o v e r t h e

u p t a k e p e r i o d . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e d r u g was

b i o a c c u m u l a t e d i n t h e o y s t e r r e a c h i n g a maximum

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 0 . 7 2 — 2 . 4 s . e . ppm (n= 3) o n d a y 10 o f

u p t a k e . D e p u r a t i o n o f t h e d r u g was r a p i d . A f t e r t h i r t e e n

d a y s a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 2 1 — 0 . 0 4 s . e . ppm (n=7) was

d e t e c t e d . T h e d e t e c t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e u p t a k e a n d

d e p u r a t i o n i n t h e o y s t e r was more e r r a t i c . Day 7 o f u p t a k e

r e v e a l e d a maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d

o r m e t o p r i m o f 1 .092 — 0 . 2 4 s . e . ppm (n=7) a n d 0 . 2 1 ppm (n=3)

r e s p e c t i v e l y . D e p u r a t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 was r a p i d . T h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e c r e a s e d t o 0 . 0 2 9 ppm (n=3) b y d a y 1 3 .

C o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s o f o y s t e r s s a m p l e d b e f o r e a n d a f t e r

a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t i n d i c a t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e

( p < 0 . 0 5 ) i n c o n d i t i o n i n d e x a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h m e d i c a t e d

f e e d .

A q u a n t i t a t i v e s u r v e y o f b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

g u t o f t h e o y s t e r was p e r f o r m e d . R e l a t i v e n u m b e r s o f

e n d o g e n o u s b a c t e r i a w e r e c o m p a r e d t o o y s t e r s b e f o r e a n d

a f t e r a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t . Numbers o f b a c t e r i a

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d (p< 0 . 0 5 ) f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t .

Page 5: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

i v

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

A b s t r a c t i i

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s i v

L i s t o f T a b l e s v i

L i s t o f F i g u r e s v i i

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s i x

G e n e r a l I n t r o d u c t i o n 1

C h a p t e r 1

T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f E x t r a c t i o n M e t h o d s f o r O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

a n d R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c O y s t e r a n d t h e D e t e c t i o n o f

A n t i b i o t i c R e s i d u e s i n P a c i f i c O y s t e r s S u s p e n d e d i n

S a l m o n N e t - C a g e s T h r o u g h H P L C 5

I n t r o d u c t i o n 5

M e t h o d s 7

R e s u l t s 15

D i s c u s s i o n 24

C h a p t e r 2

D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f A n t i b i o t i c U p t a k e a n d D e p u r a t i o n i n

t h e P a c i f i c O y s t e r 29

I n t r o d u c t i o n 29

M e t h o d s 30

R e s u l t s 36

D i s c u s s i o n 48

Page 6: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

G e n e r a l C o n c l u s i o n s

B i b l i o g r a p h y

A p p e n d i c e s

Page 7: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

L i s t o f T a b l e s

v i

L i s t o f T a b l e s

1. T a b l e 1. A b s o l u t e r e c o v e r i e s o f O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e ,

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d O r m e t o p r i m i n t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r ( U B C ) . E a c h v a l u e r e p r e s e n t s a s i n g l e

d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t e a c h s a m p l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n 16

2 . T a b l e 2 . A b s o l u t e r e c o v e r i e s o f O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e ,

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d O r m e t o p r i m i n t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r ( S Y N D E L ) . E a c h v a l u e r e p r e s e n t s a s i n g l e

d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t e a c h s a m p l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n 3 7

3 . T a b l e 3 . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i z a t i o n o n

s e v e r a l m e d i a a s d e t e r m i n e d b y mean p r o b a b l e n u m b e r ( M P N ) .

E a c h v a l u e r e p r e s e n t s t h e mean o f 6 i n d i v i d u a l

o y s t e r s 46

Page 8: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

v i i

L i s t o f F i g u r e s

1 . F i g u r e 1 . L o c a t i o n o f s a l m o n f a r m s t u d y s i t e , J e r v i s

I n l e t , B . C 12

2 . F i g u r e 2 . D e t a i l o f s t u d y s i t e , i n d i c a t i n g p o s i t i o n o f

l a n t e r n n e t s i n r e f e r e n c e t o n e t - p e n s 13

3 . F i g u r e 3 . C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h d a t a p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s

a s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t e a c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d r u g

( r 2 = 0 . 9 9 8 ) 17

4 . F i g u r e 4 . C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e f o r R o m e t - 3 0 i n

t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h d a t a p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s a

s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t e a c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d r u g

(SDM, r 2 = 0 . 9 9 0 ; OMP, r 2 = 0 . 9 9 2 ) 18

5 . F i g u r e 5 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o f b l a n k P a c i f i c

o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h OTC a t

2 . 0 ppm 19

6 . F i g u r e 6 . D e t e c t i o n o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n

t h e P a c i f i c O y s t e r s u s p e n d e d i n t h e s a l m o n f a r m .

C o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e t h e mean o f 2 o y s t e r s f r o m e a c h

s a m p l i n g p e r i o d 20

Page 9: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

7 . F i g u r e 7 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o f b l a n k P a c i f i c

o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h SDM a n d OMP

a t 2 . 0 ppm 22

8 . F i g u r e 8 . D e t e c t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c

O y s t e r s u s p e n d e d i n t h e s a l m o n f a r m . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s

a r e t h e mean o f 2 o y s t e r s a t e a c h s a m p l i n g p e r i o d 23

9 . F i g u r e 9 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o f b l a n k P a c i f i c

o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h OTC a t

2 . 0 ppm ( S y n d e l ) 38

1 0 . F i g u r e 1 0 . P l o t o f O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e u p t a k e v e r s u s

t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s

a p o o l e d s a m p l e o f 5 a n i m a l s ( n = 3 ) , e x c e p t w h e r e d e n o t e d

b y a * , t h e n n=7 39

1 1 . F i g u r e 1 1 . P l o t o f O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e d e p u r a t i o n v e r s u s

t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s

a p o o l e d s a m p l e o f 5 a n i m a l s ( n = 3 ) , e x c e p t w h e r e d e n o t e d

b y a * , t h e n n=7 39

1 2 . F i g u r e 1 2 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a b l a n k

P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d a e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h

SDM a t 2 . 0 ppm ( S y n d e l ) ? . 41

Page 10: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

i x

1 3 . F i g u r e 1 3 . P l o t o f R o m e t - 3 0 (SDM a n d OMP) u p t a k e

v e r s u s t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t

r e p r e s e n t s a p o o l e d s a m p l e o f 5 a n i m a l s ( n = 3 ) ,

e x c e p t w h e r e d e n o t e d b y a * , t h e n n=7 43

1 4 . F i g u r e 1 4 . P l o t o f R o m e t - 3 0 (SDM a n d OMP) d e p u r a t i o n

v e r s u s t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s

a p o o l e d s a m p l e o f 5 a n i m a l s ( n = 3 ) , e x c e p t w h e r e d e n o t e d

b y a * , t h e n n=7 43

1 5 . F i g u r e 1 5 . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a b l a n k

P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d a e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h

2 . 0 ppm o f OMP ( S y n d e l ) 44

1 6 . F i g u r e 1 6 . H i s t o g r a m o f P a c i f i c o y s t e r c o n d i t i o n

i n d e x f o r p r e a n d p o s t a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t 47

Page 11: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

X

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

A . F l e t c h e r , D . S a x b y , T e c h n i c i a n s a t H a r d y S e a f a r m s ,

D e p a r t m e n t o f O c e a n o g r a p h y , U B C , * R . A o y a m a , * J . W a l i s s e r

a n d * D r . K . M c E r l a n e ( * F a c u l t y o f P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e s ,

UBC) w e r e p a r a m o u n t t o t h e c o m p l e t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e

S a l m o n F a r m S t u d y .

T h e c o n t r o l l e d s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t i n g a n t i b i o t i c u p t a k e

a n d c l e a r a n c e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r was made p o s s i b l e b y a

c o n t r a c t a w a r d e d t o S y n d e l L a b o r a t o r i e s b y t h e B . C . M i n i s t r y

o f A g r i c u l t u r e a n d F i s h e r i e s . A g r a t e f u l a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t i s

made o f t h e c o o p e r a t i v e w o r k d e m o n s t r a t e d b y M . L i t t l e

( S y n d e l ) a n d E . B l a c k ( B . C . M . A . F ) i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d

f r u i t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y . G . O h a r a ( S y n d e l ) was r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r a l l o f t h e R o m e t - 3 0 e x t r a c t i o n s f o r t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e

s t u d y , h e r e f f o r t was v e r y much a p p r e c i a t e d .

T h e s u p p o r t a n d c r e a t i v e e n e r g y p r o v i d e d b y t h e

s u p e r v i s i n g s c i e n t i s t , D r . G . K . Iwama was e s s e n t i a l t o t h i s

w o r k . T h e a s s i s t a n c e o f N . B e r n i e r a n d J . M c G e e r i s

t h o u g h t f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d . A g r a t e f u l a c k n o w l e d g m e n t i s made

o f t h e s u p p o r t i v e g u i d a n c e p r o v i d e d b y t h e R e s e a r c h

C o m m i t t e e m e m b e r s . T o my f a m i l y , who a l w a y s p r o v i d e d me w i t h

a c o n s t a n t s e n s e o f h u m o u r , e n c o u r a g e m e n t a n d a b o a t l o a d

f u l l o f p a t i e n c e . T h a n k y o u .

Page 12: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

1

G E N E R A L INTRODUCTION

T h e u s e o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n t h e a q u a c u l t u r e i n d u s t r y f o r

t h e c o n t r o l o f b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n s i n s a l m o n h a s l e d t o

p u b l i c c o n c e r n r e g a r d i n g a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s i n s a l m o n

t i s s u e a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g p o t e n t i a l h e a l t h r i s k t h i s p o s e s t o

h u m a n s . Due t o t h e n a t u r e o f s a l m o n c u l t u r e i n B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a ( B . C . ) many o f t h e n e t p e n s y s t e m s a r e l o c a t e d

w i t h i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o e x i s t i n g s h e l l f i s h s t o c k s . A

common m e t h o d o f d r u g d e l i v e r y u t i l i z e d a t a s a l m o n f a r m

s i t e i s t h e u s e o f p r e m e d i c a t e d f e e d . T h i s p r a c t i c e h a s b e e n

t h e f o c u s o f much a t t e n t i o n m a i n l y p r o m p t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t

t h e d e s t i n y o f many a n t h r o p o g e n i c s u b s t a n c e s i n t h e m a r i n e

e c o s y s t e m i s n o t w e l l u n d e r s t o o d . T h e p o t e n t i a l f o r

c h e m o t h e r a p e u t a n t s t o e v e n t u a l l y b i o a c c u m u l a t e i n s h e l l f i s h

i s t h e f o c u s i n t h i s s t u d y . I n r e c e n t s t u d i e s , l e v e l s o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e w e r e d e t e c t e d i n t h e s e d i m e n t f o r u p t o

n i n e t y d a y s p o s t t r e a t m e n t a t a s a l m o n c u l t u r e s i t e

( S a m u e l s e n e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ; J a c o b s e n a n d B e r g l i n d , 1 9 8 8 ) .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 R a r e two a n t i b i o t i c s t h a t h a v e

b e e n a p p r o v e d f o r u s e i n t h e a q u a c u l t u r e i n d u s t r y i n B . C .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e h a s b e e n u s e d a s a n a n t i b a c t e r i a l a g e n t f o r

o v e r 25 y e a r s ( J a c o b s e n , 1 9 8 9 ) , i t i s a w i d e s p e c t r u m

a n t i b i o t i c e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t b o t h g r a m p o s i t i v e a n d g r a m

n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i a . I t i s w a t e r s o l u b l e a n d i s q u i c k l y

d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e t i s s u e s a n d b o d i l y f l u i d s o f f i s h

when a d m i n i s t e r e d o r a l l y ( H e r w i g , 1 9 7 9 ) . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e h a s

b e e n u s e d i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f F u r u n c u l o s i s , V i b r i o s i s ,

Page 13: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

2

E n t e r i c r e d m o u t h d i s e a s e a n d C o l u m n a r i s d i s e a s e . R o m e t - 3 0 i s

a p o t e n t i a t e d s u l p h o n a m i d e c o n t a i n i n g s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d

o r m e t o p r i m i n a 5 :1 r a t i o . T h i s a n t i b i o t i c i s l i p i d s o l u b l e

a n d i s e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t many b a c t e r i a l p a t h o g e n s o f w h i c h

a r e i n c l u d e d V i b r i o o r d a l i a n d V i b r i o a n g u i l l a r u m , t h e

c a u s a t i v e a g e n t s o f V i b r i o s i s , a d i s e a s e common t o f a r m e d

r a i s e d s a l m o n ( B r o w n a n d G r a t z e k , 1 9 8 0 ) .

T h e o b j e c t i v e i n t h i s s t u d y was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t

o f a n t i b i o t i c a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r ,

C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ( T h u n b e r g ) s u s p e n d e d i n a s a l m o n n e t p e n

s y s t e m a n d i n a c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e r a t e s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 .

T o a c h i e v e t h i s , m o d i f i c a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g a n t i b i o t i c

e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d s f o r s a l m o n i d s w e r e n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e c t

d r u g r e s i d u e s i n w h o l e o y s t e r t i s s u e . A p a s t s t u d y f o c u s e d

o n t h e e f f e c t s o f i n t e n s i v e f i s h c u l t u r e o n o y s t e r

p e r f o r m a n c e ( J o n e s a n d Iwama, I n p r e s s ) . S a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d

d u r i n g t h a t s t u d y p e r i o d w e r e u t i l i z e d t o c o n f i r m t h e

s u c c e s s o f e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d s d e v e l o p e d h e r e . T h e d e t e c t i o n

o f a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s i n t h e s e o y s t e r s c o m p r i s e d t h e f i e l d

e x p e r i m e n t s f o r t h i s s t u d y .

V a r i o u s m e t h o d s f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n f i s h

t i s s u e h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d . Two b i o a s s a y s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d

f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t r i m e t h o p r i m i n t h e t i s s u e s o f

t r o u t ( M c C a r t h y e t a l . , 1 9 7 4 ; M c C r a c k e n e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) .

M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l m e t h o d s o f t e n l a c k t h e s e n s i t i v i t y r e q u i r e d

t o q u a n t i f y a n t i b i o t i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n f i s h t i s s u e a n d a r e

Page 14: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

3

u s u a l l y n o n s p e c i f i c . T h e B r a t t o n - M a r s h a l l , ( B r a t t o n a n d

M a r s h a l l , 1939) c o l o u r i m e t r i c a s s a y h a s b e e n u s e d

e x t e n s i v e l y t o m e a s u r e s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e r e s i d u e l e v e l s i n

t h e b l o o d a n d t i s s u e s o f d i f f e r e n t t r o u t s p e c i e s ( H a r a a n d

I n o u e , 1 9 6 7 ; H a r a e t a l . , 1 9 6 7 ; S n i e s z k o a n d F r i d d l e , 1 9 5 1 ) .

C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c m e t h o d s o f f e r t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f s p e c i f i c i t y

a n d i n c r e a s e d s e n s i t i v i t y o v e r many o t h e r a n a l y t i c a l

p r o c e d u r e s . T r i m e t h o p r i m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s k i n , m u s c l e a n d

b l o o d o f r a i n b o w t r o u t h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y m e a s u r e d b y

H P L C ( J a c o b s e n , 1 9 8 9 ) . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a v e

a l s o b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y m e a s u r e d b y H P L C u s i n g s o l i d p h a s e

e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s i n r a i n b o w t r o u t a n d A t l a n t i c s a l m o n

( R o g s t a d e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ; J a c o b s e n , 1 9 8 9 ) . R o m e t - 3 0

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n m e a s u r e d i n P a c i f i c s a l m o n

b y H P L C u s i n g a s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e ( W a l l i s e r

e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ) . T o d a t e t h e r e h a v e n o t b e e n a n y m e t h o d s

r e p o r t e d f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n o y s t e r t i s s u e

u s i n g H P L C . T h e t e c h n i q u e s p o r t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y a t t e m p t e d

t o d e v e l o p a s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e f o r O T C , SDM

a n d OMP f r o m w h o l e o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e m e t h o d s d e s c r i b e d h e r e

w e r e m o d i f i e d f r o m e x t r a c t i o n s s u c c e s s f u l l y d e v e l o p e d a n d

p e r f o r m e d o n s a l m o n t i s s u e .

I n s h e l l f i s h , i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e u p t a k e a n d

c l e a r a n c e o f a r a n g e o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t a m i n a n t s h a v e

p r i n c i p a l l y f o c u s e d o n t h e common m u s s e l M y t i l u s e d u l i s

( F o n g , 1 9 7 6 ; F o s s a t o a n d C a n z o n i e r , 1976 ; F r i e d r i c h a n d

F i l i c e , 1 9 7 6 ; S i m p s o n , 1 9 7 9 ) . U p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e r a t e s f o r

Page 15: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

4

a v a r i e t y o f c h e m i c a l s i n f i n f i s h h a v e a l s o b e e n d e t e r m i n e d

( K e c k e t a l . f 1 9 8 4 ; S a l t e a n d L i e s t o l , 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e u p t a k e a n d

c l e a r a n c e r a t e s o f a n t i b i o t i c c h e m i c a l s i n s h e l l f i s h h a v e

n o t b e e n p r e v i o u s l y d e t e r m i n e d . T h i s n e c e s s i t a t e d t h e n e e d

f o r a c o n t r o l l e d d r u g u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e s t u d y f o r

s h e l l f i s h .

Page 16: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

5

Chapter 1:

The Development of Extrac t ion Methods for Oxytetracyc l ine

and Romet-30 i n the P a c i f i c Oyster and the Detection of

A n t i b i o t i c Residues i n P a c i f i c Oysters Suspended i n Salmon

Net-Cages Through HPLC.

Introduct ion

I t h a s b e e n n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e s a l m o n f a r m i n g i n d u s t r y i n

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a t o p e r i o d i c a l l y t r e a t f i s h w i t h a n t i b i o t i c s

t o c o n t r o l b a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s . T h e u s e o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

a n d R o m e t - 3 0 a s a n t i b a c t e r i a l a g e n t s i n f i n f i s h c u l t u r e h a v e

p r o v e n t o b e t h e m o s t w i d e l y i m p l e m e n t e d ( L i t t l e , 1 9 9 0 ) . A

r e s u l t a n t e f f e c t o f w i d e s p r e a d u s e o f c h e m o t h e r a p e u t i c s i n

t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t h a s b e e n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f

r e s i s t a n c e s t r a i n s o f b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e d i m e n t

a n d i n some i n s t a n c e s t h e g u t o f b i v a l v e s . S t r a i n s r e s i s t a n t

t o o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d f r o m

t h e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t s o f t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r ( K e l l y , 1 9 9 0 ) .

C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e u s e o f d r u g s a n d t h e f r e q u e n c y o f

r e s i s t a n t b a c t e r i a i s o l a t e d f r o m f i s h h a v e a l s o b e e n

r e p o r t e d ( A o k i e t a l . f 1 9 8 1 ; T a k a s h i m a e t a l . , 1 9 8 5 ) .

I n r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e n e g a t i v e s i d e e f f e c t s , t h e n e e d f o r

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a s i m p l e , r a p i d e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d f o r

a n t i b i o t i c s i n P a c i f i c o y s t e r s , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s , was

p r o p o s e d . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a v e b e e n

s u c c e s s f u l l y m e a s u r e d b y H P L C u s i n g s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n

t e c h n i q u e s i n r a i n b o w t r o u t a n d A t l a n t i c s a l m o n ( R o g s t a d e t

Page 17: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

6

a l . , 1988 ; J a c o b s e n , 1 9 8 9 ) . R o m e t - 3 0 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a v e

a l s o r e c e n t l y b e e n m e a s u r e d i n P a c i f i c s a l m o n b y H P L C u s i n g

a s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e ( W a l l i s e r e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ) .

T o d a t e t h e r e h a v e n o t b e e n a n y m e t h o d s r e p o r t e d f o r t h e

a n a l y s i s o f R o m e t - 3 0 a n d o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n o y s t e r t i s s u e

u s i n g H P L C . A l i m i t e d number o f o y s t e r s p r e v i o u s l y s u s p e n d e d

i n a s a l m o n f a r m n e t - p e n ( J o n e s a n d Iwama, 1990) w e r e

o b t a i n e d . T r e a t m e n t w i t h a n t i b i o t i c s h a d o c c u r r e d a t t h e

f a r m s i t e a n d t h e t r e a t m e n t s c h e d u l e h a d b e e n r e c o r d e d .

T h e s e s a m p l e s a l l o w e d f o r s u c c e s s f u l c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e

d e v e l o p e d e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s .

Page 18: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

7

M e t h o d s a n d M a t e r i a l s

S o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

a n d R o m e t - 3 0 w e r e m o d i f i e d f r o m e x i s t i n g m e t h o d s d e v e l o p e d

f o r s a l m o n i d s i n t h e F a c u l t y o f P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e s ,

U . B . C . ( W a l i s s e r e t a l . 1990)

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e (OTC)

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was o b t a i n e d f r o m H o f f m a n n - L a R o c h e

L t d . T h e e q u i p m e n t u t i l i z e d was a Beckman s y s t e m w h i c h

i n c l u d e d : H P L C pump, m o d e l 110A s o l v e n t m e t e r i n g s y s t e m ; a

m o d e l 160 d e t e c t o r ; a m o d e l 210 s a m p l e i n j e c t i o n v a l v e

e q u i p p e d w i t h a 20 u L l o o p . U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t i o n was s e t a t

365 nm f o r a l l a n a l y s e s . T h e m o b i l e p h a s e c o n s i s t e d o f 0 . 0 2 M

N a 2 H P 0 4 pH 2 . 2 5 a n d 25% MeOH. T h e H P L C c o l u m n was a 250 mm x

4 . 6 mm I . D . U l t r a s p h e r e I o n - P a i r 5 urn c o l u m n . F i l t r a t i o n o f

t h e m o b i l e p h a s e p r i o r t o u s e was d o n e u s i n g a H P L C s o l v e n t

c l e a n - u p a s s e m b l y a n d F P V e r i c e l 47 mm, 0 . 4 5 urn membrane

f i l t e r s . P e a k i n t e g r a t i o n s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d m a n u a l l y .

E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e d u r e

I n d i v i d u a l o y s t e r s a m p l e s w e r e t h a w e d a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e

a n d t h e t i s s u e r e m o v e d a s e p t i c a l l y a n d t o w e l l d r i e d . W h o l e

a n i m a l s a m p l e s w e r e g r o u n d i n a b l e n d e r a n d a 5 . 0 g

s u b s a m p l e o f t h e s l u r r y was r e m o v e d . T o e a c h 5 . 0 g s a m p l e

w e r e a d d e d 1 5 . 0 mL p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r a n d 1 .0 mL 50% T C A

( t r i c h l o r o a c e t i c a c i d ) . E a c h s a m p l e was h o m o g e n i z e d i n a

5 0 . 0 mL p l a s t i c c e n t r i f u g e t u b e f o r t h i r t y s e c o n d s a t medium

Page 19: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

8

s p e e d u s i n g a B r i n k r a a n P o l y t r o n h o m o g e n i z e r M o d e l PT 1 0 / 3 5 .

T h e s a m p l e s w e r e c e n t r i f u g e d f o r t w e n t y f i v e m i n u t e s a t 7800

g a n d 4 . 0 ° C ( J A - 2 0 r o t o r ) . T h e s u p e r n a t a n t was t r a n s f e r r e d

t o a 5 0 . 0 mL t u b e , a n d a n o t h e r 1 5 . 0 mL p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r a n d

1 .0 mL T C A a d d e d t o t h e r e m a i n i n g r e s i d u e . T h e s a m p l e was

h o m o g e n i z e d a n d c e n t r i f u g e d a g a i n u n d e r t h e same c o n d i t i o n s ,

t h e s u p e r n a t a n t was t r a n s f e r r e d a n d c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e f i r s t

a l i q u o t . T h e c o m b i n e d e x t r a c t s w e r e t h e n p a s s e d t h r o u g h a n

a c t i v a t e d S e p - P a k C 1 8 c a r t r i d g e . A c t i v a t i o n o f t h e S e p - P a k

c a r t r i d g e p r i o r t o l o a d i n g t h e s a m p l e was a c c o m p l i s h e d b y

p a s s i n g 5 . 0 mL o f m e t h a n o l f o l l o w e d by 5 . 0 mL o f w a t e r . 7 . 0

mL o f m e t h a n o l was u s e d t o e l u t e t h e C-*- 8 c o l u m n a n d t h e

e l u a t e s c o l l e c t e d . T h e e l u a t e s w e r e e v a p o r a t e d u n d e r

n i t r o g e n i n a 4 0 . 0 ° C w a t e r b a t h . T h e r e s i d u e was

r e c o n s t i t u t e d i n 1 .0 mL o f m e t h a n o l .

Romet 30 (SDM & OMP)

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e (SDM) a n d o r m e t o p r i m (OMP) w e r e o b t a i n e d

f r o m H o f f m a n - L a R o c h e L t d . E q u i p m e n t u t i l i z e d was a Beckman

s y s t e m w h i c h i n c l u d e d : H P L C pump, m o d e l 110A s o l v e n t

m e t e r i n g s y s t e m ; a m o d e l 210 s a m p l e i n j e c t i o n v a l v e e q u i p p e d

w i t h a 20 u l l o o p , a H i t a c h i M o d e l 155 v a r i a b l e w a v e l e n g t h

d e t e c t o r w i t h a S h i m a d z u C - R I A C h r o m a t o p a c d a t a p r o c e s s o r .

U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t i o n was s e t a t 280 nm f o r a l l a n a l y s e s .

T h e H P L C c o l u m n was a 250 mm x 4 . 6 mm I . D . U l t r a s p h e r e I o n -

P a i r 5 um c o l u m n . T h e m o b i l e p h a s e , a c e t o n i t r i l e / m e t h a n o l /

0 . 1 M p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r , pH 4 . 0 , was d e l i v e r e d i s o c r a t i c a l l y

Page 20: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

9

a t 1 . 0 l a L / m i n . F i l t r a t i o n o f t h e m o b i l e p h a s e p r i o r t o u s e

was d o n e u s i n g a H P L C s o l v e n t c l e a n - u p a s s e m b l y a n d F P

V e r i c e l 47 mm, 0 . 4 5 urn membrane f i l t e r s .

E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e d u r e

T h i s p r o c e d u r e h a s b e e n m o d i f i e d f r o m W a l i s s e r e t a l .

( 1 9 9 0 ) . I n d i v i d u a l o y s t e r s a m p l e s w e r e t h a w e d a t r o o m

t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e t i s s u e r e m o v e d a s e p t i c a l l y a n d t o w e l l

d r i e d . W h o l e a n i m a l s a m p l e s w e r e g r o u n d up i n a b l e n d e r a n d

a 5 . 0 g s u b s a m p l e o f t h e s l u r r y was r e m o v e d . T o e a c h 5 . 0 g

s a m p l e w e r e a d d e d 1 5 . 0 mL a c e t o n i t r i l e a n d 0 . 5 mL 50% T C A .

E a c h s a m p l e was h o m o g e n i z e d i n a 50 mL p l a s t i c c e n t r i f u g e

t u b e f o r 30 s e c o n d s a t medium s p e e d u s i n g a B r i n k m a n

P o l y t r o n h o m o g e n i z e r M o d e l PT 1 0 / 3 5 . T h e s a m p l e s w e r e

c e n t r i f u g e d ( J A - 2 0 r o t o r ) f o r 25 m i n u t e s a t 7800 g a n d 4 . 0

° C . T h e s u p e r n a t a n t was t r a n s f e r r e d t o a 5 0 . 0 mL t u b e , a n d

e v a p o r a t e d u n d e r n i t r o g e n i n a 4 0 . 0 ° C w a t e r b a t h . T h e

r e s i d u e was r e c o n s t i t u t e d i n 5 . 0 mL o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a n d

v o r t e x - m i x e d f o r 30 s e c o n d s . T h e e x t r a c t s w e r e p a s s e d

d i r e c t l y i n t o a 5 . 0 mL L u e r - l o k M u l t i f i t B - D g l a s s s y r i n g e

w i t h a n a c t i v a t e d S e p - P a k C 1 8 c a r t r i d g e ( W a t e r s A s s o c i a t e s )

a t t a c h e d . A c t i v a t i o n o f t h e S e p - P a k c a r t r i d g e p r i o r t o

l o a d i n g t h e s a m p l e was a c c o m p l i s h e d b y p a s s i n g 5 . 0 mL o f

m e t h a n o l f o l l o w e d b y 5 . 0 mL o f w a t e r . T h e e x t r a c t s w e r e t h e n

p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e S e p - P a k c a r t r i d g e a n d t h e e l u e n t was

d i s c a r d e d . SDM a n d OMP w e r e s u b s e q u e n t l y e l u t e d f r o m t h e

c a r t r i d g e i n t o a 1 5 . 0 mL c u l t u r e t u b e w i t h 5 . 0 mL o f

Page 21: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

10

m e t h a n o l . S a m p l e s w e r e d r i e d u n d e r n i t r o g e n i n a w a t e r b a t h

a t 40 ° C a n d s t o r e d a t - 2 0 ° C u n t i l r e q u i r e d f o r a n a l y s i s .

J u s t p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s e a c h s a m p l e was r e c o n s t i t u t e d w i t h

1 .0 mL o f t h e m o b i l e p h a s e a n d v o r t e x m i x e d f o r t h i r t y

s e c o n d s . A 2 0 . 0 u L a l i q u o t was i n j e c t e d o n t o t h e H P L C

c o l u m n . T h e i n j e c t i o n v a l v e was f l u s h e d w i t h 1 . 0 mL m o b i l e

p h a s e b e t w e e n e a c h a n a l y s i s .

C a l i b r a t i o n C u r v e a n d R e c o v e r y

A c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e was p r e p a r e d f r o m o y s t e r t i s s u e

s a m p l e s (5g) s p i k e d w i t h 1 .0 mL o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e SDM/OMP,

OTC s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s t o g i v e f i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 0 . 2 ,

0 . 4 , 0 . 5 , 0 . 7 , 1 . 0 , 2 . 0 , 5 . 0 a n d 1 0 . 0 u g / g o f t i s s u e f o r

Romet a n d 0 . 2 5 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 5 , 2 . 5 a n d 5 . 0 u g / g o f t i s s u e f o r

O T C . C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s w e r e p l o t t e d .

T h e r e c o v e r y o f R o m e t - 3 0 a n d OTC f r o m o y s t e r t i s s u e was

d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f 1 . 0 m l o f e a c h o f t h e p r e p a r e d

s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g 1 . 2 5 , 2 . 5 , 5 . 0 , 1 0 . 0 , 2 5 . 0 u g

o f d r u g t o 5 . 0 g s a m p l e s o f c o n t r o l o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e

s a m p l e s w e r e e x t r a c t e d a n d a n a l y z e d a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e .

R e c o v e r y was d e t e r m i n e d b y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a r e a o f O T C , SDM

a n d OMP f o r e x t r a c t e d t i s s u e s a m p l e s a n d c o m p a r i n g t h e s e t o

t h e a r e a s o b t a i n e d f r o m u n e x t r a c t e d s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s o f

i d e n t i c a l q u a n t i t i e s .

Page 22: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

11

F i e l d S t u d y

S a m p l e s o f o y s t e r s u t i l i z e d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e

a n t i b i o t i c a s s a y s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m a p r e v i o u s s t u d y o n t h e

e f f e c t s o f i n t e n s i v e f i s h f a r m i n g o n o y s t e r p e r f o r m a n c e .

T h i s s t u d y was p e r f o r m e d i n J e r v i s I n l e t , B . C . s i t u a t e d 110

Km. N . W . o f V a n c o u v e r ( F i g . 1 ) . T h e r e w e r e two a r e a s o f

s t u d y ; t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a a n d t h e c o n t r o l a r e a ( F i g . 2 ) .

I n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a , 3 s t a t i o n s w e r e s i t u a t e d i n t h e

n e t c a g e s a n d 1 s t a t i o n was l o c a t e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e n e t

c a g e s . Two f u r t h e r s t a t i o n s w e r e s i t u a t e d 200m f r o m t h e p e n

s y s t e m a n d a n o t h e r a t 500m. T h e c o n t r o l a r e a c o n s i s t e d o f 2

c o m m e r c i a l o f f b o t t o m o y s t e r o p e r a t i o n s . One c o n t r o l

s t a t i o n , 6 k i l o m e t r e s e a s t o f t h e s a l m o n f a r m , was a n

e s t a b l i s h e d o y s t e r l e a s e w i t h e x i s t i n g b a s e l i n e g r o w t h d a t a .

T h e o t h e r c o n t r o l , 4 k i l o m e t r e s s o u t h e a s t o f t h e f a r m was a

n e w l y e s t a b l i s h e d o p e r a t i o n w h e r e p e r f o r m a n c e was u n k n o w n .

L a n t e r n n e t s w e r e s t o c k e d w i t h 2 0 - 1 y e a r o l d o y s t e r s a n d

s u s p e n d e d t o a d e p t h o f 2 m. S a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d e v e r y

two weeks o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f f i v e m o n t h s b e g i n n i n g i n

J u n e , 1 9 8 9 .

T h e a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t s c h e d u l e a t t h e f a r m s i t e was

r e c o r d e d . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was a d m i n i s t e r e d f o r a p e r i o d o f

t e n d a y s c o m m e n c i n g o n 0 6 / 0 7 / 8 9 a n d e n d i n g o n 1 5 / 0 7 / 8 9 .

R o m e t - 3 0 was a d m i n i s t e r e d i n a p r e m e d i c a t e d f e e d f o r t e n

d a y s c o m m e n c i n g o n 2 0 / 0 6 / 8 9 a n d e n d i n g o n 3 0 / 0 6 / 8 9 . O y s t e r s

w e r e s a m p l e d a t b o t h t h e c o n t r o l a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t e s

e v e r y f o u r t e e n d a y s c o m m e n c i n g 0 1 / 0 7 / 8 9 a n d e n d i n g 1 5 / 0 9 / 8 9 .

Page 23: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

12

F i g u r e 1 . L o c a t i o n o f s a l m o n f a r m s t u d y s i t e , J e r v i s I n l e t ,

B . C .

Page 24: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

13

Study Site C o n t r o l S i t e s

0 © 4 Kn 6 Kn

LI

Salmon

Farm

H 500 m

+-» 200 m

S t n . l Stn.2 Stn.3 Stn.4 Stn.6 Stn.6

F i g u r e 2 . D e t a i l o f S t u d y s i t e , i n d i c a t i n g p o s i t i o n o f l a n t e r n n e t s i n r e f e r e n c e t o n e t p e n s .

Page 25: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

14

S t a t i s t i c s

A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was c o m p u t e d f o r a l l a n t i b i o t i c d a t a

c o l l e c t e d a t t h e f a r m s i t e . T u k e y s t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d o n

a l l d a t a t o d i s c e r n d i f f e r e n c e s , d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e j u d g e d t o

be s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 95% l e v e l ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) .

Page 26: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

15

R E S U L T S

C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e a n d R e c o v e r y

T h e c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e ( F i g . 3)

i n d i c a t e s a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p ( r 2 = 0 . 9 9 8 ) o v e r t h e d r u g

c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e o f 0 . 2 5 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 5 , 2 . 5 a n d 5 . 0 u g / g o f

t i s s u e a n d p e a k a r e a . T h e mean r e c o v e r y f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

o v e r t h e same c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e was 9 2 . 4 — 1 .54 s . e . %

( n = 5 ) . C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s f o r SDM a n d OMP a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

F i g u r e 4 . T h e a r e a r a t i o m e a s u r e m e n t s a p p r o x i m a t e d a l i n e a r

r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r OMP ( r 2 = 0 . 9 9 2 ) a n d SDM ( r 2 = 0 . 9 9 0 ) b e t w e e n

t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e 0 . 2 - 10 u g / g t i s s u e a n d p e a k a r e a .

T h e mean p e r c e n t r e c o v e r y o f SDM a n d OMP o v e r t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e 0 . 5 - 6 . 0 ppm was 4 7 . 8 — 0 . 8 5 s . e . %

(n=5) f o r SDM a n d 6 6 . 8 ± 0 . 3 9 s . e . % (n=5) f o r OMP.

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e (OTC)

A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a n o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t

c o n t a i n i n g OTC i s shown i n F i g u r e 5 . S a m p l e s o f o y s t e r s

c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g t h e m o n t h o f J u l y r e v e a l e d d e t e c t a b l e

l e v e l s o f O T C . F i g u r e 6 i n d i c a t e s t h e s t a t i o n s a n d s a m p l i n g

p e r i o d s a t w h i c h d r u g was i d e n t i f i e d . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

d r u g i d e n t i f i e d a t s t a t i o n 2 o n 1 5 / 0 7 / 8 9 was 0 . 1 1 ppm ( n = 2 ) .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y two weeks l a t e r ( 0 1 / 0 8 / 8 9 ) o y s t e r s s a m p l e d

f r o m s t a t i o n 1 a n d 2 w e r e f o u n d t o c o n t a i n OTC a t 0 . 0 8 ppm

( n = 2 ) . O y s t e r s a t s t a t i o n 3 o n t h e same d a t e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d

t o c o n t a i n OTC a t 0 . 0 6 ppm a n d a t s t a t i o n 4 o y s t e r s w e r e

d e t e c t e d w i t h OTC a t 0 . 0 5 4 ppm. T h e s e l e v e l s o f a n t i b i o t i c

Page 27: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

16

i n o y s t e r s c o i n c i d e d w i t h d a y t e n o f t r e a t m e n t t o t h e s a l m o n

a t t h e f a r m s i t e a n d f o u r t e e n d a y s p o s t t r e a t m e n t

r e s p e c t i v e l y . No d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f OTC w e r e i d e n t i f i e d a t

s t a t i o n s 5 a n d 6 o r a t t h e c o n t r o l s i t e s a t a n y t i m e d u r i n g

t h e s t u d y p e r i o d .

T A B L E 1.

RECOVERY OF O T C , OMP AND SDM FROM WHOLE P A C I F I C OYSTER T I S S U E ( V a l u e s r e p r e s e n t a s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n )

S a m p l e OTC OMP SDM C o n c e n t r a t i o n % R e c o v e r y % R e c o v e r y % R e c o v e r y (ppm)

0 . 2 5 0 . 5 1 .0 2 . 0 5 . 0

8 0 . 2 9 0 . 1 9 5 . 0 9 8 . 3 9 8 . 4

6 4 . 0 7 8 . 0 . 9 6 . 0 9 6 . 1

0 4 8 . 0 5 0 . 0 6 4 . 0 7 5 . 2

0

Mean R e c o v e r y 9 2 . 4 6 6 . 8 4 7 . 4

Page 28: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

17

CALIBRATION CURVE FOR OXYTETRACYL1NE IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER

DRUG CONCENTRATION (ppm)

Figure 3. C a l i b r a t i o n curve for oxyte tracyc l ine i n the P a c i f i c Oyster . Each data po int represents a s i n g l e determination at each concentrat ion of drug. ( r 2 = 0.998)

Page 29: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

18

CALIBRATION CURVE FOR ROMET-30 IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER

CONCENTRATION OF DRUG (ppm)

Figure 4. C a l i b r a t i o n curve for Romet-30 i n the P a c i f i c Oyster . Each data point represents a s ing l e determination at each concentrat ion of drug. (OMP, r 2 = 0.992; SDM, r 2 = 0.990)

Page 30: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

19

i

V

F i g u r e 5 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o i b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h OTC a t 2.0 p p m .

Page 31: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

20

SAMPLING DATES 1983: A-15/07

DRUG: OXYTETRACYCLINE ( n = E ) -

B-01/08 C-15/08

B B

B B

PPM _ . 100

050

A 500

+-—200

Stn . l Stn.2 Stn.3 Stn.4 Stn.5 Stn.B Controls

Figure 6. Detect ion of oxyte tracyc l ine i n the P a c i f i c oyster suspended i n the salmon farm. Concentrations are the mean of 2 oysters from each sampling p e r i o d .

Page 32: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

21

Romet-30

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e (SDM)

F i g u r e 7 i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f R o m e t - 3 0

s p i k e d o y s t e r t i s s u e . F i g u r e ' 8 i n d i c a t e s t h e s t a t i o n s a n d

s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s a t w h i c h R o m e t - 3 0 was d e t e c t e d i n o y s t e r s .

A maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 . 2 7 ppm was d e t e c t e d f o r SDM a t

s t a t i o n 4 o n 0 1 / 0 7 / 8 9 . SDM was s t i l l p r e s e n t i n r e l a t i v e l y

h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e o y s t e r s (n=2) s a m p l e d two weeks

l a t e r ( 1 5 / 0 7 / 8 9 ) . F o u r weeks p o s t t r e a t m e n t r e v e a l e d

s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l s o f SDM i n t h e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d f r o m

s t a t i o n 4 ( 1 . 2 3 p p m ) .

O r m e t o p r i m (OMP)

OMP i n c o m p a r i s o n was d e t e c t e d i n s m a l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n

t h e o y s t e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t u d y ( F i g u r e 8 ) . O y s t e r s s a m p l e d

a t s t a t i o n 4 o n J u l y 1 r e v e a l e d l e v e l s o f OMP o f 0 . 5 ppm

( n = 2 ) . On J u l y 15 o y s t e r s s a m p l e d f r o m s t a t i o n 5 h a d

d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f OMP o f 0 . 2 6 ppm ( n = 2 ) . F o u r weeks p o s t

t r e a t m e n t r e v e a l e d o n l y t r a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e d r u g i n

o y s t e r s f r o m S t a t i o n 1 ( 0 . 1 0 p p m ) .

Page 33: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

22

BL£NK EXTRAZT

F i g u r e 7 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o f b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t s a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h SDM a n d OMP a t 2 . 0 p p m .

Page 34: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

23

SAMPLING DATES 1989: A-01/07 B-15/07

DRUG: ROMET-30 ( OMP SDM ) ( n = 2 )

B C

B

C- 01/08

PPM

1 .00

-f- 0.50 A

500

-H 200 m

Stn . l Stn.2 Stn.3 Stn.4 Stn.5 Stn.6 Contro ls

Figure 8. Detection of Romet-30 i n the p a c i f i c oyster suspended i n the salmon farm. Concentrations are the mean of 2 oysters from each sampling p e r i o d .

Page 35: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

24

D I S C U S S I O N

T h e s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e f o r OTC was

m o d i f i e d f r o m a m e t h o d d e v e l o p e d f o r s a l m o n i d s a t t h e

F a c u l t y o f P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a . T h e m e t h o d p r o v e d t o be r a p i d a n d r e p e a t a b l e .

R e c o v e r y o f a n t i b i o t i c f r o m s p i k e d o y s t e r t i s s u e was g r e a t e r

t h a n 9 2 . 0 % . . D u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e e x t r a c t i o n a

s m a l l i m m i s c i b l e l a y e r w o u l d f o r m a f t e r t h e s a m p l e was

p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e s e p p a k c a r t r i d g e . T h i s l a y e r was

b e l i e v e d t o b e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f p i g m e n t a n d l i p i d n a t u r a l l y

f o u n d w i t h i n t h e o y s t e r t i s s u e . P u r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e e l u e n t

by c h a r c o a l f i l t r a t i o n p r o v e d u n s u c c e s s f u l . T h e i m m i s c i b l e

l a y e r was i n j e c t e d a l o n e o n t h e HPLC t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h i s

l a y e r c o n t a i n e d a n y a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s . No p e a k s w e r e

i d e n t i f i e d a n d r e s u l t a n t l y t h e r e m o v a l o f t h i s l a y e r f r o m

t h e r e m a i n i n g e x t r a c t i o n s o c c u r r e d . T h i s g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d

t h e c l e a n l i n e s s o f t h e c h r o m a t o g r a m r e d u c i n g t h e

i n t e r f e r e n c e c o n s i d e r a b l y .

T h e e x t r a c t i o n f o r R o m e t - 3 0 was m o d i f i e d f r o m t h e

m e t h o d d e v e l o p e d b y W a l l i s e r e t a l . (1990) f o r P a c i f i c

s a l m o n . T h i s e x t r a c t i o n a l l o w e d f o r t h e s i m u l t a n e o u s

q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d o r m e t o p r i m i n w h o l e

P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e e x t r a c t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s f o r b o t h

SDM a n d OMP f r o m o y s t e r t i s s u e a r e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e

r e p o r t e d f o r s a l m o n t i s s u e ( W a l l i s e r e t a l . 1 9 9 0 ) . T h e

p r e s e n c e o f p i g m e n t s a n d l i p i d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o y s t e r

t i s s u e may be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r r e l a t i v e l y l o w e r r e c o v e r i e s .

Page 36: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

25

I t h a s b e e n p r e v i o u s l y d o c u m e n t e d t h a t i n c r e a s e s i n t o t a l

l i p i d c o n t e n t o f t i s s u e may a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t a n t i b i o t i c

e x t r a c t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s ( W a l l i s e r e t a l . f 1 9 9 0 . T h e minimum

q u a n t i f i a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 d e t e c t e d i n w h o l e

o y s t e r t i s s u e was 0 . 1 0 ppm. T h i s m e t h o d was d e t e r m i n e d t o

s u c c e s s f u l l y q u a n t i f y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b o t h SDM a n d OMP

t h r o u g h a s i n g l e e x t r a c t i o n .

Many s t u d i e s h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t s u s p e n s i o n f e e d e r s

i n t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t c o n c e n t r a t e a w i d e r a n g e o f

a n t h r o p o g e n i c s u b s t a n c e s ( S t e n n e r a n d N i c k l e s s , 1 9 7 4 ;

P h i l l i p s , 1976 ; P r i n g l e e t a l . , 1 9 6 8 ; B o y d e n , 1 9 7 7 ; B r o o k s

a n d R u m s b y , 1 9 6 5 ) . B a s e d o n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n t h e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d a t t h e f a r m s i t e i t

w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t u p t a k e o f t h e d r u g was q u i t e r a p i d i n

r e s p o n s e t o t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e p r e m e d i c a t e d f e e d t o

t h e s a l m o n . T r e a t m e n t a t m o s t s a l m o n f a r m s i t e s t y p i c a l l y

l a s t s f o r a p e r i o d o f t e n d a y s b u t may v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n

t y p e o f d r u g a n d s p e c i e s o f f i s h b e i n g t r e a t e d . J u l y 1 5 ,

1989 c o i n c i d e d w i t h d a y 3 o f t r e a t m e n t a t t h e f a r m s i t e , t h e

h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( O . l l p p m ) o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was

d e t e c t e d a t s t a t i o n 2 o n t h e f a r m s i t e ( r e f e r t o F i g . 6 ) .

S t a t i o n 2 was t h e c l o s e s t i n p r o x i m i t y t o t h e p e n o f f i s h

b e i n g t r e a t e d .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e d i s s o l v e s r e a d i l y i n s e a w a t e r , i s w a t e r

s o l u b l e a n d i s v e r y s u s c e p t i b l e t o o x i d a t i o n ( L i t t l e , 1 9 9 0 ) .

O t h e r s t u d i e s h a v e shown t h a t o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n t h e m a r i n e

e n v i r o n m e n t i s s l o w t o d e g r a d e a n d e x h i b i t s a c h r o n i c

Page 37: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

26

p e r s i s t e n c e i n t h e s e d i m e n t ( J a c o b s e n a n d B e r g l i n d , 1 9 8 8 ) .

T h e s e s t u d i e s h a v e n o t i n d i c a t e d t h e c h e m i c a l f o r m o f t h e

a n t i b i o t i c . Due t o t h e d r u g ' s h i g h a f f i n i t y f o r c o m p l e x a t i o n

w i t h a v a i l a b l e i o n s , l e v e l s o f OTC may be d e t e c t e d b u t

r e m a i n u n a v a i l a b l e f o r u p t a k e b y o t h e r b i o t a ( J a c o b s e n a n d

B e r g l i n d , 1 9 8 8 ) . I t i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h i s s t u d y t h a t a f t e r 7

d a y s p o s t t r e a t m e n t ( A u g u s t 1 , 1989) t h e r e w e r e s t i l l

d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n t h e o y s t e r s

s u s p e n d e d w i t h i n t h e n e t c a g e s . I n a r e c e n t s t u d y ( J a c o b s e n

, 1 9 8 9 ) c l e a r a n c e t i m e s o f f r e s h w a t e r r a i n b o w t r o u t a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t w i t h o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o b e ; 90

d a y s f o r a m b i e n t w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s b e l o w 6 ° C , 70 d a y s f o r

a m b i e n t w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n 6 a n d 12 ° C a n d 60 d a y s

f o r t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e 12 ° C . F r o m t h e s e s t u d i e s i t i s

e v i d e n t t h a t a n t i b i o t i c s a r e c o n t i n u a l l y b e i n g r e l e a s e d

t h r o u g h t h e common r o u t e s o f m e t a b o l i c e x c r e t i o n i n

s a l m o n i d s ( g i l l s , f a e c e s , m o u t h ) . T h e p h a r m a c o - k i n e t i c s o f

t h e d r u g i n t h e f i s h may p r o d u c e t h i s t i m e r e l e a s e m e c h a n i s m

o f d r u g i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s m e c h a n i s m i s

h y p o t h e s i z e d t o b e a p o s s i b l e s o u r c e o f t h e p r o l o n g e d d r u g

l e v e l s i n t h e o y s t e r s o n A u g u s t 1 , 1 9 8 9 .

R o m e t - 3 0 was i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e o y s t e r s o n J u l y 1 , 1989

i n s t a t i o n s 3 , 4 a n d 5 . T h i s c o i n c i d e d w i t h d a y 1 o f p o s t

t r e a t m e n t . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f SDM w e r e a t t h e i r maximum

d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s . S t a t i o n 4 , t h e p e n c l o s e s t t o t h e t r e a t e d

f i s h e x h i b i t e d t h e h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 . 2 7 ppm (n=2,

F i g . 8 ) . I n a r e c e n t s t u d y t h e r a t e o f t i s s u e u p t a k e a n d

Page 38: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

27

d e c l i n e o f SDM a n d OMP was shown t o d i f f e r i n s a l m o n i d s

( W a l i s s e r e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ) . SDM was d e t e c t a b l e i n s a l m o n t i s s u e

f o r up t o 7 d a y s a f t e r c e s s a t i o n o f t h e t r e a t m e n t , w h i l e OMP

c o u l d be d e t e c t e d u p t o d a y f o u r t e e n p o s t t r e a t m e n t .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y two weeks a f t e r c e s s a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c

t r e a t m e n t t o t h e s a l m o n , d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f b o t h OMP a n d

SDM w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m o y s t e r s i n s t a t i o n s 4 a n d 5 . B o t h o f

t h e s e s t a t i o n s w e r e o u t s i d e o f t h e n e t c a g e s y s t e m a n d a s

F i g u r e 5 i n d i c a t e s , s t a t i o n 5 was l o c a t e d 200 m away f r o m

t h e f i s h f a r m . By A u g u s t 1 5 , 4 weeks p o s t t r e a t m e n t ,

d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f SDM w e r e r e c o r d e d i n o y s t e r s s a m p l e d

f r o m s t a t i o n s 1 a n d 4 . T h e h i g h ( 1 . 2 3 ppm) c o n c e n t r a t i o n

d e t e c t e d i n t h e o y s t e r s a t s t a t i o n 4 i s o f n o t e . A s was

i n d i c a t e d i n t h e s t u d y b y W a l l i s s e r e t a l . ( 1 9 9 0 ) , c l e a r a n c e

o f R o m e t - 3 0 i n e x p e r i m e n t a l f i s h was up t o two weeks p o s t

t r e a t m e n t . T h e l e v e l s o f d r u g i n t h e o y s t e r s w e r e n o t

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) f r o m t h o s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

d e t e c t e d o n J u l y 1 5 , o ne d a y p o s t t r e a t m e n t . T h i s w o u l d

s u g g e s t t h a t e i t h e r t h e o y s t e r i s s l o w t o d e p u r a t e SDM f r o m

i t s t i s s u e s o r t h a t a s o u r c e o f R o m e t - 3 0 o t h e r t h a n t h a t

d i r e c t l y e x c r e t e d f r o m t h e f i s h i s p r e s e n t . I t i s

c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t m e d i c a t e d f e e d was c a u g h t i n t h e mesh o f

t h e s a l m o n n e t a n d o r d o c k s t r u c t u r e a n d was r e l e a s e d i n t h e

w a t e r c o l u m n o v e r t i m e , no m e t h o d was d e v i s e d t o t e s t t h i s

t h e o r y . U n l i k e t h e s a l m o n i d s i n t h e u p t a k e e x p e r i m e n t

( W a l i s s e r e t a l . f 1990) SDM was d e t e c t a b l e i n t h e g r e a t e s t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n o y s t e r s o v e r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d . A l t h o u g h

Page 39: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

28

n o t e v i d e n t i n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y o n o y s t e r s , t h e

l e v e l s o f OMP t h a t m i g h t h a v e b e e n e x c r e t e d f r o m t h e f i s h

c o u l d h a v e b e e n s u f f i c i e n t l y l o w e n o u g h t o e s c a p e d e t e c t i o n

b y t h e e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d u s e d . V e r y l o w l e v e l s o f OMP w e r e

d e t e c t e d u p t o 4 weeks p o s t t r e a t m e n t ( F i g . 8 ) .

I n s u m m a r y , t h e HPLG m e t h o d s d e v e l o p e d f o r b o t h

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 a l l o w f o r s u c c e s s f u l

q u a n t i f i c a t i o n i n P a c i f i c o y s t e r s . T h e H P L C a n a l y s e s f o r

b o t h d r u g s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s s t u d y w e r e r e l i a b l e a n d r e s u l t e d

i n t h e d e t e c t i o n o f O T C , SDM a n d OMP a t l e v e l s down t o 0 . 0 5

a n d 0 . 1 0 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e r e s u l t s o f e x t r a c t i o n s

p e r f o r m e d o n t h e o y s t e r s s u s p e n d e d a t t h e s a l m o n f a r m

s u g g e s t s t h a t u p t a k e o f t h e d r u g s o c c u r r e d . T h e s e

p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s d i c t a t e d t h e n e e d f o r a c o n t r o l l e d

u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e o f OTC a n d R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r .

Page 40: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

29

C h a p t e r 2:

D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f A n t i b i o t i c U p t a k e a n d D e p u r a t i o n i n t h e

P a c i f i c O y s t e r .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e o f a r a n g e

o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t a m i n a n t s h a v e p r i n c i p a l l y f o c u s e d o n

t h e common m u s s e l M y t i l u s e d u l i s ( F o n g , 1 9 7 6 ; F o s s a t o a n d

C a n z o n i e r , 1 9 7 6 ; F r i e d r i c h a n d F i l i c e , 1 9 7 6 ; S i m p s o n , 1 9 7 9 ) .

T h e s e o r g a n i s m s c a n a l s o c o n c e n t r a t e a v a r i e t y o f

c h l o r i n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s ( R i s e b r o u g h e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) , a r o m a t i c

h y d r o c a r b o n s ( D i S a l v o e t a l . . 1 9 7 5 ; F o s s a t o a n d C a n z o n i e r ,

1976) a n d m e t a l i o n s (Lowe a n d M o o r e , 1979) w i t h i n t h e i r

t i s s u e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e y r e p r e s e n t g o o d i n d i c a t o r s o f

x e n o b i o t i c b i o a c c u m u l a t i o n . I n v i e w o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y

r e s u l t s o b s e r v e d a t t h e s a l m o n f a r m , a more c o n t r o l l e d

e x p e r i m e n t was u n d e r t a k e n t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e p o s s i b l e e x t e n t

o f d r u g u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e i n o y s t e r s . I t i s e s s e n t i a l

t h a t t h e u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e r a t e s o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c s u n d e r

i n v e s t i g a t i o n b e d e t e r m i n e d f o r o y s t e r s t o a i d i n t h e

e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f h a r v e s t i n g g u i d e l i n e s . T o d a t e t h e r e h a v e

b e e n n o p u b l i s h e d s t u d i e s r e g a r d i n g u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e o f

a n t i b i o t i c s i n s h e l l f i s h . A n e f f o r t was a l s o u n d e r t a k e n t o

d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f s u c h c h e m i c a l s , o n a m e a s u r e o f

o y s t e r c o n d i t i o n a n d o n e n d o g e n o u s l e v e l s o f b a c t e r i a

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e g u t o f t h e o y s t e r .

Page 41: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

30

METHODS AND M A T E R I A L S

A m a r i n e h o l d i n g f a c i l i t y e q u i p p e d w i t h a f l o w t h r o u g h s e a

w a t e r s y s t e m was u t i l i z e d a t E . V . S . C o n s u l t a n t s L t d . i n

N o r t h V a n c o u v e r , B . C . N i n e 25 l i t r e h o l d i n g t a n k s w e r e

s t o c k e d w i t h 70 - one y e a r o l d o y s t e r s s u p p l i e d b y F a n n y B a y

O y s t e r s L t d . T h e o y s t e r s w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o two t r a y s t h a t

w e r e s u s p e n d e d one o v e r t h e o t h e r i n t h e t a n k . T h e t r a y s

w e r e r e v e r s e d e a c h d a y s o a s t o r e d u c e p o s i t i o n i n g e f f e c t s .

E a c h t a n k was s u p p l i e d w i t h f i l t e r e d a m b i e n t s e a w a t e r a t a

f l o w r a t e o f 0 . 7 5 L / m i n . A d j u s t m e n t o f f l o w r a t e s t o e a c h

t a n k was a c c o m p l i s h e d b y i n d i v i d u a l v a l v e s . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

was d e l i v e r e d v i a a c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d f i s h f e e d t h a t was

g r o u n d t o a f i n e mash ( 0 . 0 5 mm d i a m . ) . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a d m i n i s t e r e d was 1 .33 gm / t a n k / 2 4 h r s .

R o m e t - 3 0 was a l s o d e l i v e r e d v i a a m a s h e d c o m m e r c i a l l y

p r e p a r e d p r e m e d i c a t e d f e e d , d e l i v e r e d a t a d o s a g e o f 1 . 1 1 3

gm / t a n k / 2 4 h r s . U n m e d i c a t e d f i s h f e e d was u s e d f o r t h e

c o n t r o l . T h e f e e d was i n t r o d u c e d c o n t i n u o u s l y o v e r e a c h

t w e n t y f o u r h o u r p e r i o d i n t o s e p a r a t e h e a d e r t a n k s b y

a u t o m a t e d f e e d e r s . F e e d d e l i v e r y t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l

e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d c o n t r o l t a n k s was b y s u s p e n s i o n i n w a t e r .

T h e a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l w e r e r u n i n t r i p l i c a t e .

T o d i f f e r e n t i a t e a n y v a r i a t i o n i n h e r e n t i n t h e s y s t e m

p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d o n t h e p h y s i c a l a s p e c t s o f

t h e d r u g d e l i v e r y s y s t e m . I t was d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e

m e d i c a t e d f e e d h a d a r e s i d e n t t i m e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30

s e c o n d s i n t h e h e a d e r t a n k s .

Page 42: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

T h e u p t a k e p e r i o d l a s t e d t e n d a y s a n d s a m p l e s w e r e

c o l l e c t e d o n d a y s 1 , 3 , 7 a n d 1 0 . F i v e o y s t e r s w e r e r a n d o m l y

c h o s e n f r o m e a c h t a n k , s t o r e d i n p l a s t i c z i p l o c k b a g s ,

l a b e l l e d a n d i m m e d i a t e l y f r o z e n o n d r y i c e . W a t e r

t e m p e r a t u r e (— 0 . 0 5 0 C ) , s a l i n i t y •(— 0 . 0 5 ° / o o ) , d i s s o l v e d

o x y g e n (— 0 . 0 5 m g / L ) a n d f l o w r a t e s ( — 5 . 0 m L / m i n . ) w e r e

r e c o r d e d d a i l y o v e r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d . S a m p l i n g f o r t h e

d u r a t i o n o f t h e d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d was s e t f o r d a y s 1 , 3 , 23

a n d 30 p o s t u p t a k e .

HPLC a n d E x t r a c t i o n T e c h n i q u e s

A n a l y s i s f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 i n o y s t e r

t i s s u e s was p e r f o r m e d f o r t h i s p a r t o f t h e s t u d y a t S y n d e l

L a b o r a t o r i e s L t d . i n V a n c o u v e r , B . C . T h e e x t r a c t i o n

t e c h n i q u e f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was m o d i f i e d f r o m Oka e t a l .

( 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d u t i l i z e d f o r R o m e t - 3 0 was

d e v e l o p e d b y a n d i s t h e c o m m e r c i a l p r o p e r t y o f S y n d e l

L a b o r a t o r i e s L t d .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e (OTC)

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was o b t a i n e d f r o m H o f f m a n n - L a R o c h e L t d .

T h e e q u i p m e n t u t i l i z e d was a M i l l i p o r e s y s t e m i n c l u d i n g :

H P L C pump, m o d e l 501 s o l v e n t m e t e r i n g s y s t e m ; u n i v e r s a l

l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h i n j e c t o r , m o d e l U 6 K a ; d e t e c t o r m o d e l

4 5 0 ; B a s e l i n e 810 c h r o m a t o g r a p h y i n t e g r a t i o n s o f t w a r e .

C h r o m a t o g r a p h y was p e r f o r m e d w i t h a c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d

U B o n d a p a k C18 c o l u m n . T h e i n j e c t i o n v o l u m e was 2 5 u L .

Page 43: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

32

U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t i o n was s e t a t 340 nm f o r a l l a n a l y s e s .

T h e m o b i l e p h a s e c o n s i s t e d o f 80 % 50 mM N a H 2 P 0 4 pH 2 . 5 a n d

20% a c e t o n i t r i l e . F i l t r a t i o n o f t h e m o b i l e p h a s e p r i o r t o

u s e was d o n e u s i n g a H P L C s o l v e n t c l e a n - u p a s s e m b l y a n d F P

V e r i c e l 47 mm, 0 . 4 5 um membrane f i l t e r s .

E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e d u r e

A s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d was m o d i f i e d f r o m t h a t o f

Oka e t a l . ( 1 9 8 3 ) . I n d i v i d u a l o y s t e r s a m p l e s w e r e t h a w e d a t

room t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e t i s s u e r e m o v e d a s e p t i c a l l y a n d

t o w e l l d r i e d . A t * t i m e s ( d e n o t e d i n r e s u l t s ) t h e 5 a n i m a l s

f r o m e a c h r e p l i c a t e w e r e c o l l e c t i v e l y h o m o g e n i z e d a n d t h e

s a m p l e t r e a t e d a s a p o o l e d r e s u l t ( N = l ) . T o d e t e r m i n e t h e

v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o u p t a k e a n d

d e p u r a t i o n o f d r u g , e x t r a c t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s w e r e

a l s o p e r f o r m e d . W h o l e a n i m a l s a m p l e s w e r e g r o u n d i n a

b l e n d e r a n d a 2 0 . 0 g s u b s a m p l e o f t h e s l u r r y was r e m o v e d . T o

e a c h 2 0 . 0 g s a m p l e , 50 m l o f b u f f e r was a d d e d . T h e b u f f e r

u s e d was 38.5% 2 8 . 4 1 g / L N a 2 H P o 4 a n d 61.5% 1 9 . 2 1 g / L c i t r i c

a c i d f i x e d t o a pH o f 4 . 0 . E a c h s a m p l e was h o m o g e n i z e d i n a

75 m l p l a s t i c c e n t r i f u g e t u b e f o r 30 s e c o n d s a t medium s p e e d

u s i n g a B r i n k m a n P o l y t r o n h o m o g e n i z e r M o d e l P T 1 0 / 3 5 . T h e

s a m p l e s w e r e c e n t r i f u g e d f o r t w e n t y f i v e m i n u t e s a t 6500 g

a n d 4 . 0 ° C ( J A - 2 0 r o t o r ) . T h e s u p e r n a t a n t was t r a n s f e r r e d t o

a 50 m l t u b e a n d p a s s e d t h r o u g h a n a c t i v a t e d S e p - P a k C 1 8

c a r t r i d g e . A c t i v a t i o n o f t h e S e p - P a k c a r t r i d g e p r i o r t o

l o a d i n g t h e s a m p l e was a c c o m p l i s h e d b y p a s s i n g 5 . 0 m l o f

Page 44: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

33

m e t h a n o l f o l l o w e d b y 5 . 0 m l o f w a t e r . 2 0 . 0 m l o f m e t h a n o l

was u s e d t o e l u t e t h e C 1 8 c o l u m n . T h e e l u a t e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d

i n 100 m l r o u n d b o t t o m f l a s k s a n d r o t o - e v a p o r a t e d a t room

t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e r e s i d u e s w e r e t h e n f i x e d t o 1 .0 m l w i t h

m e t h a n o l a n d i n j e c t e d .

R o m e t - 3 0 (SDM & OMP)

T h e H P L C c o n d i t i o n s a n d e q u i p m e n t a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e f o r

O T C . U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t i o n was s e t a t 270 nm f o r a l l

a n a l y s e s . T h e m o b i l e p h a s e f o r t h e S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e

e x t r a c t i o n s c o n s i s t e d o f 75% 50 mM N a H 2 P 0 4 pH 2 . 5 a n d 25%

a c e t o n i t r i l e . T h e m o b i l e p h a s e f o r o r m e t o p r i m e x t r a c t i o n s

was 88% 50 mM N a H 2 P 0 4 pH 2 . 5 a n d 12% a c e t o n i t r i l e .

E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e d u r e

T h e R o m e t - 3 0 e x t r a c t i o n i s a n o r g a n i c l i q u i d - l i q u i d

e x t r a c t i o n a n d i s t h e c o m m e r c i a l p r o p e r t y o f S y n d e l

L a b o r a t o r i e s . T h e two a n t i b i o t i c c o m p o n e n t s i n t h e

c o m m e r c i a l p r e p a r a t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 a r e o r m e t o p r i m a n d

s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e . E a c h c o m p o n e n t was e x t r a c t e d a n d i n j e c t e d

s e p a r a t e l y .

R e c o v e r y

T h e r e c o v e r i e s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e , s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d

o r m e t r o p r i m f r o m o y s t e r t i s s u e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e

a d d i t i o n o f 1 mL o f e a c h o f t h e p r e p a r e d s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s

c o n t a i n i n g 2 . 0 , 5 . 0 , 1 0 . 0 a n d 3 0 . 0 u g o f d r u g t o 20 g

Page 45: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

34

s a m p l e s o f c o n t r o l o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e s a m p l e s w e r e e x t r a c t e d

a n d a n a l y z e d a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . R e c o v e r y ( T a b l e 2) was

d e t e r m i n e d b y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a r e a o f O T C , SDM a n d OMP f o r

e x t r a c t e d t i s s u e s a m p l e s a n d c o m p a r i n g t h e s e t o t h e a r e a s

o b t a i n e d f r o m u n e x t r a c t e d s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s o f i d e n t i c a l

q u a n t i t i e s .

S e n s i t i v i t y

T h e s e n s i t i v i t y o r l o w e r d e t e c t i o n l i m i t was d e t e r m i n e d b y

t h e s o f t w a r e i n t e g r a t i o n s y s t e m . I t a s s u m e s a l i n e a r

c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e f o r a l l a n t i b i o t i c s t e s t e d .

C o n d i t i o n I n d e x

O y s t e r s w e r e s a m p l e d a t r a n d o m a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e

u p t a k e p e r i o d a n d c o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s d e t e r m i n e d (n=10)

( A l d r i c h a n d C r o w l e y , 1986) b y t h e e q u a t i o n :

DRY MEAT WEIGHT g

DRY S H E L L WEIGHT g X 1000

A t t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e t e n d a y u p t a k e p e r i o d o y s t e r s

w e r e s a m p l e d f r o m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p (n=12) t o

d e t e r m i n e i f a d i e t s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h m e d i c a t e d f e e d

s i g n i f i c a n t l y c h a n g e d c o n d i t i o n o f t h e a n i m a l .

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l A n a l y s i s

C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e l a t i v e b a c k g r o u n d c o m p o s i t i o n o f

t h e n a t u r a l b a c t e r i a l f l o r a o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

p o p u l a t i o n o f o y s t e r s was d e t e r m i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o

Page 46: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

35

m e t h o d s a d o p t e d f r o m K e l l y , ( 1 9 9 0 ) . S i x o y s t e r s e a c h ,

f r o m t h e c o n t r o l , OTC a n d R o m e t - 3 0 e x p e r i m e n t a l t a n k s

w e r e a n a l y z e d . P l a t i n g m e d i a a n d m e t h o d s e m p l o y e d i n t h e

q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e a s f o l l o w s :

B l o o d a g a r b a s e n o . 2 w i t h 5% s h e e p b l o o d

M a k c o n c h e y a g a r

T h i o s u l p h a t e c i t r a t e b i o s a l t s s u c r o s e a g a r ( T C B S )

T h e q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e e m p l o y e d u s i n g a l l

t h r e e m e d i a . S t r e a k i n g o f t h e p l a t e s was p e r f o r m e d

a s e p t i c a l l y w i t h a g a s t r i c c r o s s s e c t i o n o f o y s t e r

t i s s u e . A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e number o f c o l o n i e s o b t a i n e d

o n c o u n t p l a t e s p r e p a r e d f r o m t h e s h e l l f i s h a t r o o m

t e m p e r a t u r e ( c i r c a 20 t o 25 ° C ) was made .

S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s e s

One way a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was u s e d t o a n a l y z e a l l d a t a

f o r s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s . S t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n mean v a l u e s o f d r u g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r

b o t h u p t a k e a n d d e p u r a t i o n s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s w e r e d i s c e r n e d

u s i n g T u k e y s t e s t s . T u k e y s t e s t s w e r e a l s o e m p l o y e d t o

d i s t i n g u i s h s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n

c o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s a n d b a c t e r i a l c o u n t s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r

m e d i c a t i o n . T h e l e v e l o f r e j e c t i o n was s e t a t p < 0 . 0 5 f o r a l l

d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .

Page 47: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

36

R E S U L T S

W a t e r p a r a m e t e r s

A v e r a g e w a t e r p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d w e r e :

t e m p e r a t u r e , 1 2 . 0 ° C ± 1 .3 s . e . ( n = 4 0 ) ; s a l i n i t y , 2 8 . 0 ° / o o

( n = 4 0 ) ; d i s s o l v e d 0 2 , 8 . 7 m g / L (n=40) a n d f l o w r a t e 0 . 7 5

L / m i n . — 0 . 2 s . e . ( n = 3 6 0 ) .

C a l i b r a t i o n C u r v e a n d R e c o v e r y

T h e c o m p u t e r s o f t w a r e " B a s e l i n e 810" i n t e g r a t e s t h e p e a k

a r e a s a n d a s s u m e s a l i n e a r c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e b a s e d o n

e n t e r e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e s . T h e r e c o v e r i e s o f t h e t h r e e

d r u g s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 2 . F r o m t h i s a s s u m p t i o n o f

l i n e a r i t y t h e d e t e c t i o n l i m i t s o r s e n s i t i v i t i e s a r e

c a l c u l a t e d a s t h e f o l l o w i n g ; 0 . 2 ppm f o r O T C , 0 . 0 5 ppm f o r

O r m e t o p r i m a n d 0 . 0 3 ppm f o r S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

U p t a k e

F i g u r e 9 i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f P a c i f i c

o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h 2 . 0 ppm o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e . S a m p l i n g o f o y s t e r s d u r i n g t h e t e n d a y

u p t a k e t r i a l i n d i c a t e d i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

a n t i b i o t i c , r e a c h i n g a maximum o f * 1 0 . 7 2 ppm + 2 . 4 s . e .

(n=7) o n d a y 1 0 . F i g u r e 10 i n d i c a t e s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e f r o m o y s t e r s s a m p l e d o n d a y s ; 1 , 3 , 7 , a n d

1 0 .

Page 48: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

T A B L E 2 .

RECOVERY OF O T C , OMP AND SDM FROM WHOLE P A C I F I C O Y S T E R T I S S U E ( V a l u e s r e p r e s e n t a s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n )

S a m p l e C o n c e n t r a t i o n (ppm)

OTC % R e c o v e r y

OMP % R e c o v e r y

SDM % R e c o v e r y

0 . 2 3 8 . 0 3 6 . 0 0 . 5 4 2 . 0 4 2 . 0 1 .0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 4 . 0 2 . 0 5 9 . 0 5 2 . 0 5 . 0 5 3 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 4 . 0

Mean R e c o v e r y 5 2 . 3 4 4 . 8 4 6 . 0

Page 49: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

38

BUNK EXTRACT

\ \

\ .00 2.00 3.00 4.00

ninu-tes 5.00

2.20

2.00 H

1.80 -j

1.S0

1 .AO

1 .20 -i

1.00-1

0.00 1.00 0 0 3.00 4.00 ' 5.00'

F i g u r e 9 . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g f a m o f b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d a e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h 2 . 0 ppm o f O T C .

Page 50: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

UPTAKE OF OXYTETRACYCLINE IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER, C. gigas

( + / - 1 s.e.) 14.0 39

12.0-2 a. a.

1 u. o z o

10.0

8.0 J

6.0 - I

T*

1

c z o o 4.0

2.0

0.0 t r 3 DAYS

i i i i

7 10

F i g u r e 10. P l o t o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e u p t a k e v e r s u s t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s a p o o l e d sample o f .5 a n i m a l s (n=3) , e x c e p t where d e n o t e d by a * , t h e n n=7.

DEPURATION OF OXYTETRACYCLINE IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER, C. gigas ( + / - 1 s.e.)

8.O-1

7.0-

s 6.0-a.

5.0-o • u. o 1

o 4.0-z /—\

E

| c a S> 3.0-

LLI

o 2.0-z

1.0-

0.0-

I.

1 3 13 DAYS

30

F i g u r e 11 . P l o t o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e d e p u r a t i o n v e r s u s t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s a p o o l e d sample o f 5 a n i m a l s (n=3) , e x c e p t where d e n o t e d by a * , t h e n n=7.

Page 51: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

40

D e p u r a t i o n

F o l l o w i n g a t h i r t y d a y d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e

no m e d i c a t e d f e e d was a d m i n i s t e r e d , a n a s y m p t o t i c d e p u r a t i o n

c u r v e r e s u l t e d , F i g u r e 1 1 . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c

d e t e c t e d i n w h o l e a n i m a l t i s s u e d e c l i n e d s t e a d i l y f r o m a

maximum o f 6 . 0 7 ppm — 1 .08 s . e . (n=3) o n d a y 1 o f d e p u r a t i o n

t o a min imum q u a n t i f i a b l e l e v e l o f * 0 . 2 1 ppm — 0 . 0 4 s . e .

(n=7) o n d a y 13 o f d e p u r a t i o n . S a m p l i n g o n d a y t h i r t y o f

d e p u r a t i o n r e s u l t e d i n no d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l o f OTC i n a n y o f

t h e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d .

R o m e t - 3 0

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e (SDM)

U p t a k e

F i g u r e 12 i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f o y s t e r

t i s s u e e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h SDM. D u r i n g t h e t e n d a y u p t a k e

p e r i o d , SDM r e a c h e d a maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n w h o l e a n i m a l

t i s s u e s o f 1 . 0 9 ppm — 0 . 2 4 s . e . (n=3) o n d a y 7 a n d d e c r e a s e d

t o * 0 . 5 0 3 ppm ± 0 . 2 1 s . e . (n=7) o n d a y 1 0 , s e e F i g u r e 1 3 .

Page 52: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

41

BL2NK ECIR^Cr

1.50 -

l .40 -

1.30-

s a

1.00 !.00 3.00 4.00

Minutes

5.00

1 .20 -

T " : : J - - - - ' ^ — i

I i,

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.30 1.00 1.20

x ID1 ninutes

F i g u r e 1 2 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h SDM a t 2 . 0 ppm.

Page 53: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

42

D e p u r a t i o n

T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f SDM o n d a y 1 o f d e p u r a t i o n was 0 . 0 3

ppm — 0 . 0 0 5 s . e . ( n = 3 ) . T h e d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f t h e d r u g

t h e n i n c r e a s e d o n d a y 3 o f t h e s t u d y t o 0 . 1 1 ppm + 0 . 0 0 2

s . e . ( n = 3 ) . On d a y t h i r t y o f d e p u r a t i o n no d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s

o f d r u g w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p ( F i g . 1 4 ) .

O r m e t o p r i m (OMP)

U p t a k e

OMP was d e t e c t e d i n s m a l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o n d a y t h r e e i n

one o f t h e t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e p l i c a t e s . A s F i g u r e 13

i n d i c a t e s 0 . 0 3 ppm ( n = l ) was t h e minimum c o n c e n t r a t i o n

d e t e c t e d a n d o n d a y 7 o f u p t a k e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d f r o m one o f

t h e t h r e e r e p l i c a t e s r e v e a l e d l e v e l s o f OMP o f 0 . 2 1 ppm

( n = l ) . F i g u r e 15 i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f o y s t e r

t i s s u e e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h 2 . 0 ppm o f OMP.

D e p u r a t i o n

A t no p o i n t i n t h e t h i r t y d a y d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d was OMP

d e t e c t e d i n t h e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d f r o m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

p o p u l a t i o n s .

Page 54: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

UPTAKE OF ROMET-30 IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER, C. gigas

2 a. a. o

pi o | i s _ 54 0.6

UJ o z o o

1.6

1.4-

1.2-

1.0

0.8H

0.4

0.2 H

0.0 - i r

(+/- 1 M.)

~i 1 r

DAYS

T 1 1 1

10 > SDM A OMP

43

Figure 13. P l o t of Romet-30 (SDM&OMP) uptake versus time i n the P a c i f i c oys ter . Each po int represents a pooled sample of 5 animals (n=3), except where denoted by a * , then n=7.

DEPURATION OF ROMET-30 IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER, C. gigas (+/- 1 ••«-)

0.12

2

&. 0.09 o

O o

o z o o 0.03-

0.00 1 3 13

DAYS 30

SDM OMP not detected

Figure 14. P l o t of Romet-30 (SDM&OMP) depuration versus time i n the P a c i f i c oys ter . Each po int represents a pooled sample of 5 animals (n=3), except where denoted by a * , then n=7.

Page 55: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

44

.00 3.00

n i n u i s s

I . I S H

1 .10

1.05 -4

0.95

.'.... —

• r • I ' ' ' I 1 ' 1 I ' ' 1 I ' ' ! I ' I 0.00, 0.20 0.10 0.60 O.aO l.OO 1.20 1.40

x 10* ninutes

F i g u r e 1 5 . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d a e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h 2 . 0 ppm o f OMP.

Page 56: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

45

C o n d i t i o n I n d e x

F i g u r e 16 i n d i c a t e s t h e c h a n g e i n c o n d i t i o n i n d e x f o r t h e

t e n d a y u p t a k e s t u d y . T h e i n d e x a t t h e commencement o f t h e

t e n d a y s t u d y was 3 5 . 0 — 4 . 2 2 s . e . (n=10) a n d u p o n

c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e u p t a k e s t u d y was 4 1 . 7 — 1 .94 s . e . ( n = 1 2 ) .

T h e s e v a l u e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

( p < 0 . 0 5 ) .

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l Q u a n t i f i c a t i o n

T a b l e 3 s u m m a r i z e s t h e a v e r a g e c o u n t s o f 6 i n d i v i d u a l

o y s t e r s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h b o t h a n t i b i o t i c s .

T h e b l o o d a g a r medium a p p e a r e d t o g i v e t h e maximum c o u n t i n

t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p . T h e b a c t e r i a o n t h e s e p l a t e s w e r e v e r y

m u c o i d a n d t e n d e d t o p r o d u c e v e r y c o n f l u e n t c o l o n i e s . T h e r e

was a s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e i n c o l o n i e s c o u n t e d o n t h e R o m e t -

30 b l o o d a g a r medium p o s t t r e a t m e n t . T h i s was t h e g r e a t e s t

d e c r e a s e i n g r o w t h o b s e r v e d . M a k c o n c h e y a g a r w h i c h

s e l e c t i v e l y c u l t u r e s g r a m p o s i t i v e b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

sewage o u t f a l l p r o d u c e d 145 c o l o n i e s i n t h e c o n t r o l o y s t e r s

a n d f a i l e d t o p r o d u c e a n y c o l o n i e s p o s t t r e a t m e n t .

T h i o s u l f a t e C i t r a t e B i o s a l t s S u c r o s e a g a r ( T C B S ) w h i c h

s e l e c t i v e l y c u l t u r e s t h o s e s p e c i e s o f b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h s a l t w a t e r a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r V i b r i o c a u s a t i v e b a c t e r i a ,

p r o d u c e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 398 c o l o n i e s i n t h e c o n t r o l o y s t e r s .

T C B S medium p r o d u c e d a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r number ( p < 0 . 0 5 )

o f c o l o n i e s i n t h e R o m e t - 3 0 ( 1 2 3 . 6 ) a n d O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

( 1 7 8 . 2 ) t r e a t e d o y s t e r s c o m p a r e d t o c o n t r o l s .

Page 57: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

T A B L E 3 . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i z a t i o n o n s e v e r a l m e d i a a s d e t e r m i n e d b y mean p r o b a b l e number ( M P N ) .

MEDIUM CONTROL R O M E T - 3 0 OTC

Mean c o u n t o f 6 o y s t e r s

B l o o d a g a r c o n f l u e n t 9 3 . 7 * 1 5 9 . 0 *

M a c k o n c h e y 1 4 5 . 0 0* 0* a g a r

T C B S a g a r 3 9 8 . 4 1 2 3 . 6 * 1 7 8 . 0 *

* D e n o t e s s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e f r o m c o n t r o l v a l u e (p< 0 . 0 5 )

Page 58: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

47

CONDITION INDEX OF PACIFIC OYSTERS P R E AND POST TREATMENT

(+ / - 1 s.e.) 50-n

o o o X

x ^

Z © — JC O £

O * O o

E T3

40 A

30 -4

20 J

10H

PRE TREATMENT POST TREATMENT

F i g u r e 1 6 . H i s t o g r a m o f P a c i f i c o y s t e r c o n d i t i o n i n d e x f o r p r e a n d p o s t a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t . ( * d e n o t e s s i g n i f i c a n t s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e )

Page 59: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

48

D I S C U S S I O N

I n v i e w o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s o b s e r v e d a t t h e

s a l m o n f a r m , a more c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t was u n d e r t a k e n t o

d i s t i n g u i s h t h e p o s s i b l e e x t e n t o f d r u g u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e

i n o y s t e r s . A n e f f o r t was a l s o u n d e r t a k e n t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e

t h e e f f e c t s o f s u c h c h e m i c a l s , o n a m e a s u r e o f o y s t e r

c o n d i t i o n a n d o n e n d o g e n o u s l e v e l s o f b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h t h e g u t o f t h e o y s t e r . I n t h i s c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t

t h e u p t a k e o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n o y s t e r s r e v e a l e d r e s u l t s t h a t

w e r e n o t u n l i k e t h o s e f r o m t h e s a l m o n f a r m s i t e . W i t h

r e s p e c t t o o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e t h e u p t a k e r a t e o v e r a p e r i o d o f

10 d a y s r e s e m b l e d a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p ( F i g u r e 1 0 , r 2 =

0 . 9 7 5 ) . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t a b i o a c c u m u l a t i o n o f OTC

o c c u r r e d i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . D u r i n g t h e u p t a k e p e r i o d ,

t h e r e was no d a t a t o i n d i c a t e t h a t a s a t u r a t i o n t h r e s h o l d

was r e a c h e d f o r OTC i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r .

D e p u r a t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w e d t h e u p t a k e p e r i o d a n d

c o n c l u d e d o n d a y 30 when no d e t e c t a b l e r e s i d u e s w e r e

i d e n t i f i e d . D e p u r a t i o n s y s t e m s f o r s h e l l f i s h h a v e b e e n

u t i l i z e d , b y many c o u n t r i e s whose w a t e r s a r e c h r o n i c a l l y

p o l l u t e d b y f e c a l c o l i f o r m s ( N e i l s o n e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ; S o u n e s s

e t a l . , 1 9 7 9 ; L e d o e t a l . , 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e r a p i d r a t e o f

b a c t e r i a l d e p u r a t i o n i n s h e l l f i s h i n e n g i n e e r e d d e p u r a t i o n

f a c i l i t i e s , s o m e t i m e s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n 48 h o u r s f o r some

s p e c i e s o f b a c t e r i a , h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d ( T h i S o n a n d

F l e e t , 1 9 8 0 ) . W i t h i n 13 d a y s o f d e p u r a t i o n t h e mean

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n t h e o y s t e r s h a d

Page 60: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

49

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d b y 1 0 . 5 ppm. T h i s w o u l d i n d i c a t e a

r a p i d c l e a r a n c e o f d r u g f r o m t h e t i s s u e s o f t h e o y s t e r . T h e

f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s o f o y s t e r s h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d i n p r e v i o u s

s t u d i e s f o r a s p e c t r u m o f s e a w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s ( L o o s a n o f f

a n d T o m m e r s , 1948 ; W a l n e , 1 9 7 2 ; B r a n d a n d T a y l o r , 1974;

B a y n e e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) . T h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e 30 d a y

d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d was 12 ° C a n d t h e mean d r y w e i g h t o f t h e

e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p o f o y s t e r s was 2 . 0 g ( b a s e d o n c o n d i t i o n

i n d e x d a t a , n = 1 2 ) . A c c o r d i n g l y a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e amount o f

w a t e r f i l t e r e d b y a n o y s t e r w o u l d be e s t i m a t e d a s 60 mLs p e r

m i n u t e ( W a l n e , 1 9 7 2 ) . By e x t r a p o l a t i o n t h e mean amount o f

t i m e r e q u i r e d b y t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p o p u l a t i o n t o d e p u r a t e a

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f OTC o f 1 0 . 5 ppm i n 13 d a y s c a n b e

t h e o r e t i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i l t r a t i o n r a t e

r e p o r t e d b y W a l n e , (1972) t h e amount o f d r u g d e p u r a t e d i n

t h i s t i m e i n t e r v a l w o u l d b e 0 . 0 0 9 p p m / L i t r e . B a s e d o n t h e

same p a r a m e t e r s o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f OTC

f i l t e r e d a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d f o r t h e t e n d a y u p t a k e was 0 . 0 1 2

p p m / L i t r e . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r a t e o f u p t a k e i s q u i t e

c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e r a t e o f d e p u r a t i o n f o r t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r ( F i g . 1 1 ) .

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e (SDM) was one o f t h e two c o m p o n e n t s

o f R o m e t - 3 0 t h a t was p r e s e n t i n s u f f i c i e n t l e v e l s t h r o u g h o u t

t h e u p t a k e a n d d e p u r a t i o n p h a s e s o f t h e s t u d y t o p r o d u c e a

d e s c r i p t i v e t r e n d . OMP was n o t a s p r e d i c t a b l e i n i t s u p t a k e

a n d c l e a r a n c e b y t h e o y s t e r s . I n c o m p a r i s o n t o

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e , s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e i s much more s t a b l e i n

Page 61: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

50

t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t ( L i t t l e , 1 9 9 0 ) . R o m e t - 3 0 i s a l i p i d

s o l u b l e d r u g a n d t h e r e f o r e m u s t be d i g e s t e d b y t h e a n i m a l

f o r a b s o p r t i o n t o o c c u r . T h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c may be

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r o d u c i n g t h e v a r i e d r a t e s o f u p t a k e a n d

c l e a r a n c e o b s e r v e d f o r R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r .

A n o t h e r p o s s i b l e f a c t o r i n p r o d u c i n g t h i s a n o m a l y may b e

t h a t SDM a n d OMP w e r e n o t e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n t h e h e a d e r

t a n k a n d d r u g d e l i v e r y s y s t e m . U p o n i n t r o d u c t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0

m a s h e d f e e d p e l l e t s t o t h e h e a d e r t a n k a r e s i d u e was

o b s e r v e d t o f o r m o n t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e , t h i s may h a v e b e e n

t h e d r u g c o m i n g o u t o f s o l u t i o n . I n t h e c a s e o f OTC no s u c h

o b s e r v a t i o n was r e c o r d e d .

T h e o y s t e r s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y w e r e s u p p l i e d b y a

c o m m e r c i a l g r o w e r who s e l e c t e d o y s t e r s w i t h i n a one y e a r o l d

s i z e r a n g e . T h i s p r o d u c e d a p o p u l a t i o n o f o y s t e r s t h a t w e r e

f a i r l y u n i f o r m i n s i z e . I t h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e

r a t e s o f m o s t p h y s i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s a r e d e p e n d e n t o n

i n d i v i d u a l b o d y s i z e ( r e v i e w e d b y B a y n e e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 a ) . T h e

e f f e c t s o f s i z e a r e r e m o v e d f r o m p h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s

b y a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e a l l o m e t r i c m o d e l r e l a t i n g t h e r a t e o f

t h e p r o c e s s (F) t o b o d y mass ( W ) . A c c o r d i n g t o W a l n e , (1972)

t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s p e c i f i c f i l t r a t i o n r a t e , F , a n d

t h e d r y meat w e i g h t , W, c a n b e d e s c r i b e d b y t h e e q u a t i o n :

F = a W b

a i s t h e i n t e r c e p t o f t h e l i n e a n d b t h e s l o p e . T h e v a l u e o f

b s h o u l d a p p r o x i m a t e 0 . 6 6 7 when W i s d r y meat w e i g h t . T h i s

f o r m u l a a s s u m e s t h a t d r y meat w e i g h t i s 20% o f t h e l i v e wet

Page 62: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

51

w e i g h t . D r y meat w e i g h t was d e t e r m i n e d f o r a s u b s a m p l e o f 2 2

i n d i v i d u a l s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n , t h e f i l t r a t i o n

r a t e s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l o y s t e r s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o be

q u i t e v a r i a b l e . I f t h e two c o m p o n e n t s o f R o m e t - 3 0 (OMP a n d

SDM) w e r e n o t e q u a l l y s u s p e n d e d i n t h e d e l i v e r y s y s t e m t h e n

c o u p l e d w i t h t h e v a r i a t i o n o b s e r v e d i n o y s t e r s i z e a n d

f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s may h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e i n p r o d u c i n g s u c h

v a r i e d d r u g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e a n i m a l s . T h e d e g r e e t o

w h i c h c l e a r a n c e r a t e i s m a i n t a i n e d a t a s t e a d y s t a t e i s

l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t o n t h e s p e c i e s b e i n g s t u d i e d . I n many

i n t e r t i d a l b i v a l v e s , p u m p i n g r a t e i s m a i n t a i n e d a t a

c o n s t a n t l e v e l o v e r c o n s i d e r a b l e p e r i o d s o f t i m e ( B a y n e e t

a l . , 1 9 7 7 ; B r a n d a n d T a y l o r , 1 9 7 4 ) . Y e t i n c o n t r a s t ,

s u b t i d a l b i v a l v e s h a v e b e e n shown t o e x h i b i t a v e r y

i n t e r m i t t e n t p a t t e r n o f p u m p i n g a c t i v i t y ( B r a n d a n d T a y l o r ,

1 9 7 4 ) . B a s e d o n a mean w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e o f 12 ° C a n d mean

f i l t r a t i o n r a t e o f 60 m l / m i n u t e , t h e o y s t e r s i n e a c h t a n k

(n=70) w o u l d f i l t e r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 252 l i t r e s p e r h o u r . W a t e r

was f l o w i n g t o t h e t a n k s a t a r a t e o f 750 m l / m i n u t e , i n one

h o u r , 45 l i t r e s o f w a t e r f l o w e d t h r o u g h e a c h t a n k . What i s

e v i d e n t h e r e i s t h a t d e p e n d e n t o n t h e o y s t e r s p o s i t i o n i n

t h e t a n k some a n i m a l s w o u l d b e f i l t e r i n g t h e same b o d y o f

w a t e r o r a m i x t u r e t h e r e o f , a s much a s 7 t i m e s . I f t h e d r u g s

b e i n g a d m i n i s t e r e d w e r e n o t u n i f o r m i n t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n

t h e n i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a s sume t h a t some i n d i v i d u a l s c o u l d

p o s s i b l y f i l t e r a n d come i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h v a r i a b l e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f d r u g .

Page 63: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

52

T h e e f f e c t s o f p o o l i n g s a m p l e s o n d r u g d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n

t h e o y s t e r w a r r a n t s d i s c u s s i o n . F i g u r e s 13 a n d 14 r e p r e s e n t

t h e u p t a k e a n d d e p u r a t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e o y s t e r a n d

r e f e r e n c e i s made t o t h e s a m p l e s i z e s i n t h e p l o t s . D u r i n g

u p t a k e t h e g r e a t e s t mean c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d i n t h e

o y s t e r s t h a t w e r e n o t p o o l e d . T h e r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e s t a n d a r d

e r r o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h o s e d a t a w h e r e t h e s a m p l e s i z e i s

7 , i n d i c a t e a s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n o f d r u g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

w i t h i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s . When t h e s a m p l e s a r e p o o l e d

t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r i s g r e a t l y r e d u c e d . I t may be t h a t t h e

p o o l e d s a m p l e s mask t h e t r u e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c h e m i c a l s

w i t h i n i n d i v i d u a l o y s t e r s . F o r a n a n t i b i o t i c l i k e OTC t h a t

i s w a t e r s o l u b l e a n d u b i q u i t o u s i n i t s d i s p e r s i o n i n t h e

w a t e r c o l u m n , t h e p o o l i n g o f s a m p l e s may n o t h a v e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d i t s d e t e c t i o n . Y e t i n t h e c a s e o f

r o m e t - 3 0 t h a t was d e t e c t e d i n much l o w e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , t h e

e f f e c t s o f p o o l i n g may h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d i t s

d e t e c t i o n .

C o n d i t i o n i n d e x a s a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f e c o p h y s i o l o g i c a l

s t a t u s h a s b e e n w e l l d o c u m e n t e d i n b i v a l v e s ( M a n n , 1 9 7 8 ;

L u c a s a n d B e r r i n g e r , 1 9 8 5 ; Brown a n d H a r t w i c k , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e

e f f e c t s o f v a r y i n g f e e d l e v e l s a n d c h a n g e s i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l

w a t e r p a r a m e t e r s o n t h e b i o l o g i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f b i v a l v e s

i s a n a r e a t h a t h a s b e e n i n t e n s e l y s t u d i e d ( L o o s a n o f f a n d

T o m e r s , 1 9 4 9 ; L i p o v s k y a n d Chew, 1 9 7 2 ; T e n o r e a n d D u n s t a n ,

1 9 7 3 ; M o r i , 1 9 7 9 ) . T h e m a s h e d f i s h f e e d ( a p p r o x . 0 . 0 0 5 mm

d i a m . ) i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e o y s t e r h o l d i n g t a n k s was

Page 64: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

53

p o s t u l a t e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u s p e n d e d

o r g a n i c s made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e o y s t e r a s a n e n e r g y s o u r c e .

I n b i v a l v e s , t h e g i l l s f i l t e r a n d r e m o v e f r o m t h e

v e n t i l a t i o n c u r r e n t a l l s u s p e n d e d p a r t i c l e s g r e a t e r t h a n 2 - 5

urn i n d i a m e t e r w i t h 100% r e t e n t i o n e f f i c i e n c y ( J o r g e n s e n ,

1 9 7 5 ; M o h l e n b e r g a n d R i i s g a r d , 1 9 7 8 ) . T h e i n c r e a s e d o r g a n i c

l o a d i n g a p p e a r e d t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e (p< 0 . 0 5 )

c o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s o f e x p e r i m e n t a l o y s t e r s w i t h i n a p e r i o d o f

10 d a y s . T h e r e s u l t s f r o m t h i s s t u d y a r e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h

p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o n b i v a l v e s ( B a y n e a n d T h o m p s o n , 1 9 7 0 ;

G a b b o t t a n d S t e p h e n s o n , 1 9 7 4 ; J o n e s a n d Iwama, 1 9 9 0 ) .

S h e l l f i s h i n m o s t p a r t d u e t o t h e i r i n h e r e n t a b i l i t y t o

a c c u m u l a t e a v a r i e t y o f o r g a n i s m s c o u p l e d w i t h t h e i r

i m p o r t a n c e a s a c o m m e r c i a l f o o d f i s h e r y h a v e b e e n t h e f o c u s

o f many b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s ( C o l w e l l a n d L i s t o n , 1 9 7 1 ;

B a r o s s a n d L i s t o n , 1 9 7 0 ; L i p o v s k y , 1 9 7 1 ; L i p o v s k y a n d Chew,

1 9 7 2 ; M e t c a l f e t a l . , 1 9 7 9 ) . I t h a s b e e n a s s u m e d b y many

b a c t e r i o l o g i s t s t h a t t h e b a c t e r i a l p o p u l a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h a q u a t i c a n i m a l s s u c h a s o y s t e r s , a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d

t o t h e b a c t e r i a l c o n t e n t o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g w a t e r ( C o l w e l l

a n d L i s t o n , 1 9 7 1 ) . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e t y p e s o f b a c t e r i a

o c c u r r i n g i n o y s t e r s w i l l v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e f l o r a o f t h e

e n v i r o n m e n t . I n t h e c a s e o f f i n f i s h e s i t i s now b e l i e v e d

t h a t a d e f i n i t e " f i s h c o m m e n s a l f l o r a " e x i s t s . T h e w o r k b y

C o l w e l l a n d L i s t o n , (1971) s u p p o r t s t h e v i e w t h a t o y s t e r s do

i n f a c t h a r b o r b a c t e r i a l c o m m e n s a l f l o r a , w h i c h i s c o m p o s e d

o f t y p i c a l l y m a r i n e p s y c h r o p h y l i c b a c t e r i a w e l l a d a p t e d

Page 65: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

54

p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y t o l i f e w i t h i n t h e m i c r o e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e

s h e l l f i s h .

I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e b a c t e r i a t h a t f o r m e d t h e g r e a t e s t

number o f c o l o n i e s w e r e t h o s e t h a t showed a p a r t i a l o r

c o m p l e t e s a l t d e p e n d e n c e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e g r o w t h

s t i m u l a t i n g e f f e c t o f t h e T C B S m e d i u m . T h e number o f

b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a l l t h r e e m e d i a u s e d

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) a f t e r t h e 10 d a y a n t i b i o t i c

u p t a k e p e r i o d . T h e M a c k o n c h e y medium ( a s e l e c t i v e medium f o r

b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h sewage) i n p a r t i c u l a r p r o d u c e d no

b a c t e r i a l g r o w t h a f t e r t h e t r e a t m e n t p e r i o d . T h i s w o u l d

s u g g e s t t h a t i n i t i a l l y t h e a n t i b i o t i c s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e

w a t e r c o l u m n c o u l d h a v e some d e g r e e o f e f f e c t o n t h e

c o m m e n s a l f l o r a o f t h e o y s t e r . R e c e n t s t u d i e s h a v e i n d i c a t e d

t h a t t h e b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s h e l l f i s h w i l l d i s p l a y

r e s i s t a n c e t o a n t i b i o t i c s ( L e d o e t a l . , 1 9 8 3 ; K e l l y , 1 9 9 0 ) .

Page 66: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

55

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

T h e H P L C m e t h o d s d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s i n t h i s s t u d y a l l o w

f o r s u c c e s s f u l q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f b o t h o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d

R o m e t - 3 0 i n P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e a s s a y f o r R o m e t - 3 0 i s

p a r t i c u l a r l y a d v a n t a g e o u s i n t h a t i t r e q u i r e s o n l y a s i n g l e

e x t r a c t i o n f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b o t h SDM a n d OMP i n

o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e r e c o v e r i e s o f b o t h SDM a n d OMP f r o m

o y s t e r t i s s u e w e r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e r e p o r t e d f o r s a l m o n i d s .

I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e h i g h p i g m e n t a n d l i p i d c o n t e n t

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o y s t e r t i s s u e was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e

l o w e r r e c o v e r y .

W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e w h o l e a n i m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

a n t i b i o t i c s d e t e c t e d i n t h e o y s t e r s a t t h e s a l m o n f a r m , i t

w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e e f f e c t s w e r e l o c a l i z e d t o w i t h i n 200 m

o f t h e f a r m s i t e . T h e d i s p e r s a l o f c h e m i c a l s i n t h e m a r i n e

e n v i r o n m e n t a r e m o s t l i k e l y s u b j e c t t o s i t e s p e c i f i c

h y d r o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s .

T h e c o n t r o l l e d u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e s t u d y c o n f i r m e d t h e

p r e m i s e o f d r u g u p t a k e a n d b i o a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r . T h e u p t a k e o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

i n c r e a s e d o v e r t i m e p r o d u c i n g a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p . T h e

d e p u r a t i o n o f t h e d r u g i n t h e o y s t e r i s b e s t d e s c r i b e d b y a n

a s y m p t o t i c c u r v e , w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t c l e a r a n c e o f d r u g

o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n t h e f i r s t 13 d a y s . R o m e t - 3 0 d i d n o t p r o d u c e

s u c h a d e f i n e d r e l a t i o n s h i p o f u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e w i t h i n

t h e o y s t e r . T h e u p t a k e o f b o t h c o m p o n e n t s o f R o m e t - 3 0 , SDM

a n d OMP was s p o r a d i c i n i t s d e t e c t a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . SDM

Page 67: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

56

was c l e a r l y t h e more d e t e c t a b l e o f t h e two t h r o u g h o u t u p t a k e

a n d c l e a r a n c e . C l e a r a n c e o f R o m e t - 3 0 was c o m p l e t e b y d a y

t h i r t e e n .

I t i s r ecommended t h a t i f s h e l l f i s h a r e t o b e h a r v e s t e d

w i t h i n 500 m o f a s a l m o n g r o w o u t s i t e t h a t a r e c o r d o f t h e

s a l m o n i d d r u g t r e a t m e n t s c h e d u l e be c o n s u l t e d s o a s t o

a s s u r e o f s u f f i c i e n t (30 d a y s ) a n t i b i o t i c c l e a r a n c e i n t h e

b i v a l v e s . I n a p o l y c u l t u r e s i t u a t i o n , a s i m i l a r p e r i o d o f

c l e a r a n c e s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d a n d / o r movement o f t h e

s h e l l f i s h t o a c l e a n s i t e t o a l l o w f o r a c o m p l e t e d e p u r a t i o n

p e r i o d .

Page 68: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

57

R e f e r e n c e s

A l d r i c h , J . C . a n d M . C r o w l e y . 1 9 8 6 . C o n d i t i o n a n d

v a r i a b i l i t y i n M y t i l u s e d u l i s ( L . ) f r o m d i f f e r e n t

h a b i t a t s i n I r e l a n d . A q u a c u l t u r e 5 2 : 2 7 3 - 2 8 6 .

A o k i , T . , K i a t o , T . a n d K . K a w a n o . 1 9 8 1 . C h a n g e s i n d r u g

r e s i s t a n c e o f V i b r i o a n g u i l l a r u m i n c u l t u r e d a y u ,

P l e c o g l o s s u s a l t i v e l i s T e m m i n c k a n d S c h l e g e l , i n J a p a n .

J . F i s h D i s e a s e s 4 : 2 2 3 - 2 3 0 .

B a r o s s , J . a n d J . L i s t o n . 1 9 7 0 . O c c u r e n c e o f V i b r i o

p a r a h a e m o l y t i c u s a n d r e l a t e d h e m o l y t i c v i b r i o s i n

m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t s o f W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e . A p p l .

M i c r o b i o l 2 0 : 1 7 9 - 1 8 6 .

B a y n e , B . L . , L i v i n g s t o n e , D . R . , M o o r e , M . N . a n d J . W i d d o w s .

1976 a . A C y t o c h e m i c a l a n d B i o c h e m i c a l I n d e x o f S t r e s s

i n M y t i l u s e d u l i s . M a r . P o l l . B u l l . 7 : 2 2 1 - 2 2 4 .

B a y n e , B . L . a n d R . J . Thompsom. 1 9 7 0 . Some p h y s i o l o g i c a l

c o n s e q u e n c e s o f k e e p i n g M y t i l u s e d u l i s i n t h e

l a b o r a t o r y . H e l g o l a n d e r w i s s . M e e r e s u n t e r s . 2 0 : 5 2 6 -

5 5 2 .

Page 69: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

58

B a y n e , B . L . , W i d d o w s , J . W . a n d R . I . E . N e w e l l . 1 9 7 7 .

P h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s o n e s t u a r i n e b i v a l v e

m o l l u s c s i n t h e f i e l d . I n : B i o l o g y o f b e n t h i c

o r g a n i s m s , E d . B . K . K e e g a n , P . O ' C e i d i g h a n d P . J . S .

B o a d e n , Pergammon, N . Y . : 5 7 - 6 8 .

B o y d e n , C . R . 1 9 7 7 . E f f e c t o f s i z e u p o n m e t a l c o n t e n t o f

s h e l l f i s h . J . M a r . B i o l . A s s o c . U K . 5 7 : 6 7 5 - 7 1 4 .

B r a n d , A . R . a n d A . C . T a y l o r . 1 9 7 4 . P u m p i n g a c t i v i t y o f

A r t i c a i s l a n d i c a a n d some o t h e r common b i v a l v e s . M a r .

B e h a v . P h y s i o l . 3 : 1 - 1 5 .

B r a t t o n , A . C . a n d E . K . M a r s h a l l . 1 9 3 9 . A new c o u p l i n g

c o m p o n e n t f o r s u l f a n i l a m i d e d e t e r m i n a t i o n . J . B i o l .

Chem. 1 2 8 : 5 3 7 - 5 5 0 .

B r o o k s , R . R . a n d M . G . R u m s b y . 1 9 6 5 . T h e b i o g e o c h e m i s t r y o f

t r a c e e l e m e n t u p t a k e b y some New Z e a l a n d b i v a l v e s .

L i m n o l . O c e a n o g r . 1 0 : 5 2 1 - 5 2 8 .

B r o w n , E . E . a n d J . B . G r a t z e k . 1 9 8 0 . F i s h F a r m i n g H a n d b o o k .

T h e A V I P u b l i s h i n g C o . I n c . , C o n n e t i c u t . 3 9 1 p p .

Page 70: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

59

B r o w n , J . R . a n d E . B . H a r t w i c k . 1 9 8 8 b . I n f l u e n c e s o f

t e m p e r a t u r e , s a l i n i t y a n d a v a i l a b l e f o o d u p o n s u s p e n d e d

c u l t u r e o f t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s : I I .

C o n d i t i o n i n d e x a n d s u r v i v a l . A q u a c u l t u r e 7 0 : 2 5 3 - 2 6 7 .

C o l w e l l , R . R . a n d J . L i s t o n . 1 9 7 1 . M i c r o b i o l o g y o f

S h e l l f i s h . B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f t h e n a t u r a l f l o r a

o f P a c i f i c O y s t e r s ( C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ) . A p p l .

M i c r o b i o l . 8 : 1 0 4 - 1 0 9 .

D i S a l v o , L . H . , G u a r d , H . E . a n d L . H u n t e r . 1 9 7 5 . T i s s u e

h y d r o c a r b o n b u r d e n o f m u s s e l s a s p o t e n t i a l m o n i t o r s o f

e n v i r o n m e n t a l h y d r o c a r b o n i n s u l t . E n v i r o n . S c i .

T e c h n o l . 9 : 2 4 7 - 2 5 1 .

F o n g , W . C . 1 9 7 6 . U p t a k e a n d R e t e n t i o n o f K u w a i t C r u d e o i l

a n d i t s E f f e c t s o n O x y g e n U p t a k e b y t h e S o f t S h e l l

C l a m , Mya a r e n a r i a . J . F i s h R e s . b d . C a n . 3 3 : 2 7 7 4 - 2 7 8 0 .

F o s s a t o , V . U . a n d W . J . C a n z o n i e r . 1 9 7 6 . H y d r o c a r b o n u p t a k e

a n d l o s s b y t h e m u s s e l M y t i l u s e d u l i s . M a r . B i o l .

3 6 : 2 4 3 - 2 5 0 .

F r i e d r i c h , A . R . a n d F . P . F i l i c e . 1 9 7 6 . U p t a k e a n d

a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t h e n i c k e l i o n b y M ; y t i l u s e d u l i s .

B u l l . E n v i r o n . C o n t a m . T o x i c o l . 1 6 : 7 5 0 - 7 5 5 .

Page 71: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

60

G a b b o t t , P . A . a n d R . R . S t e p h e n s o n . 1 9 7 4 . A n o t e o n t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e d r y w e i g h t c o n d i t i o n i n d e x a n d

t h e g l y c o g e n c o n t e n t o f a d u l t o y s t e r s ( O s t r e a e d u l i s L )

k e p t i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y , j . C o n s . i n t . E x p l o r . M e r .

3 5 : 3 5 9 - 3 6 1 .

H a r a , T . a n d S . I n o u e . 1 9 6 7 . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f V a r i o u s

S u l f o n a m i d e s i n t h e T i s s u e s o f R a i n b o w T r o u t a f t e r O r a l

D o s a g e . B u l l . J p n . S o c . S c i . F i s h . 3 3 : 6 1 8 .

H a r a , T . , I n o u e , S . a n d N . S a i t o . 1 9 6 7 . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

V a r i o u s S u l f o n a m i d e s i n t h e T i s s u e s o f R a i n b o w T r o u t

a f t e r O r a l D o s a g e o f t h e S o d i u m S a l t s . B u l l . J p n . S o c .

S c i . F i s h . , 3 3 : 6 2 4 .

H e r w i g , N . 1 9 7 9 . H a n d b o o k o f D r u g s a n d C h e m i c a l s U s e d i n

T r e a t m e n t o f F i s h D i s e a s e s . C h a r l e c C . T h o m a s ,

I l l i n o i s . 2 7 2 p p .

J a c o b s e n , M . D . 1 9 8 9 . W i t h d r a w l t i m e s o f f r e s h w a t e r r a i n b o w

t r o u t , S a l m o g a i r d n e r i R i c h a r d s o n , a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h

o x o l i n i c a c i d , o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d t r i m e t o p r i m . J o u r n .

o f F i s h D i s e a s e s 1 2 : 2 9 - 3 6 .

J a c o b s e n , P . a n d L . B e r g l i n d . 1 9 8 8 . P e r s i s t e n c e o f

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n S e d i m e n t s f r o m F i s h F a r m s .

A q u a c u l t u r e 7 0 : 3 6 5 - 3 7 0 .

Page 72: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

61

J o n e s , T . O a n d G . K . Iwama, 1 9 9 0 . P o l y c u l t u r e o f t h e P a c i f i c

O y s t e r , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ( T h u n b e r g ) w i t h C h i n o o k

S a l m o n , O n c o r h y n c h u s t s h a w y t s c h a . A q u a c u l t u r e : I n P r e s s

J o r g e n s e n , C . B . 1 9 7 5 . On g i l l f u n c t i o n i n t h e m u s s e l ,

M y t i l u s e d u l i s . O p h e l i a , 1 3 : 1 8 7 - 2 3 2 .

K e c k , G . , M a r t e l l , C . a n d J . P . G e r a r d . 1 9 8 4 . P h a r m a c o l o g i e

d e s p o i s s o n s . R e v u e de M e d e c i n e V e t e r i n a i r e , 1 3 3 : 2 1 7 -

2 2 8 .

K e l l y , M . 1 9 9 0 . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n . D e p a r t m e n t o f

M i c r o b i o l o g y , S h a u g h n e s s y H o s p i t a l , U n i v e r s i t y o f

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a .

L e d o , A . , G o n z a l e z , E . , B a r j a , J . L . a n d A . E . T o r a n z o . 1 9 8 3 .

E f f e c t o f D e p u r a t i o n o n t h e R e d u c t i o n o f

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l I n d i c a t o r s i n C u l t u r e d M u s s e l s ( M y t i l u s

e d u l i s ( L i n n a e u s ) ) . J o u r n . o f S h e l l f i s h R e s . 3 : 5 9 - 6 4 .

L i p o v s k y , V . P . 1 9 7 1 . M o r t a l i t y o f P a c i f i c o y s t e r s ,

C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ( T h u n b e r g ) . I . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f

T e m p e r a t u r e a n d E n r i c h e d S e a w a t e r o n t h e O y s t e r -

B a c t e r i a R e l a t i o n s h i p . M a s t e r s T h e s i s U n i v . W a s h . ,

C o l l . F i s h . , S e a t t l e , W a h i n g t o n : 4 5 p p .

Page 73: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

62

L i p o v s k y , V . P . a n d K . K . Chew. 1 9 7 2 . M o r t a l i t y o f P a c i f i c

O y s t e r s ( C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ) : T h e I n f l u e n c e o f

T e m p e r a t u r e a n d E n r i c h e d S e a w a t e r o n O y s t e r s u r v i v a l .

P r o c . N a t . S h e l l F i s h . A s s o c . 6 2 : 7 2 - 8 0 .

L i t t l e , M . 1 9 9 0 . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n . S y n d e l L a b o r a t o r i e s

L t d . V a n c o u v e r , B . C .

L o o s a n o f f , V . L . a n d F . D . T o m m e r s . 1 9 4 8 . E f f e c t o f s u s p e n d e d

s i l t a n d o t h e r s u b s t a n c e s o n t h e r a t e o f f e e d i n g o f

o y s t e r s . S c i e n c e 1 0 7 : 6 9 - 7 0 .

L o w e , D . M . a n d M . N . M o o r e . 1 9 7 9 . T h e c y t o c h e m i c a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f z i n c ( Z n l l ) a n d i r o n ( F e l l l ) i n t h e

common m u s s e l , M y t i l u s e d u l i s . a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p

w i t h l y s o s o m e s . J . M a r . B i o l . A s s . U . K . 5 9 : 8 5 1 - 8 5 8 .

L u c a s , A . a n d P . G . B e r r i n g e r . 1 9 8 5 . T h e u s e o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l

c o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s i n m a r i n e b i v a l v e a q u a c u l t u r e .

A q u a c u l t u r e 4 4 : 1 8 7 - 2 0 0 .

M a n n , R . , 1 9 7 8 . Some b i o c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s

o f g r o w t h a n d g a m e t o g e n e s i s i n C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s a n d

O s t r e a e d u l i s g r o w n a t s u s t a i n e d e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s .

J . M a r . B i o l . A s s o c . U . K . 5 8 : 9 5 - 1 1 0 .

Page 74: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

63

M c C a r t h y , D . H . , S t e v e n s o n , J . P . a n d A . W . S a l s b u r y . 1 9 7 4 . A

C o m p a r a t i v e P h a r m a c o - K i n e t i c S t u d y o f t h e

S u l p h o n a m i d e s a n d a S u l p h o n a m i d e P o t e n t i a t o r ,

T r i m e t h o p r i m i n R a i n b o w T r o u t . A q u a c u l t u r e 4 : 2 9 9 - 3 0 3 .

M c C r a c k e n , A . , F i d g e o n , S . , O ' B r i e n , J . J . a n d D . A n d e r s o n .

1 9 7 6 . A n I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f A n t i b i o t i c a n d D r u g R e s i d u e s

i n F i s h . J o u r n a l A p p l . B a c t . 4 0 : 6 1 .

M e t c a l f , T . G . , B . M u l l i n , D . E r i c k s o n , E . M o u l t o n a n d E .

L a r k i n . 1 9 7 9 . B i o a c c u m u l a t i o n a n d d e p u r a t i o n o f

e n t e r o v i r u s e s b y t h e s o f t - s h e l l e d c l a m Mya a r e n a r i a .

A p p l . E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l . 3 8 : 2 7 5 - 2 8 2 .

M o h l e n b e r g , F . a n d H . U . R i i s g a r d . 1 9 7 8 . E f f i c i e n c y o f

p a r t i c l e r e t e n t i o n i n 13 s p e c i e s o f s u s p e n s i o n f e e d i n g

b i v a l v e s . O p h e l i a 1 7 : 2 3 9 - 2 4 6 .

M o r i , K . 1 9 7 9 . E f f e c t s o f A r t i f i c i a l E u t r o p h i c a t i o n o n t h e

M e t a b o l i s m o f t h e J a p a n e s e o y s t e r C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s .

M a r i n e B i o l o g y . 5 3 : 3 6 1 - 3 6 9 .

Page 75: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

64

N e i l s o n , B . J . , H a v e n , D . S . , P e r k i n s , F . O . , M o r a l e s - a l a m o ,

R . , a n d M . W . R h o d e s . 1 9 7 8 . B a c t e r i a l d e p u r a t i o n b y t h e

A m e r i c a n o y s t e r C r a s s o s t r e a v i r g i n i c a u n d e r c o n t r o l l e d

c o n d i t i o n s . I I . P r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a n d p l a n t

d e s i g n . V a . I n s t . M a r . S c i . S p e c . R e p . N o . 8 8 : 4 8 p p .

O k a , H . , U n o , K . , H a r a d a , K . a n d M . S u z u k i . 1 9 8 3 .

I m p r o v e m e n t o f C h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s o f A n t i b i o t i c s . I I .

E v a l u a t i o n o f P r e p a c k e d C 1 8 C a r t r i d g e f o r E x t r a c t i o n o f

T e t r a c y c l i n e s . Y a k u g a k u Z a s s h i . 5 : 5 3 1 - 5 3 7 .

P h i l l i p s , D . J . H . 1 9 7 6 . T h e common m u s s e l , M y t i l u s e d u l i s , a s

a n i n d i c a t o r o f p o l l u t i o n b y z i n c , c a d m i u m , l e a d a n d

c o p p e r . I . E f f e c t s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a r i a b l e s o n u p t a k e

o f m e t a l s . M a r . B i o l . 3 8 : 5 9 - 6 9 .

P r i n g l e , B . H . , H i s s o n g , D . E . , K a t z , E . L . a n d M . G . M u l a w k a .

1 9 6 8 . T r a c e m e t a l a c c u m u l a t i o n b y e s t u a r i n e m o l l u s k s .

J . S a n i t . E n g . D i v . , Am. S o c . C i v i l E n g . 9 4 : 4 5 5 - 4 7 5 .

R i s e b r o u g h , R . W . , D e L a p p e , B . W . a n d T . T . , S c h m i d t . 1 9 7 6 .

B i o a c c u m u l a t i o n f a c t o r s o f c h l o r i n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s

b e t w e e n m u s s e l s a n d s e a w a t e r . M a r . P o l l . B u l l . 7 : 2 2 5 -

2 2 8 .

Page 76: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

R o g s t a d , A . , H o r m a z a b a l , V . a n d M . Y n d e s t a d . 1 9 8 8 .

O p t i m i z a t i o n o f s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e f r o m f i s h t i s s u e a n d i t s d e t e r m i n a t i o n

b y H P L C . J o u r n a l o f L i q u i d C h r o m a t o g r a p h y 1 1 : 2 3 3 7 - 2 3 4 7

S a l t e , R . a n d K . L i e s t o l . 1 9 8 3 . D r u g w i t h d r a w a l f r o m f a r m e d

f i s h . A c t a V e t e r i n a r i a S c a n d i n a v i c a 2 4 : 4 1 8 - 4 3 0 .

S a m u e l s e n , O . , T o r s v i k , V . , H a n s e n , P . K . , P i t t m a n , K . a n d A

E r v i k . 1 9 8 8 . O r g a n i c W a s t e a n d A n t i b i o t i c s F r o m

A q u a c u l t u r e . I C E B S , C M . 1988 F : 1 4 , S e s s . W.

M a r i c u l t u r e C o m m i t t e e .

S i m p s o n , R . D . 1 9 7 9 . U p t a k e a n d L o s s o f Z i n c a n d L e a d b y

M u s s e l ( M y t i l u s e d u l i s ) a n d R e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h b o d y

W e i g h t a n d R e p r o d u c t i v e c y c l e . M a r . P o l l . B u l l . 1 0 : 7 4 -

7 8 .

S n i e s z k o , S . F . a n d S . B . F r i d d l e . 1 9 5 1 . F u r t h e r S t u d i e s o n

F a c t o r s D e t e r m i n i n g T i s s u e L e v e l s o f S u l f a m e r a z i n e i n

T r o u t . T r a n s . Am. F i s h . S o c . 8 1 : 1 0 1 .

S o u n e s s , R . A . , B o w r e y , R . G . a n d G . H . F l e e t . 1 9 7 9 . C o m m e r c i a l

d e p u r a t i o n o f t h e S y d n e y r o c k o y s t e r C r a s s o s t r e a

c o m m e r c i a l i s . F o o d T e c h n o l . A u s t . 3 1 : 5 3 1 - 5 3 7 .

Page 77: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

66

S t e n n e r , R . D . a n d G . N i c k l e s s . 1 9 7 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f some

h e a v y m e t a l s i n o r g a n i s m s i n H a r d a n g e r f j o r d a n d

S k j e r s t a d f j o r d , N o r w a y . W a t e r A i r S o i l P o l l u t . 3 : 2 7 9 -

2 9 1 .

T a k a s h i m a , N . , A o k i , T . a n d T . K i a t o . 1 9 8 5 . E p i d e m i o l o g i c a l

s u r v e i l l a n c e o f d r u g - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s o f P a s t e u r e l l a

p i s c i c i d a . F i s h P a t h o l o g y 2 0 : 2 0 9 - 2 1 7 .

T e n o r e , K . R . a n d W . M . D u n s t a n . , 1 9 7 3 . C o m p a r i s o n o f f e e d i n g

a n d b i o d e p o s i t i o n o f t h r e e b i v a l v e s a t d i f f e r e n t f o o d

l e v e l s . M a r . B i o l . 2 1 : 1 9 0 - 1 9 5 .

T h i S o n , N . a n d G . H . F l e e t , 1 9 8 0 . B e h a v i o u r o f p a t h o g e n i c

b a c t e r i a i n t h e o y s t e r , C r a s s o s t r e a c o m m e r c i a l i s d u r i n g

d e p u r a t i o n , r e l a y i n g a n d s t o r a g e . A p p l . E n v i r o n .

M i c r o b i o l . 4 0 : 9 9 4 - 1 0 0 2 .

W a l n e , P . R . 1 9 7 2 . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f c u r r e n t s p e e d , b o d y s i z e

a n d w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e o n t h e f i l t r a t i o n r a t e o f f i v e

s p e c i e s o f b i v a l v e s . J . M a r . B i o l . A s s o c . U . K . 5 2 : 3 4 5 -

3 7 4 .

W a l i s s e r , J . A . , H . M . B u r t , D . D . K i t t s , T . A . V a l g a n d K . M .

M c E r l a n e . 1 9 9 0 . H P L C A n a l y s i s o f R o m e t - 3 0 R i n s a l m o n

f o l l o w i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f m e d i c a t e d f e e d . J o u r n a l o f

C h r o m a t o g r a p h y : I n P r e s s .

Page 78: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

67

A P P E N D I X

Page 79: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

68

A p p e n d i x 1

OTC E x t r a c t i o n s - U.B.C.

Page 80: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

69

Page 81: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

70

Page 82: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

71

Page 83: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

72

7

Page 84: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

73

Page 85: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

74

Page 86: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

75

Page 87: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

76

Page 88: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

77

Page 89: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

78

Page 90: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

79

Page 91: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

80

Appendix 2

ROMET-30 E x t r a c t i o n s - U.B.C.

Page 92: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...
Page 93: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

82

Page 94: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

-2ER0 iCfcO

2.«» U ?

tftl

i

Page 95: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...
Page 96: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...
Page 97: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

86

Page 98: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...
Page 99: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...
Page 100: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

89

• Si 1 £ ! O 6 O

» 2

I T

— »s.

I

, 2 i iliiiiiiiiiiliii

III I - — - = « - - • - =

Page 101: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

?0

Page 102: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

91

r

Page 103: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

92

I

Page 104: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

4.8

CHROMA TOG RAN i ncnOfti2CD

CHfcOtlATOPAC C-ftfcA TILE 0 no b DC THOli

iCFOfcT no 169 PKHO Tint AREA UK IDHO CUMC

1 7.6809 2 6.872 1 1622 0.4324 3 9.638 2147650 83.3901 4 212649 8.2767

TOTAL 2369263 180 START 6A/0I/90STOP 06i401 01 CHROnAIOGRAfl 2 flEMORUEB UAfcntMTttO PEftK TirtEI-'UMhOlOdi * AITCH<8>-3 J ANAL I . /

|08̂ 01/90 16t 06i 38

3 9.630

Page 105: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

94

X t W M u w a a.

Page 106: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

95

CHROtlf lTOPAC C - R 6 A S A M P L E no a R E P O R T MO 112

PKNO

I 2 3

T i n e

5.633 9. 632

12.187 13.928 22.732

A R E A NK I D N O

F I L E METHOD

C O M C

41

M A R E

T O T A L -TEN<3>=3

AMAL 00 '0' /99

219324 2263413

13234 13324

225567

2724336

16:39:34

6. 998 7. 825

7.7835 83. 1472

3.3764 9.439 8.2739

199

3. 667

"] 9 . 6 5 3

=» 22 .775

CHROflfrTOPAC C-R6A SANPLE (10 9 REPORT NO 113

— F I L E " "' METHOD 41

P K N O TIME A R E A MK IDNO CONC N A M E

667 998 633 775

197211 12169

2147367 212442

7. 676 9.4733

33.5313 3.2639

Page 107: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

96

Page 108: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

START

STftRT

Page 109: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

98

Page 110: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

26 . a

CHROHATOPAC c -SAtiPLE NO e REPORT HO 638

F 1LE IIETHOb

PKNO T 1IIC AREA IIK 1 tillO

1 4 . 9 3 3 5278 7 9851 2 £ . 0 2 9 9722 14 7882 3 6 . 9 8 3 16623 V 25 1483 4 7 . 6 0 2 7742 V 1 1 7123 5 10 .142 9812 14 844 6 1 1 . 7 5318 8 8451 ? 2 6 . 6 3 1 1605 17 55?

TOTAL 66098 108 STOP.Th<8 )=3 l START 9 6 / 8 5 / 6 ? .

928

5? 888

1 7 . 6 3 5

VO

Page 111: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

REPORT HO 63c.

AREA It K IDHO

1 4 .952 3979 18. 0o67

2 6 .862 7*54 :<o. 1 154 3 6. 97S 4 5 15 V 20 . 4393 4 10 .755 ;<S4 s 1 5. 17 68 5 1 1.782 22 35 1 0. 14 9 3

TOTAL 2 2 * 2 5 106 START J~ i

CHROMATOPAC C -SAHPLE Nti 0 REPORT NO 637

r u e MET Hull

PKHO TIME AREA Ml' 1 UNO COIIC

1 4. 96 4 2 2 ! 7 . 8 1 7 5 2 6. 026 6S99 1 2 . 7 7 2 5 3 S . 2 6 7 2 64 04 4 s . S S 8 2 4 j a ^ 2 s 1 204 5 2 2 . 2 9 9 4 o o

Page 112: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

18.612

24.863

CHROHATOPAC C-R6A SAMPLE NO 6 REPORT NO 632

FILE NETHOD

PKNO TINE AREA I1K I UNO

1 3.233 18695 9.3887 2 3.92 7825 V 6.8694 3 6.927 18418 16.1614 4 7.483 9822 V 8.6221 S 8.268 71 IS 6.2463 6 11.383 6845 6.688? 7 12.467 6S31 5.7333 8 13.34 12899 V 11.3235 8 18.612 24467 21.4791

18 24.863 9304 8.167S

TOTAL 113912 186 START 88/86/01

Page 113: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

£8.34?

CHRONATOPAC jSftnplSiJto REPORT NO" 648

C-R6A

AKFH m rtrte

6. 187 •^4.483

7.463 18.983 12.533 15.745 28.63 28.347

4476 12785 4682

16794 18825 15484 18216 29283

FILE METHOD

COHC

11.3682 4.163?

14.9339 16.7395 13.6975 9.8785

26.6387

START TOTAL 112458

Page 114: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

103

•s -a *

o a. o a c i X •! W

© - ftJ «

Page 115: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

m o 9 « <7> r. 9> ^ "» »-) r> » is, ff> •» — — .7. f> o i> r> « r»

« I <o *..> • « i .j J ^ K- ^ U X •_>"

o

X > > > > >

w — "J - 0> — T III t I\I «

i — — — — _ —

_ T =* ^ ir>'T><»fs,isirtrvto'«»

^ O X X - - - <y <u

, / V I s ;

Page 116: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...
Page 117: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

106

Page 118: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

START

V

•M • ,

,27.86 MOP

CHROHATOPAC C-S AMPLE 110 B REPORT HO 653

FILE HETHOD

KNO Ti n s AREA UK IDNO CONC

1 S. 192 14372 6.8527 2 5. 627 6462 2.7214 3 6.82 191 IS 8.8499 4 7.412 24423 10.2855 3 8. 17 15372 V 6.4736 6 9. 383 3565 1.5814 7 10.313 44 1 1 1.8373 e 11.267 19678 V 8.2873 » •» - 12.387 13143- v 5.3332

10 13.112 36378 V 15.317 11 14.388 13671 V 5.7576 12 19.327 S369 2.2612 13 21.723 21683 9.1317 14 23.6 28565 12.8297 IS 27.86 1 1252 4.7385

.:il!t'i:

Page 119: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

! ' ! ! ! "3Mnri.t n o . REPORT NO

! (

i :

.ii:

m

•lil: • |-;>i:

1 ,

n

» to 11 2 3

II 14 12 13 14

. IS

TINE

S. 192 3.627 6.82 7.412 8.17 .383 .313 267 387„ 112

.588

.327

.723

.6

.86

TOTAL START 88/88/81

AREA UK IDNO

14372 6462

19115 24423 15372 3565 4411

19678 „,I3143

36378 13671 5369

21683 28565 I 1252

• i o l i t '•

CONC

6.6327 2.7214 8.8499

18.2833 . 6.4736 > 1.5614 1.8573 8.2873

, 3.5332,, 15.317 5.7576 2.2612 9.1317

12.6297 4.7383

NANE

237451 188

92144123

.733

o 00

Page 120: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

• 1H.

11

-.- - S t ' i !

i l l •i,l '

•ii.iM-?i

CHROHATOPAC C-R6A SAMPLE REPORT

NO 0 NO 658

METHOD 41

PKHO TIME AREA MK IDNO CONC NAME

1 e 3

6.218 6.717

21.937

3336 7743 V

219336

1 . 4 4 4

3.3373 9 3 . 1 9 8 3

:

TOTAL START 98/08/08

236629

2 3 1 3 4 1 5 9

108 i

28.373

v

O VO

Page 121: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

110

Page 122: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

WWW '?»

If!

I N 1 :

•m i i

• . , , , 1 - . , . ,

CHRONATOPAC j 1 SAMPLE NO 0 NETHOD

r *.

REPORT NO 632 >• J. PKNO TINE AREA NK •UNO CONC

1 3.233 18693 9.3887 .' £ 3.92 7823 V 6.8694

; ' i 3 6.927 18418 16.1614 4 7.483 9822 V 8.6221 5 8.268 71 IS 6.2463

: 6 11.383 6843 6.6667 i i 7 12.467 6531 3.7333

9 13.34 12699 V 11.3233 9 18.612 24467 21.4791

i s 24.863 9304 8.1673

TOTAL 113912 186

INANE

START e e / B O ' e i

IN .#r,an 11(U-am i i si.ii , i ; i

6 S I 5 8 1 4 3

Page 123: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

CHRONATOPAC C-R6A SAHPLE NO 8 REPORT NO 657

FILE METHOD 41

1 5. 15? 3843 4.3414 2 6.63 16366 18.4211 3 7.382 2486 V 2.717? 4 8.18 3233 3.6521 5 8.645 5167 V 5. 8378 6 11.367 13827 15.6281 7 13.892 3963 4.412 8 21.623 39831 44.9978

TOTAL 88517 START 86/88/61 03148132 £ 3 M 5- f!

<j' iv''

• i

m. I: HI

Page 124: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...
Page 125: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

» I C O \ « « I « J T ^ N -r fs. ;*> - - f l i 7 i » « 0 » 1 \ » l | O ( I ) -n 4 «i n «> m <B — n n 0 T

n * - iii « J) o o ifl J - n - — — ~ — ^ in \ o n \

f*. iff ^» n <") <u to o

— rf> IS. rtj — — <D « » \ 9 4

O 0 . O O - « ( \ i <^ '» lOvd ' N . a >4»< « C 0. E

Page 126: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

115

Page 127: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

l i s

A p p e n d i x 3

OTC E x t r a c t i o n s - S y n d e l

Page 128: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

117

Sample: o t c - 5 Day 7 C h a n n e l : 353 ni A c q u i r e d : 09-APR-90 13:59 Method: C:\BASE\DATA\OTC

P i l e n a o e : o t c - 5 - " O p e r a t o r : DDV

1.97

2.35

3.33

«.38

Page 129: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

© i t e r a t e .

118

S a a p l e : :an A c h a n „ e J . 3 5 3

A c q u i r e d : 09-JPB-90 14:40 Method: C:\BASE\DATAVOTC

hj

S. 1

.3'

3 t u

- 2.43

P i l e n a i e : conA O p e r a t o r : DDV

3.31

c

Page 130: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

119

o

S a n p l e : con 3 C h a n n e l : 153 an P i l e n a i e : confl S q u i r e d : 09-APS-90 14:49 Method: C:\BASE\DATJ\OTC O p e r a t o r : DOV C o i i e n t s : O i y t e t . C o n t r o l

5< 1 Q " 4 v c l t s

0.97

- 1.96

- 2.43

Page 131: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : con G C h a n n e l : 353 ta P i l e n a u e : conG A c q u i r e d : 09-APB-90 14:58 Method: C:\BASE\DATA\OTC O p e r a t o r : DDV C o n t e n t s : O i y t e t . C o n t r o l

i< i O - 1 WO I tS

Page 132: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

Sample: con L C h a n n e l : 353 m

U'l a

1.36

Page 133: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

SaopJe: can .1 C h a n n e l : P i l e n a u e : conN O p e r a t o r : DDV

- 0.75

g g

to" ."o 1 t s

= , - 1.96

.".--=• - 2 . 4 3

• = • - 3.04

3 -I

•s

1

Page 134: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

123

C h a n n e l : 353 nil -;l , ... Hethod: C M B m i M W O T C O p i r a t o r l D M

ne l f i " l j j _ M .4. „

Page 135: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

124

S a n p i e : otc-5/3-0-2 C h a n n e l : 353 n i A c q u i r e d : 09-AP8-90 13:31 Method: C:\8ASE\DATA\0TC

F i l e n a m e : o i - 5 - 1 0 2 O p e r a t o r : ODV

- 1 \j<a> 1 t s

0.62

r n

a

1.96

2.43

3.03

-,_ 4.39

in

a

Page 136: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

125

S a i g l e : o i y t s t r a c y e ' , i n e A c q u i r e d : 19 - *P R-90 t : i < I n j V e t : 25.00

C h a n n e l : 3S3 m Method: C:\BASE\DATA\0TC F i l e n a i e : o t c s t d

O p e r a t o r : TOJ

>< l O -1 I t s

O ' O

03 o

03 Ul

i CO o

CO Ul

o o

o 1.36

3

£ a 4.

l.M

___ * ~ 4.56 o t c

01 O" O

Page 137: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : o t c 3 C h a o a e l : 353 n i F i l e n a a e : o t c B A c q u i r e d : 09-AP9-90 13:11 Method: C:\3ASS\DATA\0TC O p e r a t o r : DDV

N * U f i j

S £ 2

5

'10

in

- 0.44

1.97

' _ 4.40

Page 138: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

o a o [ i i e : s i s '. A c q u i r e d : 09-At-K- Pinnae:: ;jj \ia

S e t o o d : C:>3AS£\a*T4\i)IC

127

r u e n a i e : occ'» O p e r a t o r : DDV

:T3 '->

_ 1.

2.44

3.04

4.43

Page 139: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

128

S a i o l e : a t e J C h a n n e l : :53 ns A c q u i r e d : •H-APMQ U:*4 Method: C: 13ASE"-OATAVQTC

F i l e n a i e : H:E O p e r a t o r : ODV

2.44

iti '-> Ml

4.43

01

Page 140: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a a p l e : o t c ? C h a n n e l : 353 .ia A c q u i r e d : 09-APR-9I) 12:03 Hethod: C:\BASE\DATAWC

^

P i l e n a i e : o t c ? O p e r a t o r : ODV

0.38

. - 1.97

2.43

so

S3

_ 4.41

Page 141: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a o p i e : nz I o r J Channel! 133 am »>i.».., • • A c q u i r e d : 09-APR-90 11:34 Method: C:\BASE\DATA\OTC J ! ! ± ' C o a i e n t s : S a i o l e I o r J u p e r a t o r . DPV

Page 142: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p i e : o t c I C h a n n e l : 353 na F i l e n a u e : o t s J A c q u i r e d : Q9-APR-90 11:54 Method: C:\3ASE\DATA\0TC O p e r a t o r : DDV

I D ' " 1 . e a t s

^ r* r-j hJ ixi "lij »™i I in j f\ jaw i

Q O 5 O S O

Page 143: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

132

Sampler see - « J C h a n n e l : 353 u ' i l e n a a e 1 o c c ' o r ' A c q u i r e d : 09-APP.-90 11:34 Method: C : » M S S » 0 » T » » O T C O p e r a t o r :

C o m e n t s : S a n n l e L o r J % — %

o-t"

i r

1.90

. 2.33

- 2.

4.34

Page 144: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

133

Sample: o t c M C h a n n e l : 353 n i A c q u i r e d : Q9-APR-90 13:02 Method: C:\8ASE\DATA\OTC

P i l e n a u e : otcM O p e r a t o r : DOV

tjj

9'

;*~t "

r™1

3

Its O

0.62

a

1.97

- 2.43

._ 4.40

3.02

Page 145: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a BPie: O - l - i O l ' C h a n n e l : !53 m A c q u i r e d : 16-APR-90 3:5? Method: C:\BASt\0ATA\OTC

In j V o l : 25.00 f i i t n a i e : O - l - l O l O p e r a t o r : IOJ

x l O " 1 u o l t s

>-» H » NJ M W b In b In b o o o o o _l , I , I 1 1 i L .

Page 146: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p U : 0-1 -201 C h a n n e l : 353 n i A c q u i r e : t l - A H - M Him Method: C:\3ASE\0ATA\OTC I o j V o l : 25.30

F i U n a i e : 0-1-201 O p e r a t o r : T0J

x 1 Q " 1 u o l t s

a

c a ro O a 05

O 03 a

ro a o

_ L _

- 0.13

M ( i

3 C

Page 147: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

136

S a a p l e : 0 -1 - J01 C h a n n e l : !S3 n i A c q u i r e d : :S-APft-90 1 0 : U K e t h o d : C:\BASE\OATA\QTC I n j V o l : 25.00

F i l e n a i e : 0-1-301 O p e r a t o r : T0J

l O - 1 v o 1 t s

a • a

a a in a a a _ i _

M in a b a in a

0.23

M a-a

c i x Lr •- 1M

3.0J

2

% a-

«..*! oic

CD b -

Page 148: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : D - l - k O I A c q u i r e d : 16-APB-90 I n j V o l : 25.90

10:27 C h a n n e l : !S3 na Method: C:\8ASE\0ATA\QTC F i l e n a i e : 0 - l - t O l

O p e r a t o r : TOJ

Page 149: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : 0-1-501 C h a n n e l : !S3 n i f i l e n a i e : 0-1-501 A c q u i r e d : I5-APJ-9D 10:35 Method: C:\oASt\0ATA\0TC O p e r a t o r : TOJ I n j V o l : 25.00

x 1 Q " 1 u o l t s

>* M rO b In b In o o a o j , i , 1 . 1

Page 150: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

139

S a i p l e : 0 - 0 - 5 ' A c q u i r e d : I S-AP8-90 In) v o l : 25.00

C h a n n e l : 1 5 2 n i 3 : 2 5 Method: C : \ B A S E \ 0 A T A \ O T C

F i l e n a i e : 0 O S O p e r a t o r : TOJ

l O - 1 u o I t s

O a

ui o r j a a

_ L _ In o

2.07

3 . 1 9

-~j - k.85 o t c

r

\

Page 151: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

140

S a i p i e : 0-O-C A c q u i r e d : l6-APE-30 3:36 I n j V o l : li.it

a a a • a

O 1

o

Ln o _ i _

C h a n n e l : 3S3 n i K e t h o d : C:\BASE\DATA\OTC

l O " 1 u o l t s

b o in o _ L _

F i l e n a i e : DOC O p e r a t o r : I0J

a

.- 3.15

3 3 A 5. o-

05 b • a

K

11/

I

S - ».57 o t e

i;

I

Page 152: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

141

S u p ! * : o-0-0 A c q u i r e d : tS-APR-30 I n j V o l : 25.00

C h a n n e l : 353 ,m Method: C : \ B A S E \ 0 A T A \ 0 T C

F i l e n a i e : 000 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

l O - 1 U Q 1 -ts

O ' o

rj a-a

a a in o a a rj 0 1 o

3 ^

ro O

05 a • o

3.10

1.52 o t c

Page 153: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

142

S a i p l e : 0-O-E A c q u i r e d : I J - A P I -I n j V o l : 25.00

90 9:05 C h a n n e l : 153 i t i Method: C:\SASE\0ATA\0TC

l O - 1 <~>o I t s

f i l e n a i e : Out O p e r a t o r : TOJ

O " a

a a in a w a o In a

Page 154: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

143

S a i o i e : 0-13-0-2—1 A c q u i r e d : 19-APB-90 In] V o l : 2S.0O

10:23 C h a n n e l : 353 n i Method: C:\BASE\0ATA\0TC

l O - 1 v o 1 t s

F i l e n a i e : 013-O21 O p e r a t o r : T0J

a a in a a a a" a

r o

In a to

a a

rj

a

9.40

7 1 . 3 8

> - 2 . U

. - 3 . 0 3

( - k.52 o t e

Page 155: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

144

S a i p l e : 0-13-0-2-2 A c q u i r e d : I9-APR-90 10:33 I n j v o l : 25.00

C h a n n e l : 353 «• Method: C : \ B A S E \ D A T A \ 0 T C

F i l e n a i e : 013-022 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

x l O

rO

- 1

in a a a

u o 1 t s

rO

in a i

CO a a

10

in a _ L _

1 . 9 1

> - 2 . H

_ 3.03

Hi'~ k.ss o t c

Page 156: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

145

S a i p l e : 0-13-0-2-3 C h a n n e l : 353 n i F i l e n a i e : 013-023 A c q u i r e d : IS-API-JO I 0 : U Method: C:\8ASE\0ATA\0TC O p e r a t o r : TOJ I n j V o l : 25.00

x l O - 1 u o l t s

•* >•» M IM CJ

a

03 b -

a

Page 157: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : 0 - U - 0 - 2 - * C h a n n e l : !53 m A c q u i r e d : 19-APR-90 10:55 Method: C:\BASE\0ATA\0TC I o j V o l : 25.00

F i l e n a i e : D13-02k O p e r a t o r : iOJ

Page 158: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

147

Sample: 0-13-0-2-5 C h a n n e l : 353 n i A c q u i r e d : I9-APP.-90 11:05 Method: C:\BASE\0ATA\OTC I n j V o l : 25.00

F i l e n a i e : 013-025 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

x l O - 1 "JO 1 t s

O " O

rj a-a

3 •=»

to o Ul

~ ~ 1.91

s

Ul O

a a ro In a

_ L _

to b a

0.9S

3.05

K o t e

03 b -

a

Page 159: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

148

a ~ a

M a -

a

S a i p l e : 5 - I 3 - 0 - ! A c q u i r e d : 19-APR-90 I n j V o l : 25.00

Q O

3:J0

in O

C h a n n e l : Method:

l O

C:\8ASE\0ATA\0TC

- 1 <~>o 1 t s

a a _ i_

In a _ i_

F i l e n a i e : 513-0-1 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

CO a a

if ° in

._ 1 . 3 7

- 3 . 0 3

o t c

0)

Page 160: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

149

S a i p i e : 0-13-0-3 C h a n n e l : 353 na 'inTvol- itu'** 9:53 Utii0i'' : : m i ^ m \ ^

f i l e n a i e : 013-0-3 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

Q a

in a M a a in a

_ L _

1 h

ii 1 . 3 9

:.«s

3 . 0 3

i /

».S« o t c

Page 161: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

150

S a i o l e : 0-13-C-2 A c q u i r e d : I9-AP9-90 I n j V o l : 25.00

10:13 C h a n n e l : Method:

l O

353 n i C:\8ASE\0AIA\0TC

F i l e n a i e : 013-O p e r a t o r : T0J

- 1 v o 1 t s

o

a a O o

_1_

b a _ i _

a a _i

b -

a v .

1.98

• 2.4!

3.9*

5. o- 1

cn

Page 162: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

151

S a i p l e : 0 -I3-C-! A c q u i r e d : I9-AP8-90 I n j V o l : 25.JO

10:03 C h a n n e l : 353 n i Method: C : \ 8 A S E \ D A T A \ 0 T C

F i l e n a i e : 0 1 3 - C - i O p e r a t o r : TOJ

l O - 1 <_>o I t s

a a a' o

M

a

3

if ° Ml

b a

CO b a

_ i _

a a

1 . 3 8

. _ 3 . 0 3

Page 163: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

152

S a i o l e : 0-30-0-3-1 C h a n n e l : 353 n» A c q u i r e d : 0»-«AT-30 i i : U Method: C : \ M S f \ G A U \ 3 T C I n j V o l : :5.00

f i l e n a i e : D-30 O p e r a t o r : 70J

IM

LT1 3

O •3 Ln

i3 o o

1.33 • > - 2.3»

1 J

i

i i

Page 164: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

153

S a i p l e : 0-30-0-3-2 A c q u i t : H-*A'f-90 Inj V o l : 25.30 0:19

C h a n n e l : 3S3 nr Method: C : \ E A S c \ 0 A r A \ 0 i C

t o - 1 w o 1 t s

F i i s n a i e : 0-30 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

c •

o o o M O O

IJ1 O

a a

o • a ~ I . S 3 1.36

= — 3.3.;

a

cn :.3 a

Page 165: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

154

S a i p l e : 0-20-0-3-3 C h a n n e l : 353 .n A c q u i r e d : 3k-:<A»-?3 i::0O Method: C : \ J A ^ \ 0 A r A \ o r : I n j V o l : 25.00

x T O - 1 u o I t s

F i l e n a i e : C-30-O3! O p e r a t o r : IV

a in a C o

in o Q O

O ' a

a" a 1.31 2.33

4 -- 2.59

a

o

1

Page 166: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

155

S a a o l e : 0-30-0-3-5 A c q u i r e d : 0i-«»y-30 I n j V o l : 25.30

C h a n n e l : 353 n i Method: C : \ 8 A i n O A M \ O T C

f i l e n a i e : '0-3O-O35 O o a r a t o r : "0;

t o w o 1 t

Q O

O ' o

U1 o 3

O

.0 o

a _ 1.99 2.36

iTJ a

u: '

- 3.02

cn a -a

Page 167: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

\

O ' o

S a i p l e : O - i O - O - i - t A c q u i r e d : O t - w - 3 0 In j V o l : 25.30

1:09

O o a

C h a n n e l : 3 5 3 Method: C:\3A 5 E \ G A T A \ O T C

l O " 1 v o l

PO

b o

r o Ul o

tyj

c o

F i l e n a i e : O - i o - j j k O p e r a t o r : r o ;

o

O o

i . 3 9 _ 2.31

a

a"

Page 168: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a n p l e : C--30-0-i • C h a n n e l : 353 nn f i l e n a i e : 0-30-0-1 A c a u i r s d : 0i-«t»-35 Method: C : \ J i 5 S ' - C A T J ' . O " O p e r a t o r : T O ; In) V o l : 25.CO

*. t n - 1 v- o i ? • s

f» H» r-J W rj O ..1 C 111 o o o o c o

J J ! 4

; . S E

2.35

5

Page 169: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : 0-30-0-2 c h a n n e l : 353 na f i W n a i e ' 0-30-0-A c a i i r M : 3 M A t - J 0 i i : 3 f Method: C:\8ASS\DArA\GT-: OparatSrl rc-J Inj v o l : 25.00

1 0 1 v o I t s

ivj M w

S S S S 8

Page 170: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : 5-30-C-3 C h a n n e l : ' t : n n

A c q u i r e d : 3 . - « r - S 0 t t : S ? Method: U\mV-U:^U • il '"!"! :!°'C' I n j V o l : :«.C5 o p e r a t o r : TuJ

^ O i r

Page 171: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

160

A p p e n d i x 4

ROMET-30 E x t r a c t i o n s - S y n d e l

Page 172: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : SCHSTD C h a n n e l : 270 no A c q u i r e d : 27-APR-90 10:05 Method: C:\8ASE\0AiA\SOH I n j V o l : 25.00

F i l e n a i e : SOHSTO O p e r a t o r : go

x i O " 1 u o l t i

O o

o in in

1.93

Page 173: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

162

S a i p l e : S O H E T - A C h a n n e l : 270 n i A c q u i r e d : 2 7 - A P R - 9 0 WM Method: C:\8ASE\DATA\S0I h j V o l : 25.011

x 1 Q " 1 u o l t s

F i l e n a i e : S O H E T - A O p e r a t o r : 90

l A - 5.21

6.S3

I,

't

9.96 : d l

a • 03

• - 2.32 1.93

12.It

Page 174: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

163

S i t p l t : JOKET 3 C h a n n e l : 270 n i A c q n i r t d : 20-API-90 t»:9« Method: C:\8ASE\0ATA\SOH

l a j V o l : 25.00

>c l O - 1 y o l t s

F i l e n a i e : JOMET-O p e r a t o r : go

r O

1.93

Page 175: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

164

i a i p l e : 3BH-C C h a n n e l : 213 n i A c q u i r e d : 30-AF.1-9O U : 2 2 Method: C:'.8-iic\OAr*,:0,t I n j V o l : 25.30

it) - 1 >.tO I t 5

f i l e n a i e : :M-O p e r a t o r :

O ' a

a 01 o •3

_ 1 _ o

o .'O

•4

• -J J

.1

J <

o

- 1 A - I o J

" t . U

- 5.43

• $.5t

3.32

) ~ 9.3? sit

- u . 2 2 -ftH-

'l - 11.38 1 r

1.3 J

Page 176: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

165

S » p l « : :0H-£ r S a n n s i • O o e r a t o r : 30

i t s

O O Jl O O

O " O

O

O

c r

H-T+-

1:0 ~ •=> .. H

•3 -O i 1

" | M ~ O i f

-j

:3 -

"> ~ 5.38

~ 5.53

- 9.59 s d l

- I t . 0 1

a o o

r = — u ;

o

J l a

Page 177: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

i s .

is 55 as-

s I

" I

12

2.20 -

1.20

0 -i—i—i—|—i—i—i—|—i—' 1 r

00 0.20 0.40 0.60 x iO* Minutes

' I ' 1 1 I 1.00 120

Page 178: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

80

60-

l

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 x 10* ninutes

Page 179: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

168

S a i p l e : RQKET-H C h a n n e l : 210 n i A c q u i r e d : 2J-APH-90 10:25 Method: C:\6ASE\0AIA\SOM I n j V o l : 25.00

x 1 Q - 1 u o l t s

F i l e n a i e : B0KE7-H O p e r a t o r : go

O ' C3

c

c _ L _

to a o

2.33

J * a a

1.39

a

S.H a 1 05 '

- C ' a

Z. o 3 c ID in

CO " a

a ' a

to' a

r*-

\ - S.59

J

- 8.99

> , - 9.98 i d l

I I.

I I . 30

Page 180: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : HOKET-K C h a n n e l : 270 na A c q u i r e d : 20-APS-90 15:17 Method: C:\8ASE\DATA\SDH I n j V o l : 25.00

x i O - 1 u o l t s

F i l e n a a e : ROM ET - It O p e r a t o r : 90

O U O O

in c a • o

o.

'cn •

2.k0

.<T ~ 3-85

0 ~ s.u

J *

1.3

CC " o T

Page 181: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

170

Saipl.: «o«T L ckuail: m n fHjnaM: iOKET-L Optrator: 90

x I O - 1 uo I t s

M C a' a

CO a

3 C ro

a

a

en • a

03 ' a

3.35

0 - 6.55 1

JL 4

a in a 01 o a

1 . 9 1

9.93

Page 182: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

r> H

2.00 A

1.80 «1

0 3

l 1.60 0

1 .40

1 .20 H

0.00

J...

\ « i -

T M A i i

-i—|—i—i—i—|—i—i—i—i—i—i—' i r

0.20 0.40 O.GO 0.80 x 10 ninutes

T T 1.00 1.20

' I ' 1.40

Page 183: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : JOKCQN-0 C h a n n e l : 210 n i F i l e n a i e : ROMCOH-0 A c q u i r e d : 27-APB-90 11:25 Method: C:\SASE\0ATA\S0II O p e r a t o r : 30 I n j V o l : 25.00

x l O - 1 u o l t s

M CO i 0 0 0

0.13

- s s . _ 2 . U

J

> J , _ M 9

/ j - 5 . 3 7

1.93

Page 184: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : SOHCON-H C h a n n e l : 270 n i F i l e n a i e : RflHCON-H A c q u i r e d : 27-APR-90 12:07 Method: C:\BASE\DATA\SDM O p e r a t o r : go I n j V o l : 25.00

x i O " 1 u o l t s

C _ L _

C a a

1.93

^ ' • - 3 . 9 5 ~ k.50

5.13

6.S3

5.38

1 i ' l _ 11.27

| ) - 12.15

Page 185: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

174

S a i p l e : oap s t d C h a n n e l : 270 na F i l e n a i e : o i o s t d A c q u i r e d : 27-APR-90 13:02 Method: C:\SASE\DATA\THP10HP O p e r a t o r : TOJ I n j V o l : 25.00

x l O " " u o l t s

O N » H* o in o ui

Page 186: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : o i p A C h a n n e l : 270 n i A c q u i r e d : 27-AP8-30 14:22 Method: C:\aASE\QATA\TSPSOHP I n j V o l : 25.00

F i l e n a i e : o i p - A O p e r a t o r : TOJ

x l O - 1 v o 1 t s

rO C o 03

a a" a

ro" • - 2 . U

- r

3 "

cn • a i

5.22 r

CO

o

ro" a

o .

15.U

Page 187: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

176

S a i p l e : 5«D-." C h a n n e l : 210 l a f i l e n a a e : s s s A c q u i r e d : <12-t4AV-30 10:35 Method: C : \ S A 2 J \ 0 » T J \ T » H f l H » O p e r a t o r : !0v Inj V o l : 25.30

O ' 1

" J

o •Jj - J

in o

3 1 J

j a -i

c en 5.23

- 3.:

'O.iO t »

I it-

3 1

Page 188: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

177

S a i p l e : ; M - £ C h a n n e l : !70 •>» f i l e n a i e : 0 1 0 -t c q u i r e d : 5 ) ' » » H I t«:!S Method: •::\ei*?'0Ar«.\;M?v:SP S o e r s t o r : TJC

i n j v o l : :;.:3 x t O ~ 1 ' J O i t»

3 n o

o

a -H,

•3

^ i

a J

- i . s o •3 1 : !'

5.1?

••A — 1

•; - 3.;.)

.23 :x

15.!t cao

Page 189: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

93

s B

I • 3 ^ 12

2.40

2.20

2.00 H

i-t

§ 1.80

O n

X 1.60

1 .40

1 .20H V \

T T -1—1—1—1—1—1—1—1—1—1—1—1—"—'—1 I ' 1 • I 1

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1 40 x 10* ninutes

Page 190: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : o i o i l U C h a n n e l : 170 na F i l e n a i e : o i c ! K ! A c q u i r e d : 0 2 - H A f - 9 0 H : 5 2 Method: C:\6A5c\OArA\WPIOW O p e r a t o r : T ; J I n j V o l : 25.03

— - » r O r O

r O .6. 'J) CO o r o o o a a c o

f O

a

a •

,„ J i

° \

:': - ».32

a J )-*••

.32

a "1 1 ' - :.33

- 3.:?

) - 10.32 t i p

Page 191: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

180

S a i p l e : o i p H C h a n n e l : 270 n i A c q u i r e d : 27-AP8-30 13:kS Method: C:\8A5E\DATA\THPtOttP I n j V o l : 25.00

x l O " 1 u o l t s

F i l e n a i e : o i p - H O p e r a t o r : TOJ

O in o

Q O

ITI o

o -

o 2.03

O -

c" a

a

" - J - 5.27

r

.En ' a - U.3J

c

Page 192: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

181

S a i p l e : oap J A c q u i r e d : 27-APR-90 H : 0 i I n j V o l : 25.00

C h a n n e l : 210 n i Method: C:\8ASE\DATA\TKPi0ltP

l O - 1 u o 1 t s

F i l e n a i e : o i p - J O p e r a t o r : TOJ

o • o

o 1.

o

c i A " o

o

s.os

- 5.28

O 1

8 " J

o

9.17

O

U1 o

o o

M In a

CO o a

. _ 2.03

U . 3 I 0*p

Page 193: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

00

S3-.

as as

l . G O -

s I g

32

3 3 ^

l .50

!! 1.40 0 3

1 .30

1 .20

1 .10

. A t

i — r - r - j 0.00 0.20

T—i—i—|—i—i—"—[—>—' ' | r

0.40 O.BO 0.80

K 10* ninutes

t I i i '• | ' • • I • 1.00 1 2 0 1-40

Page 194: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

183

S a i p l e : oap c o n t r o l 0 C h a n n e l : 270 m A c q u i r e d : 27-APR-90 14:41 Method: C:\BASE\DATA\THPtCHP I n j V o l : 25.00

F i l e n a i e : o i p c o n D O p e r a t o r : TOJ

x l O " KJO 1 t S

C O cn o

a" a

a

a

. _ 2.03 = - 1.42

) - 5.21

cn •

CO

ro

O

- 9.30

i! - 10.32 t i p

PJ " a

a

15.40

Page 195: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

184

Supls: JOUK-COS-? CSuiri: 270 U Aecralred: 20-APJ.-90 12:07 Sltlod: C:\8ASS\DATl\7HrHllP U] 70l: 25.00

x l O " 1 u o l t s

I l i u m : lO-COB-f OftritOT: TOJ

to o J. a

0? a

_ L _

CO a

_ i _

IO

a a

to to c

a" o .

a -to-

o

A" a

x g" (.12

- IM

. - 2.03

a -

c

O" a

A - 7.32

to' a

Page 196: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

i n oo

o o «n

2.50

0 5 2.00

0

X

1.50-

- i — I — i — | — i — I — i — | — r

0.00 0.20 0.40 1 I ' 0.60

1 I 1 1 1 I 1

0.80 1.00 ' I 1 1 ' I 1

1.20 1.40 x 10* ninutes

Page 197: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

186

S a a p l e : oascon-S C h a n n e l : 2)5 as A c q u i r e d : 0 2 - M T - t t :»:51 Method: C:\8AiJ\0ArA\TS-U0M? I n j v o l : 25.JO

F i U n a a e : s a o e o v : O p e r a t o r : r o .

O • O

a

o 3

O JJ

-i

a -i

5

- 5.23 -4-

!

j i,

:! - 13.2! t a p

c J

I _ :5.26

Page 198: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

187

5 a i p l e : OODCC.TH c h a n n e l : 213 - j A c q u i r e d : 32-«AY 30 <1:!2 Method: C:\eASE\0JtrA\~5tPtC-HP I n j V o l : 25.00

f i l e n a i e : caocon-.H O p e r a t o r : "Oj

3

O •-4 f

3 1

35 " 5.1:

a 1

3

1 I

> J "1 ! 3 J ••

>< 1 o 1 w o 1 "t r

a' a

3 •o c c

3 1-

2.:2

Page 199: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

i a i o l e : onoccn-K A c q u i r e d : 02-*»*T-90 12:

Inj V o l ; 25.00 C h a n n e l : 210 n i Method: C:\8*S£\0.«n\ntMO»P

t o - t VO I

f i l e n a i e : c i p e c i v * O p e r a t o r : TGJ

O O O

a .

3 3

O o

o o

ro 3

3

• ~ A . 8 !

•71 a i.tk

3

3

1 - 1.1}

Page 200: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

i a i p l e : SGH-O-1-S-! C h a n n e l : :;c .11 F i l e n a i e : A c q u i r e d : 0S-HAY -9J Method: 0:\£iJ£VC1TA\iDM O p e r a t o r : I n j V o l : 25.30

>• t o " 1 <j.-i I -i:=5.

1-* M h i os

3 J l C •Z C C C

_ J . 5 '

- ; " t.ttT

5 . 3 5

I .4

» 1 3

9 : 1- '5.2! S-31

1 ' l - M . 1 3

- 1 + -a l

-1

"* 1

W 1

; i . 9 i

i

1

Page 201: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

190

S a i p l e : SOK-01-8J C b i a a a l : 210 n i i c q a i r e d : 09-1**1-90 17:18 Method: C:\8ASE\DATA\S0K I n j V o l : 25.00

x l O - 1

F i l e n a i e : SOH-01st O p e r a t o r : 90

O -

5. o

5. o W1

U1 o

-1.(0

a o _ J

In o 01

a a

1.94

Page 202: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a n l t : -C-it-C-}-?-. 1

A c q u i r e d : 3S i t In3 V o l : ::.tj

Channs 1: :;o .11 Hftthod: Ci'-.BlSE'^ATi'.S:"

F i l e n a i e : J 0 I H 3 t ; O p e r a t o r : go

K l O U O 1 t S

— >* r o r o r o

:;! - 3.5S

l - i 3 . : : s d i

Page 203: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S U P W : S O H - 0 3 - 8 3 C h a o n a l : 2 7 0 n i F i l e a i i i : S D H - 0 3 8 3 A c q o i r t d : 0 3 - H A T - 9 0 1 1 : 3 5 U t t h o d : C : \ S A S E \ 0 A T A \ S 0 I 4 O p t n t o r : 90 U j V o l : 2 5 . 0 0

x l O - 1 u o l t s

— l>J M C i l bi In a in a In 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1

- 0.33

Page 204: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

193

S a i p l e : S O H - d a v M C h a n n e l : 210 n» f i l e n a i e : 5 0 » -D ; A c q u i r e d : OI-HAV-90 3:51 Method: C : t f A $ C \ Q A T A \ J M O p e r a t o r : ;o I n j V o l : 25. oo

« l O " ' u o I t s

o • o

a

a

a 1

3 °

3.12

4.21

5.12

1 - 5.53

CO '

- 1 3 • a

9.33 ; d i

o I

Ik c

in a

3.30

Page 205: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

194

S a i p l e : : 0 I H a y - ? - 2 C h a n n e l : 212 n i A c q u i r e d : 33-»A»-90 i O : ; s Method: c:\8ASI\OATi\501i I n j V o l : 25.30

f i l e n a i e : ::»-:•'-! O p e r a t o r : :c

a 1 CD

- S.S3

3.39

-| ••') - 9.91 :dJ

o J y

I t -

° 1

12.19

« t o 1 ; t s

O ' a I i

a

! = • - 2.3

Page 206: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S M B W : : 0 i c c 5 ' - i - : C h a n n e l : 11': at A c q u i r e d : 0 : - s t ' - 9 G ;»:.. Method: : : \ ( ; « \ g * W r ; : ! i I n j V o l : 35.c:

F i l e n a i e : -Oh-D? O p e r a t o r : as

1.0 '

C O

--- " 3.35

5.58

i i . 5 : 4-

3.9:

. ' _ 2.3k sar-

r : : ' ! !

Page 207: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

196

• a n o U A c q u i r e d I n j v o l ;;.:c

Channel: : : j K s t h o d : ::\tx:i\U F i U n a i e : -SH-

O p e r a t o r : jo

1 J 1 If.-. 1 t .:

a c

_ L _

I S

5.1,;

H i I J

? . s :

;_ J ,: - i.li sit

-i i

a ! I

Page 208: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

197

: a a o i e : • *C3U!r=d: :2 -«iv - J0 i n j v o l :

C h a n n e l : VI "it , - : : 3 Method: : : \ S J ? : \ C ' i ' ; \ i : . i

f i l e n a i e : SC»-O p e r a t o r :

r r i

Page 209: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

CO cn

1 .80

1 .60

I O

X 140

1.20 \

- i 1 r -

0.00 1 r

0.20 - , 1 r

0.40 - i 1 1 1 r -

0.60 0.80 1 I 1

1.00 x 10 Minutes

Page 210: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

199

Sample: D-13-R-2 Channel: 270 nm lename: D13-R-2

A c q u i r e d : n-m-ii 13:50 n e t t e d : C:\MSE\DAU\SOII I n j v o l : 25.00

O p e r a t o r : go

x l O - 1 u o 1 -ts

M O

J *

a

3 c ID

a

w o

o

05 ' o

C O ' o

O ' o

w o

1 - 3 . 1 3

k.SA

\\t- 5.2k

\ - 5.51

05 a

CO

a

rO

b a

rO

rO a

ro

a

- 10.53 s d i

_ 11.31

- t2.U

Lit

Page 211: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

200

F i l e n a i e : :0Kl O p e r a t o r : :t

Page 212: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

201

S a i p l e : SOH-030-83 C h a n n e l : 270 m A c q u i r e d : 09-IIAI-90 15:58 l e t h o d : C:\8ASE\0ATA\S0lt I n j V o l : 25.00

l O - 1 <JO 1 tS

F i l e n a i e : SOKO3083 O p e r a t o r : 90

b o _ 1 _

o o-

05 b a

O" Q - 0.28

to-

O

A ' a

1.93

2.A3

O -b • a

Z. a 3 c H i 19

o

O" o

w a

o

7 - 5 . 0 5

r

~ 9.58 t 9.99

" 10.83

- 11.68

_ 12.53

Page 213: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

202

S a a p l e : SOX-030-82 A c q u i r e d : 09-HAT-90 16:38 I n j V o l : 25.00

C h a n n e l : 220 n i Method: C:\SASE\DATA\50M

F i l e n a i e : SOKO3082 O p e r a t o r : 90

I O - 1

O ' o

b a 1

b o o U1 o a

o

a

- a o 1 a

Ml

1.93

^ - 5.01 L ;\ - J.II

a

O

- 10.13

- 10.83

~ 11.5!

~ 1J.81

Page 214: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

203

S a i p l e : SOM-030 - a 1 C h a n n e l : 210 m A c q u i r e d : 09-1AT-90 1 6 :II Method: C:\8ASE\0ATA\S0K I n j V o l : 25.30

F i l e n a i e : SCN030S1 O p e r a t o r : go

x l O - 1 v o 1 t s

in a ro o a

rO In o

i

03 b o In o

a' a 0.20

M ' a

o

o 1 b •

_ a a

& ° ro in

O " a

1.93 2.13

IS -

^ i - 5.01

i

- 10.11

- 10.11

a

a

Page 215: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

j a n o l e I n j Vol

3 U 0 - : i - Channel: I'C n» •0:>9 Mtiiot: ::>.:JitV;-if;r4H0iiS!

•iWaa»e Oper a t o r

i\5

•3

a u'* • 3

3 ' 3

3 i

J - 1 . 8 8

S . - 3

3

- 3 . : 9

! - : 9 . 2 8 t»3

Page 216: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

205

Saiple: OHP-O-t-t-2 Ci iat i l : 270 ni Acquired: 09-HAT-90 U : ! l Method: C:\8ASE\0ATA\TllPiOaP

Inj Vol: 35.00

x tO"1 u o l t s

F i l e n a i e : 0HP-0IP.J O p e r a t o r : TOJ

O • a

in a o a In a co

a a CO

In a

a i o • - 2.2t

1.30

O • A' O

a -05 • a

X " M 3

1\ _ 5.51

S.80

3 o-Si

3 ° C ro u i —

b -

a

1.03

I" 9.31

a

a 13.71

Page 217: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : 0HP-0-3-R-1 C h a n n e l : 210 m A c q u i r e d : O S - H M O U : 5 I Method: C:\BASE\OATA\THPtOHP I n j V o l : 25.00

F i l e n a n : 0MP-03tt 1 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

x lO - 1 KJO 1 tS

a rj o a

a •

to ' a

o • a

o 1 CO'

a

CO ' a

O"

to -

a

ro In a i

•- 2.22 1.92

5.60

9.37

10.53 t i p

- 13.93

Page 218: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

• ; j » U : •>«»—23-Sl C a i n n e l : 2'3 •.» m i i m : m * A c o g i r e d : ::-».>?-j8 t ls« Method: ::\JsU\0».*sUiiFiC-JI» O s i r j t o r : <:: Inj V o l : 3S.J3

3.50

3 1

^ 1

1 l - s

M ' " J '

is, cn ca ~ M

c o c o a 3

2.03

207

cn i S.J:-

I i l ­ea

co 8.25

1 - 3.C3

a 1

I

-r-13.25 tap

Page 219: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

CO o

G .00

¥

0 3

0

5.00

4.00

3.00 -

2.00 -

i T

1 .00 - J — i 1—r—j—i—I r

0.00 0.20 0.40 T T T 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | 1

0.60 0.80 1-00 1.20 1.40 x 10* Minutes

Page 220: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

209

S a i p l e : OHP-0-3-C-2 C h a n n e l : 270 m A c q u i r e d : 09-NAT-90 15:27 Method: C:\8ASC\0ATA\TMPtOMP I n j V o l : 25.30

x l O - 1 v o l t s

F i l e n a i e : QMP-03C2 O p e r a t o r : I 0 J

O ' a

hJ a

_ L _

±1 a cn o 03 O

b a i

a • k l " a

1 . 3 1

O

O "

05 ' a

3 03-3 ° C rr ro in

O " o

> - 3.23

3.97

~ U l

" 5.59

V5,25

1.1(3

D - 8.13

i 10.73 t i p

a

1 3 . 5 1 o i p

Page 221: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

210

S a i o l e : omp-day-7 -1 C h a n n e l : 270 nt A c q u i r e d : 07-KAY-3O It:2k Method: C:\BASE\GATA\TMPsaMP I n j V o l : 25.00

F i l e n a i e : o i p 0 7 -O p e r a t o r : TOJ

x i O * u o l t s

o c M O

03 o

- t . o a

cn o

o 1

o J

= - - 2.AS 2.03

O -: I

_ 5.09

3.07

r

I i

Page 222: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

211

S a i p l e : o m - d a r ' - I C h a n n e l : 270 n i A c q u i r e d : 07-HAY-90 l l : W Method: C:\8ASc\0ATA\TitPiOKP I n j V o l : 25.00

F i l e n a i e o i p 0 7 - 2 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

x l O - 1 < J O 1 t s

a b'

a o a

a . _ 2.04

2.48

O -Jh i '

a

o -; J

* 8"

._ 5.27

.22

a -Z. & 3 ° c

- r

Page 223: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : 0 * 0 - J a v - ? C h a n n e l : m .11 F i l e n a i e : A c q u i r e d : C7-WAt-S3 -2:09 Method: C:--JA$5\0»ri\TK?JC!l» O p e r a t o r : I n j V o l : 2:.00

x 10 " 1 J O 1 s

Page 224: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

213

S a a p l e : : a o - d a y - 7 - 4 C h a n n e l : 2 1 0 n» A c q u i r e d : 3 7 - M A Y - S O 1 2 : 3 0 Method: • : : \ 8 ' . S £ \ 0 A T A \ : . i P » c » P

I n j V o l : 2 5 . 0 0

X lO" 1 'JOlt'5

F i l e n a a e : o s o C O p e r a t o r : "0J

O" a

o 2 . 3 ;

73 - !

1 . 3 3

-) - 5.SO

31

[ .•• " 5.S3

T 1 - 7 . 4 1

i'j- 3 . 1 3

- 1 0 . 3 8 t i s

O

Page 225: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

214

S a i p l e : o i p - d a y - 1 ' 5 C h a n n e l : 210 n i A c q u i r e d : 07-HAT-90 13:2k Method: C:\8ASE\0ATA\TKPSOItP I n j V o l : 25.00

x 1 0 _ 1 u o l t s

F i l e n a i e : o i p D l - 5 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

_ 2.03 _ 2.58

Page 226: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

215

a -

a

Supli: D-U-M lanjirid: 2 0 - m - M

I B J Vol: 2 5 . 0 0 1 1 : 4 9

in a _ i _

Ciuu i : Xttaod:

lO

270 U

C : \ B i S X \ U n \ T D U n

- 1 wo 1 ±» rO a a i

M u m : D-lJ-l-1 Optxitor: WJ

in o

? 1-a

. - 2 . 0 1

O

x. 8" a - o 3 CO" 3 ° C t

b" a

^ 5.13

)

Page 227: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

S a i p l e : o i p 0-13-8-2 C h a n n e l : 270 n i A c q u i r e d : 27-API-90 13:20 Method: C:\BASE\DATA\TMPiOMP I o j V o l : 25.00

x t O " 1 u o l t s

F i l e n a i e : oapQ13R2 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

a a a b' o

ui o ro b a Ul

a

CO b a in a

rO" a

2.03

a 4 1 - k.82

* a 8.20

Page 228: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

217

S a e o l e : oip-O-13-8-3 C h a n n e l : 239 r.i A c q u i r e d : V-m-it ; 3 : A i Method: C : \ 8 A J E \ 0 A m T H f M H P I n j V o l : 25.30

x i O " 1 v o I t s

F i l e n a i e : mi'W. O p e r a t o r : "0J

a o a o o a a a

a .

o

a

j ' " J - 5.2?

a CO '

O"

1 1

10.23 t i p

to " a

Page 229: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

218

l a i p l e : 3 i a - 0 - U c o n - ! C h a n n e l : 2'0 M F i l e n a i e : c i o O U c ! A c q u i r e d : 37-t*Ar-30 i k : 3 S Method: C:\BASE\CATA\T24P1C-MF O p e r a t o r : /Q.; I n j V o l : 2S.00

x t O " 1 w o I t s

c o

o _ 1 _

w a

a -i

2.3;

JJ a .

a so '

2.k!

• I

I

a j | ,'• ~ '0.22 t i p 4-

° 1 -i

15.1k - i p

Page 230: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

o

Page 231: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

220

Sawli: OXP-O-30-8-2 Ciaanil: 270 nt Acquire: JS-NAT-90 13:32 Netbod: C:\SASE\DArA\TWtOIIP Inj Vol: 25.Ot

x l O " 1 v o l t s

Filsnm: OKP030I2 Optritor: TOJ

O" o

ro

b a i

CO

b o o o

rO" O .

A' o

- 2.20 1.80

0 5 '

o

5.57

O • CO' a

8.01

) ~ 9.10

o

rO -

O

» - 13 . 8 2

Page 232: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline ...

221

S a i p l e : OHP-0-30-R-3 C h a a n e l : 270 m A c q u i r e d : 09-MAY-90 13:5k Method: C:\BASE\0ATA\T14PtOMP I n j V o l : 25.00

x l O - 1 <_>o l t s

f i l e a e i e : OMP03D83 O p e r a t o r : TOJ

O • O

o 1 fO" a

to b a

L_

CO b o

• - 2.22

a o

t.ot

a

2. b" 3 ° C r¥ n

b' o

- 8.I2

9.»l

- II.61 tO' O

a 13.93