Updated TSSN Preactical (1)

8/17/2019 Updated TSSN Preactical (1)

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DATE : / / 2013

PRACTICAL : 1

AIM : A) WRITE A MATLAB CODE FOR AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING.

Th!"#:

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital data as

variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In BASK the two !inary values are represented !y

to different amplitudes of the carrier fre"uency. #he resulting modulated signal for one !it time is

$

S(t)% A cos(&'f ct) !inary

!inary

*here carrier is c(t) % A+cos(&'f ct)

MATLAB CODE:

clc,

clear all,

close all,

! % input(nter the Bit stream /n ), 0 nter the !it stream for information

n % length(!), 0 1um!er of !it which in the user define stream

t % $.$n, 0#ime duration with ma2i. 1o. of !its (!it length)

2 % $$(n3)+,

for i % $n for 4 % i$.$i3

!w(2(i+$(i3)+)) % !(i),

end

end

!w % !w($end), 0defining starting and end point for information

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signal

sint % sin(&+pi+t), 0generate sinusoidal signal for carrier wave

st % !w.+sint, 0for ask signal

su!plot(5),

plot(t!w), 0 information signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(S"uare 6ulses),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(5&),

plot(tsint), 0 carrier signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(9arrier),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(55),

plot(tst), 0:odulated ask signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(ASK Signal),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8) ,

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OUTPUT :

nter the Bit stream

7 8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m p l i t u d e

Square Pulses

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m p l i t u d e

Carrier

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A

m p l i t u d e

ASK Signal

In this figure we have taken !it stream7 8 and carries signal then !y

multiplying !oth signal we can get ASK signal in which we can get output only

when input is !it . DATE :

/ / 2013

AIM : B) WRITE A MATLAB CODE FOR FRE&UENCY SHIFT KEYING.

Th!"#$

;re"uency-shift keying (;SK) is a fre"uency modulation scheme in which digital

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information is transmitted through discrete fre"uency changes of a carrier wave. #he simplest

;SK is !inary ;SK (B;SK). B;SK uses a pair of discrete fre"uencies to transmit !inary

(s and s) information. *ith this scheme the


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end

end

!w % !w($end), 0 efining starting and end point for information

signal

wo % &+(&+pi+t),

* % +(&+pi+t),

sin=t % sin(wo3*), 0 enerate high fre"uency sinusoidal signal for

carrier wave

sin?t % sin(wo-*), 0 enerate low fre"uency sinusoidal signal for

carrier wave

st % sin(wo3(!w).+*),

su!plot(C),

plot(t!w), 0 Information signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),


grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(C&),

plot(tsin=t), 0 =igh fre"uency component for carrier wave

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(9arrier-),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(C5),

plot(tsin?t), 0 ?ow fre"uency component for carrier wave

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2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(9arrier-&),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(CC),

plot(tst), 0 :odulated ;SK signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(;SK Signal),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

OUTPUT:

nter the Bit stream

7 8

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m

p l i t u d e

Square Pulses

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m

p l i t u d e

Carrier-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m

p l i t u d e

Carrier-2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m

p l i t u d e

FSK Signal

In this figure we have taken !it stream 7 8 high fre"uency carries signal for

!it and low fre"uency carrier for !it then in ;SK signal we can see that where input

!it is low fre"uency component is presented and where input !it is high fre"uency

component is presented.

DATE : / / 2013

AIM : C) WRITE A MATLAB CODE FOR PHASE SHIFT KEYINGPSK).

Th!"#:

In B6SK individual data !its are used to control the phase of the carrier. uring each !it

interval the modulator shifts the carrier to one of two possi!le phases which are D degrees or

p radians apart. #his can !e accomplished very simply !y using a !ipolar !ase!and signal to

modulate the amplitude. #he output of such a modulator can !e represented mathematically as

2(t) % E(t ) cos(Ft 3 )Ѳ

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where

E(t) is the !ipolar !ase!and signal

Fc is the carrier fre"uency

is the phase of the unmodulated carrier.Ѳ

MATLAB CODE:

clc,

clear all,

close all,



t % $.$n, 0 #ime duration with ma2. 1o. of !its (!it length)

2 % $$(n3)+,

for i % $n

if (!(i) %% )

!@p(i) % -,

else

!@p(i) % ,

end

for 4 % i$.$i3

!w(2(i+$(i3)+)) % !@p(i),

end

end

!w % !w($end),

sint % sin(&+pi+t),

st % !w.+sint,

su!plot(5),

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plot(t!w), 0 Information Signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),


grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(5&),

plot(tsint), 0 9arrier Signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(9arrier),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(55),

plot(tst), 0 :odulated 6SK Signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(6SK Signal),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8) ,

OUTPUT:

nter the Bit stream

7 8

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m p l i t u d e

Square Pulses

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m p l i t u d e

Carrier

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m p l i t u d

e

PSK Signal

In this figure we have taken !it stream7 8 and carrier signal then !y

multiplying !oth signals we can see that when there is a change from !it to !it or

viceversa phase of 6SK signal is changed.DATE : / / 2013

AIM : D) WRITE A MATLAB CODE FOR &UADRATURE PHASE SHIFT

KEYING&PSK).

Th!"#:

In phase shift keying (6SK) the phase of a carrier is changed according to the

modulating waveform which is a digital signal. Amplitude of the carrier is switched !etween two

(or more) levels according to the digital data. In G6SK the data !its to !e modulated are grouped

into sym!ols each containing two !its and each sym!ol can take on one of four possi!le values$

or .uring each sym!ol interval the modulator shifts the carrier to one of four

possi!le phases corresponding to the four possi!le values of the input sym!ol. #he signal can !e

e2pressed as$

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S(t)% A+sin(& ' f t 3 )Ѳ

*here %H ' & ' 5 ' &J or %H 'C5 'C 'CL 'C JѲ Ѳ

MATLAB CODE

clc,

clear all,

close all,



t % $.$n, 0 #ime duration with ma2. 1o. of !its (!it

length)

2 % $$(n3&)+,

for i % $n

if (!(i) %% )

!@p(i) % -,

else

!@p(i) % ,

end

for 4 % i$.$i3

!w(2(i+$(i3)+)) % !@p(i),

if (mod(i&) %% )

!ow(2(i+$(i3)+)) % !@p(i),

!ow(2((i3)+$(i3&)+)) % !@p(i),

else

!ew(2(i+$(i3)+)) % !@p(i),

!ew(2((i3)+$(i3&)+)) % !@p(i),

end

if (mod(n&)M% )

!ow(2(n+$(n3)+)) % -,

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!ow(2((n3)+$(n3&)+)) % -,

end

end

end 0!e % !@p($&$end),

0!o % !@p(&$&$end),

!w % !w($end),

!ew % !ew($(n3)+),

!ow % !ow(&$(n3&)+),

cost % cos(&+pi+t),

sint % sin(&+pi+t),

st % !ew.+cost3!ow.+sint,

su!plot(C),

plot(t!w), 0 Information Signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(information !its),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(C&),

plot(t!ow),

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(S"uare 6ulses ),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(C5),

plot(t!ew),

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

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title(S"uare 6ulses &),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8),

su!plot(CC),

plot(tst), 0 :odulated G6SK Signal

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(G6SK Signal),

grid on ,

a2is(7 n -& 3&8) ,

OUTPUT:

nter the Bit stream

7 8

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-2

0

2

Time

A m p l i t u d e

information bits

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m p l i t u d e

Square Pulses 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m p l i t u d e

Square Pulses 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-2

0

2

Time

A m p l i t u d e

QPSK Signal

In this figure we have taken two signals one even signal and second odd signal with

information signal. =ence we can get output with different phases when any of even or

odd signal changes from !it to or !it to .

DATE : / / 2013

PRACTICAL : 2

AIM : WRITE A MATLAB CODE FOR TIME DI-ISION MULTIPLEINGTDM).

Th!"#$

#ime-division multiple2ing (#:) is a type of digital or (rarely) analog multiple2ing in

which two or more signals or !it streams are transferred apparently simultaneously as su!-

channels in one communication channel !ut are physically taking turns on the channel. #he time

domain is divided into several recurrent timeslots of fi2ed length one for each su!-channel. Nne

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#: frame consists of one time slot per su!-channel plus a synchroni>ation channel and

sometimes error correction channel !efore the synchroni>ation.

MATLAB CODE:

clc,

close all,

clear all,

2%$.$C+pi, 0 signal taken upto Cpi

sig%D+sin(2), 0 generate st sinusoidal signal

l%length(sig),

sig&%D+triang(l), 0 enerate &nd triangular Sigal

su!plot(&&),

plot(sig), 0sine wave

title(Sinusoidal Signal),

yla!el(Amplitude---O),

2la!el(#ime---O),

su!plot(&&&),

plot(sig&), 0triangular wave

title(#riangular Signal),


2la!el(#ime---O),

su!plot(&&5),

stem(sig), 0sampled sine wave

title(Sampled Sinusoidal Signal),


2la!el(#ime---O),

su!plot(&&C),

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stem(sig&), 0sampled triangular wave

title(Sampled #riangular Signal),


2la!el(#ime---O),

l%length(sig),

l&%length(sig&),

for i%$l

sig(i)%sig(i), 0 :aking Both row vector to a matri2

sig(&i)%sig&(i),

end

0 #: of !oth "uanti>e signal

tdmsig%reshape(sig&+l),

stem(tdmsig), 0 isplay of #: Signal

title(#: Signal),


2la!el(#ime---O),

demu2%reshape(tdmsig&l), 0 emultiple2ing of #: Signal

for i%$l

sig5(i)%demu2(i), 0 9onverting #he matri2 into row vectors

sigC(i)%demu2(&i),

end

su!plot(&)

plot(sig5), 0 display of demultiple2ed sine wave

title(Eecovered Sinusoidal Signal),


2la!el(#ime---O),

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su!plot(&&)

plot(sigC), 0 display of demultiple2ed triangular wave

title(Eecovered #riangular Signal),


2la!el(#ime---O),

OUTPUT:

FIGURE 1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30-10

-5

0

5

10Sinusoidal Signal

A m p l i t u d e - - - >

Time--->

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

2

4

6

8Triangular Signal

A m p l i t u d e - - - >

Time--->

0 5 10 15 20 25 30-10

-5

0

5

10Sampled Sinusoidal Signal

A m p l i t u d e - - - >

Time--->

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

2

4

6

8Sampled Triangular Signal

A m p l i t u d e - - - >

Time--->

In this figure we have taken sine wave and triangular wave and then they !oth are

sampled.

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FIGURE 2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8TDM Signal

A m p l i t u d e - - - >

Time--->

In this figure sampled sine wave and sampled triangular wave are multiple2ed.

FIGURE 3

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30-10

-5

0

5

10Recovered Sinusoidal Signal

A m p l i t u d

e - - - >

Time--->

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

2

4

6

8Recovered Triangular Signal

A m p l i t u d e - - - >

Time--->

In this figure !y demultiple2ing we can get original information signals which are sine

wave and triangular wave.

DATE : / / 2013

PRACTICAL : 3

AIM : WRITE MATLAB CODE FOR TIME SLOT.

Th!"#:

A defined interval or slot of time recogni>a!le !y devices and designated for a

specific purpose or operation. ;or e2ample a # facility has a signaling rate of .CC

:!ps.#herefore the transmitting time division multiple2er (#: mu2) creates a signal with

every !it occupying a slot of time of CC second and the receiving mu2 monitors the

circuit to e2tract the !its at the same pace. #he term is also applied to multi!it intervals devoted

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to a single connection as in a S- time slot which is an eight-!it slot in an #-carrier voice

grade channel.

MATLAB CODE:

clc,

clear all,

close all,

a%78,

for i%$$5 0 #ime duration with ma2. 1o. of !its (!it length)

a(i$)%input(sprintf(enter the data for the channel 05d matri2i)),

end

!%7a($)a(&$)a(5$)8,

su!plot(C),

stem(a($)), 0display of channel

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(ch),

su!plot(C&),

stem(a(&$)), 0display of channel &

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(ch&),

su!plot(C5),

stem(a(5$)), 0display of channel 5

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(ch5),

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c%78,

k%,

k%,

for i%$$D

for 4%$$5

disp(sprintf(slot given to channel 1o$0d(mod(43k-5)3))),

c(k)%a(mod(43k-5)3i),

k%k3,

end

k%mod(k&)3,

end

su!plot(CC),

stem(c), 0 display of data in time slots

2la!el(#ime),

yla!el(Amplitude),

title(chC),

OUTPUT:

enter the data for the channel matri27 8

enter the data for the channel & matri27 8

enter the data for the channel 5 matri27 8

slot given to channel 1o$&

slot given to channel 1o$5

slot given to channel 1o$



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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

0.5

1

Time

A m p l i t u d e

ch1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

5

Time

A m p l i t u d e

ch2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

5

10

Time

A m p l i t u d e

ch3

0 5 10 15 20 250

5

10

Time

A m p l i t u d e

ch4

In this figure we have allotted data 7 8 to channel 7 8 to

channel & and 7 8channel 5 respectively. #hen we can get output

data like 7 8 7 87 8etc.So we can say that in time slot sample(data) input

during one time slot may !e sent to the output during a different time slot.

DATE : / / 2013

PRACTICAL : '

AIM : WRITE NETWORK COMMANDS.

CISCO ROUTER SHOW COMMANDS:$

R"4 C56! 6!78

Piew version information show version

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Piew current configuration (EA:) show running-config

Piew startup configuration (1PEA:) show startup-config

Show INS file and flash space show flash

Shows all logs that the router has in its memory show log

Piew the interface status of interface e show interface e

Nverview all interfaces on the router show ip interfaces !rief

Piew type of serial ca!le on s show controllers (note the space

!etween the s and the )

isplay a summary of connected cdp devices show cdp neigh!our

isplay detailed information on all devices show cdp entry +

isplay current routing protocols show ip protocols

isplay I6 routing ta!le show ip route

isplay access lists this includes the num!er

of displayed matches

show access-lists

9heck the router can see the IS1 switch show isdn status

9heck a ;rame Eelay 6P9 connections show frame-relay pvc

show lmi traffic stats show frame-relay lmi

isplay the frame inverse AE6 ta!le show frame-relay map

CISCO ROUTER BASIC OPERATIONS:$

I4 N88

na!le nter privileged mode

Eeturn to user mode from privileged isa!le

2it Eouter ?ogout or e2it or "uit

Eecall last command up arrow or Q9trl-6O

Eecall ne2t command down arrow or Q9trl-1O

Suspend or a!ort QShiftO and Q9trlO and R then 2

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Eefresh screen output Q9trl-EO

9omplete 9ommand #AB

ROUTER MODES:$

R!4"9 U5" M!8

Eouter 6rivileged :ode

Eouter(config) lo!al 9onfiguration :ode

Eouter(config-if) Interface :ode

Eouter(config-su!if) Su!interface :ode

Eouter(config-line) ?ine :ode

Eouter(config-router) Eouter 9onfiguration :ode

DATE : / / 2013

PRACTICAL : (

AIM : MAKE A TOPOLOGY USING STATIC ROUTING.

Th!"#:

*hat is packet tracer .& versionT

- 1ew version to support 991A security

- nhanced protocol support for 991A discovery and 991A e2ploration

S4746 R!4:

It is created maintained and updated !y a network administrator manually. A static

route to every network must !e configured on every router for full connectivity. #his provides a

granular level of control over routing !ut "uickly !ecomes impractical on large networks.

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Eouters will not share static routes with each other thus reducing 96UEA: overhead

and saving !andwidth. =owever static routing is not fault-tolerant as any change to the routing

infrastructure (such as a link going down or a new network added) re"uires manual

intervention. Eouters operating in a purely static environment cannot seamlessly choose a !etter

route if a link !ecomes unavaila!le.

Static routes have an Administrative istance (A) of and thus are always preferred

over dynamic routes unless the default A is changed. A static route with an ad4usted A is

called a floating static route and is covered in greater detail in another guide.

A8;7475 !< S4746 R!4

- :inimal 96U:emory overhead

- 1o !andwidth overhead (updates are not shared !etween routers)- ranular control on how traffic is routed

D578;7475 !< S4746 R!4

- Infrastructure changes must !e manually ad4usted

- 1o VdynamicW fault tolerance if a link goes down I- mpractical on large network

S47467= "!4 T!>!=!#:

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DATE : / / 2013

PRACTICAL : (

AIM : MAKE A TOPOLOGY FOR DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL RIP? IGRP?

AND OSPF.

Th!"#:

D#76 R!4:

ynamic routing protocols have evolved over several years to meet the demands of

changing network re"uirements. Although many organi>ations have migrated to more recent

routing protocols such as nhanced Interior ateway Eouting 6rotocol (IE6) and Npen

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Shortest 6ath ;irst (NS6;) many of the earlier routing protocols such as Eouting Information

6rotocol (EI6) are still in use today.

Wh74 @764=# 7" 8#76 "!4 >"!4!6!=5

Eouting protocols are used to facilitate the e2change of routing information !etween

routers. Eouting protocols allow routers to dynamically learn information a!out remote networks

and automatically add this information to their own routing ta!les.

F:R!4"5 D#767==# P755 U>8745

Eouting protocols determine the !est path to each network which is then added to the

routing ta!le. Nne of the primary !enefits of using a dynamic routing protocol is that routers

e2change routing information whenever there is a topology change. #his e2change allows routers

to automatically learn a!out new networks and also to find alternate paths if there is a link failure

to a current network. 9ompared to static routing dynamic routing protocols re"uire less

administrative overhead. =owever the e2pense of using dynamic routing protocols is dedicating

part of a routerXs resources for protocol operation including 96U time and network link

!andwidth. espite the !enefits of dynamic routing static routing still has its place. #here are

times when static routing is more appropriate and other times when dynamic routing is the !etter choice. :ore often than not you will find a com!ination of !oth types of routing in any network

that has a moderate level of comple2ity.

P">!5 !< D#76 R!4 P"!4!6!=5:

Y iscovering remote networks

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Y :aintaining up-to-date routing information

Y 9hoosing the !est path to destination networks

Y =aving the a!ility to find a new !est path if the current path is no longer availa!le

D#76 -"55 S4746 R!4:

R!4 I

EI6 is a standardi>ed istance Pector protocol designed for use on smaller networks.

EI6 was one of the first true istance Pector routing protocols and is supported on a wide

variety of systems.

EI6 adheres to the following istance Pector characteristics$

Z EI6 sends out periodic routing updates (every 5 seconds)

Z EI6 sends out the full routing ta!le every periodic update

Z EI6 uses a form of distance as its metric (in this case hopcount)

Z EI6 uses the Bellman-;ord istance Pector algorithm to determine the !est

VpathW to a particular destination

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Nther characteristics of EI6 include$

Z EI6 supports I6 and I6[ routing.

Z EI6 utili>es U6 port &

Z EI6 routes have an administrative distance of &.

Z EI6 has a ma2imum hopcount of hops.

Any network that is R hops away or more is considered unreacha!le to EI6 thus the

ma2imum diameter of the network is hops. A metric of R hops in EI6 is considered a poison

route or infinity metric.

TOPOLOGY OF RIP :

B.E.E.C $ 201% 30


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TSSN S.I.T.E.R

TOPOLOGY OF IGRP:

B.E.E.C $ 201% 31


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TSSN S.I.T.E.R

TOPOLOGY OF OSPF:

B.E.E.C $ 201% 32


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TSSN S.I.T.E.R

Updated TSSN Preactical (1)

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Transcript of Updated TSSN Preactical (1)