UNW-DPC UNESCO-IHE - UN-Water · UNESCO-IHE Policy making: Policy cycle, policy analysis . Conflict...
Transcript of UNW-DPC UNESCO-IHE - UN-Water · UNESCO-IHE Policy making: Policy cycle, policy analysis . Conflict...
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Prof. Dr. Jan Leentvaar
UNW-DPC
UNESCO-IHE
Policy making:
Policy cycle, policy analysis
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
UNECEUNDESA UNECA UNESCWA
UNCTADUNECLACUNESCAP
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
UNESCO-IHE
• Institute for Water Education
• Prof. Environmental Policy Making
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
NL-Water Management
Minister
Ministry
NWA INSPECTORATEWater Policy
DG
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Water Management Inspectorate
• Direct advice and consultation with Minister
• Inspections of the National Water Authority
• Inspections of Water Boards
• Information to Parliament and public
• Advise to policy department
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy Making
• Need for Water Policy
• Policy Cycle
• Policy Analysis
• Examples, tools
• Exercise
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Water Policy: awareness is a key
• Society must perceive the environmental threat as real problem
• Society must afford to deal with the environmental problem
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Difficulty of Creating Awareness ……
• …….. But perhaps in the future……..• …….. It is the society at large that counts……• The negative side effects cannot be seen …..• Societies act linearly but ecosystems are dynamic
• Our basic cultural-religious-ethical fundament ……
• The difficulty in understanding environmental processes…
• ……………..• ……………..
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Water and Politics
Netherlands:
Water management is not is a hot political item
Motivation
• Last item at distribution of ministerial posts
• No essential differences between political parties
• Dependent only on budget
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy and Politics
• Egypt
– Career Dr. Abuzeid
• Communist System
– Governmental employee = politician
• Hungary/Germany/...
– No translation for the word “policy”
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Political attention
Politiek
gewicht
Erkenning Beleids-
formulering
Oplossing Beheer
fase
mate van
onenigheid
Political
Attention
Recognition PolicyFormulation
Solution Management
phase
Degree ofdisagreement
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy design approach
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
(non) negotiable principles
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Economic cycle
ShortageHigh price
Enoughsupply
Low price
Reduction in use
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Continuous policy making
policy making
imple
menta
tionm
onitoring
eval
uatio
n
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
policy
analysis
recommended
measures
T2206 001
monitor
problem
statement
state of the
environment
policy
priorities
decision
making
im-
plementation
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy cycle
society
BOTTLE-NECKS/PROBLEMS
monitoring
technology
POLICYIMPLEMENTATION
POLICY MAKINGPROCESS-DECISIONS
research
MAINTENANCE/
MANAGEMENT
POLICY-ANALYSIS
DEMANDS/WISHES
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy cycle in time
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy analysis
• The aim
�generate and present useful information for decision makers
• The art
�Common sense, experience and ingenuity
�Knowledge and understanding
�Lots of listening, coordination, translation
�Systematic, methodical
�Look for “good solutions”, “optimal” solutions do not exist
�Account for uncertainties, avoid high risk strategies
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy analysis
• It can be defined as
�a systematic investigation of complexpolicy alternatives as to assistdecision-makers in choosing a preferred course of action in the public sector under uncertain conditions
�Thus: a tool for conflict resolution
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy analysis
• Analysis IS NOT decision making
• But in the process of policy analysis choices have to be made, preferably by the decision maker, NOT by the analyst
• Otherwise: well documented choices by analyst
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Phases in policy analysis
SIMPLE
1. Problem analysis
2. Establishing criteria
3. Identifying alternatives
4. Evaluating alternatives
5. (Ranking alternatives)
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy cycle
society
BOTTLE-NECKS/PROBLEMS
monitoring
technology
POLICYIMPLEMENTATION
POLICY MAKINGPROCESS-DECISIONS
research
MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
POLICY-ANALYSIS
DEMANDS/WISHES
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Nature of public problems
• Fuzzy and ill-defined
• Political as well as technical aspects
• Lack a cause-effect knowledge base
• May be solved only by producing new problems
• Involve tradeoffs between cost and effectiveness
• Hard to measure adequacy of results
• Hard to measure fairness of results
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Problem orientation
• Causes of the problem
• Historic and geographical background
• Who put problem on agenda
• What interests are at stake
• Who are involved in decision-making
• Which relevant aspects
• Possible (directions of) solutions
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Criteria and Alternatives
• Goals are translated into alternatives
• Alternatives are more concrete statements about desired end states, with time tables
• Criteria are the measurable dimensions of alternatives
• The criteria and their measures must be unambiguous
• Sample criteria
� Effectiveness
� Cost
� Technical
� Political
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Examples of criteria
• Technical feasibility
• Political/social feasibility
• Robustness
• Reliability
• Flexibility
• Duration of decision-making
• Duration of implementation
• Costs
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Generation of alternatives
• By the initiator
• By individuals or groups
• Include or exclude alternatives in a clear way!
• Pre-selection of alternatives
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Generation of alternatives
• The “Zero-alternative”
� “business as usual” or present situation
�Serves as reference
• Refer to similar policy problems versus unique problems
• Generation of variants of alternatives
• Scenarios for external developments
• Phasing in time
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Score card as a first step
Criteria Alternative1 Alternative2 Alternative 3/ 4/ ..
Navigation 0 - ......
Flooding 0 0 ......
Water
quality
+ - ......
Groundwater - 0 ......
Vegetation 0 +
Forestry + +
Hunting - 0
Investments
($)
100,000 20,000
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy analysis - Summary
• Clarifies and rationalizes options for
management actions
• Presents information
• Does not make the final decision
• Considers implementation aspects
• Does not implement
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy Analysis:
Restoration Floodplain Gemenc
Hungary
Case 1
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
1992
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Problems in Gemenc
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Alternatives
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Criteria
• Length
• Ecology
• Water quality
• River management
• Investment cost
• Maintenance cost
• Cost effectiveness
• Forestry
• Fisheries
• Recreation
• Hunting
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Alternatives Gemenc
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Conclusions
Decisions: are taken in a time period
Scale: catchment area approach versus regional
approach
Take many aspects and interests into account:
• Nationalism
• Minorities
• Agriculture
• Nature
• Spatial planning etc.
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy analysis
Policy analysis as a part of decision making
process:
• Clarifies and rationalizes alternative policy and
management solutions in objective terms
• Gathers and presents information to all interest groups involved and those affected by the consequences
• Prepares for but does not make the final decision
• Considers implementation aspects, but does not
implement
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Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Skills for IWRM
Policy cycle
society
BOTTLE-NECKS/PROBLEMS
monitoring
technology
POLICYIMPLEMENTATION
POLICY MAKINGPROCESS-DECISIONS
research
MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT
POLICY-ANALYSIS
DEMANDS/WISHES