University of California-Davis Institute of Transportation ...
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STEPS 2015 Symposium
Davis, California
December 10, 2015
Modelling and Analysis of Plug-in Series-Parallel Hybrid Vehicles
Andrew Burke
Hengbing Zhao
Institute of Transportation Studies
University of California-Davis
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• Research objectives
• Analysis of series-parallel hybrid-electric powertrains
• Simulations of medium-duty parcel delivery trucks
• Simulations of Volt-like passenger cars
• Conclusions
Presentation Outline
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Research Objectives
• Analyze series-parallel powertrain configurations
• Assess technologies for MD & HD vehicle applications and the Chev.
Volt
• Support the PHEV technology for specific classes of illustrative
vehicles
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Powertrain Architectures
Six Speed
TransmissionClutchEngine
Battery
System
Six Speed
TransmissionClutchEngine
Traction
Motor
Battery
System
Two Speed
TransmissionClutchEngine
Traction
MotorGenerator
Battery
System
Two Speed
TransmissionClutchEngine
Traction
MotorGenerator
Conventional Parallel hybrid (Pre – Trans)
Series-Parallel (Pre – Trans) Series-Parallel (Post – Trans)
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Series-Parallel Operation Modes
Battery
System
Two Speed
TransmissionClutchEngine
Traction
MotorGenerator
Battery
System
Two Speed
TransmissionClutchEngine Generator
Traction
Motor
Battery
System
Two Speed
TransmissionClutchEngine
GeneratorTraction
Motor
Battery
System
Two Speed
TransmissionClutch
Traction
MotorGeneratorEngine
Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Operation Mode
Parallel Blended Operation Mode Series Blended Operation Mode
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Control Strategy
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Vehicle Inputs
Engine CI 7L 200 HP (2014)
Engine Peak Eff. 0.43
Frontal Area 7.8 m^2
Air Drag Coef. 0.6
Weight 16,000 lbs / 7,257 kg
Wheel Radius 0.378
Rolling Resistance
Coef. 0.006
Motor UQM PM 100kW cont. 150
kW peak
45 kW for mild hybrid
Generator PM 70 kW
Energy Storage 31.68 kWh
Transmission Six-Speed
9.01/5.27/3.22/2.04/1.36/1.0
Two-Speed 2.04/0.95
Gearbox Peak Eff. 0.97
Final Drive 2.85
Aux. Mech. Power 1 kW
Aux. Elec. Power 0.4 kW
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Vehicle Modeling
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Drive Cycles
Urban Driving Schedule UDDS HDV
Highway Driving Schedule Class 4 Local Delivery
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Simulation over short distance drive
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Fuel economy improvement in charge sustaining operation
MD parcel delivery truck
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Mid-size passenger car (Volt-like)
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Vehicle component characteristics for various powertrain configurations
Vehicle
Powertrain
Engine kW
EM kW
Battery kWh
Generator eff.
Volt
Series-Parallel
PHEV
65
111
17
.95 (65 kW)
Volt Single-shaft
full parallel
PHEV
65
111
17
.95 (65 kW)
Cruze Mild parallel
HEV single-
shaft
105
20
1.8
NA
Cruze Conventional 122 NA NA NA
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Vehicle
Powertrain
Wh/mi
electric
Range
electric- miles
mpg
engine
Volt
Series-Par
PHEV
FUDS 212 52 49
HW 240 46 43
HW-
Interst.
296
37
36
Volt Single-shaft
full parallel
PHEV
FUDS 206 54 48
HW 228 48 43
HW-
interst.
289
38
35
Cruze Mild HEV
single-shaft
FUDS 45
HW 45
HW-
interst.
37
Cruze Convention
ICE.
FUDS 25
HW 37
HW-
interst.
34
Energy characteristics of mid-size cars
with various powertrain configurations
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Conclusions • Series-parallel configuration seems ideal for PHEVs –
advantages of both an EV and ICE
• Performance/efficiency advantage of series-parallel
arrangement in the charge sustaining mode is minimal for most
driving cycles, but it permits vehicles to operate efficiently as
EVs in the all-electric mode for significant ranges and with
good fuel economy for long trips
• The battery required for 50 mile electric range should make
PHEVs cost competitive with conventional ICE vehicles
• Possibility of overcome disadvantage of high energy
consumption (Wh/mi) of EVs in cold weather by storing waste
heat from the engine/generator