UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA EXPERIMENTAL AND … · menggunakan perisian analisis GasTurb 11 selepas...
Transcript of UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA EXPERIMENTAL AND … · menggunakan perisian analisis GasTurb 11 selepas...
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
EZANEE BIN GIRES
FK 2013 6
EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A SMALL-SCALE GAS TURBINE ENGINE USING JET A-1 AND PALM OIL
BIODIESEL BLENDS
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EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A SMALL-SCALE GAS TURBINE ENGINE USING JET A-1 AND PALM OIL BIODIESEL BLENDS
EZANEE BIN GIRES
MASTER OF SCIENCEUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
2013
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EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A SMALL-SCALE GAS TURBINE ENGINE USING JET A-1 AND PALM OIL
BIODIESEL BLENDS
By
EZANEE BIN GIRES
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
January 2013
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A SMALL-SCALE GAS TURBINE ENGINE USING JET A-1 AND PALM OIL
BIODIESEL BLENDS
By
EZANEE BIN GIRES
January 2013
Chair: Abd Rahim Abu Talib, PhD
Faculty: Engineering
The experimental and simulated performance of an Armfield CM4 turbojet engine
was investigated for conventional Jet A-1 fuel as well as its blends with palm oil
biodiesel (PME), a form of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The volumetric blends of
PME with Jet A-1 are 20, 50, 70 and 100% (B20, B50, B70 and B100). Fuel heating
values (FHV) of each fuel mixture were obtained by calometric analysis and were
used to estimate changes in CM4 performance which were verified experimentally.
The experimental tests included performance tests for Jet A-1 and B20, while the
performances of B50 to B100 were simulated using GasTurb 11 analytical software
after verification of simulated and experimental results for Jet A-1 and B20. Values of
thrust, fuel flow, temperature and pressure distribution along the engine and engine
speed were available from experimental measurements, whereas other values of merit
were calculated using parametric cycle analysis and one-dimensional flow
assumptions. In terms of maximum measured thrust, Jet A-1 yielded the highest
value of 216 N, decreasing by 0.77%, 4%, 8% and 12% with B20, B50, B70 and
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B100 based on experimental and simulated results. It was found that B20 produced
comparable results compared to the benchmark Jet A-1 tests, particularly with thrust
and thermal efficiency. Slight performance penalties occurred due to the lower
energy content of the biodiesel blend. The efficiency of the combustor improved with
the addition of biodiesel while the other component efficiencies remained
collectively consistent. The performance parameters of the CM4 engine were found
to deteriorate with increased PME content in the simulations, particularly for
volumetric blends of over 50% palm oil biodiesel. This research shows that for gas
turbines, PME is suitable for use as an additive to Jet A-1, but not as a complete
replacement fuel.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Sarjana Sains
KAJIAN PRESTASI EKSPERIMEN DAN SIMULASI ENJIN TURBIN GAS SKALA KECIL MENGGUNAKAN JET A-1 DAN CAMPURAN BIODIESEL
MINYAK SAWIT
Oleh
EZANEE BIN GIRES
Januari 2013
Pengerusi: Abd Rahim Abu Talib, PhD
Fakulti: Kejuruteraan
Prestasi sebuah enjin turbojet Armfield CM4 telah dikaji secara eksperimen dan
simulasi untuk bahan api pesawat udara konvensional Jet A-1 serta campurannya
dengan biodiesel minyak kelapa sawit (PME), sejenis metil ester asid lemak (FAME).
Isipadu campuran PME dengan Jet A-1 adalah dalam nisbah campuran isipadu 20,
50, 70 dan 100% (B20, B50, B70 dan B100). Kandungan tenaga bahan api (FHV)
bagi setiap campuran minyak telah diperolehi melalui analisis kalorimetrik dan
nilainya digunakan dalam anggaran perubahan prestasi CM4 yang telah disahkan
melalui eksperimen. Kajian eksperimental merangkumi ujian prestasi bagi minyak Jet
A-1 dan B20, manakala prestasi bagi B50, B70 dan B100 disimulasi dengan
menggunakan perisian analisis GasTurb 11 selepas pengesahan keputusan simulasi
B20 dan Jet A-1 dengan keputusan daripada eksperimen. Nilai-nilai tujahan, aliran
bahan api, taburan suhu dan tekanan dalam enjin, serta pusingan per minit (rpm)
enjin diperolehi daripada pengukuran eksperimen, manakala nilai-nilai merit yang
lain dikira melalui analisis kitaran parametrik dan andaian aliran satu dimensi. Dari
segi tujahan maksimum, Jet A-1 menghasilkan nilai tertinggi iaitu 216 N, dengan
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nilai yang menurun sebanyak 0.77%, 4%, 8% dan 12% dengan B20, B50, B70 dan
B100 berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen dan simulasi. Didapati bahawa B20
menghasilkan keputusan setanding dengan keputusan kajian menggunakan Jet A-1,
terutamanya dalam tujahan dan kecekapan terma. Penalti prestasi yang kecil
diakibatkan oleh kandungan tenaga B20 yang lebih rendah daripada Jet A-1.
kecekapan seksyen pembakar enjin dipertingkatkan dengan pembakaran campuran
biodiesel, manakala kecekapan komponen yang lain kekal konsisten. Parameter
prestasi enjin CM4 didapati merosot dengan peningkatan kandungan PME dalam
simulasi, terutamanya bagi campuran isipadu lebih daripada 50% biodiesel minyak
sawit. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa bagi turbin gas, PME adalah sesuai untuk
digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan kepada Jet A-1, tetapi bukan sebagai bahan api
gantian yang lengkap.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My first show of thanks and appreciation is to my main supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Abd Rahim Abu Talib. To this day, he has shown the same high level of support,
patience, encouragement and advice that he has given since the first time I set foot in
the Faculty of Engineering. Most importantly, I am grateful for the level of freedom
and autonomy that he has given since day one, allowing me to complete this project
successfully. In that same vein, I also extend my thanks to my co-supervisor, Assoc.
Prof. Lt. Col. (R) Mohamed Tarmizi Ahmad, whose presence in and around the
Propulsion Laboratory provided advice and conversation throughout my study
duration. I am also grateful for the backing of the Aerospace Engineering Department
of UPM for their support for this research project, especially in the early stages of
running the CM4 gas turbine.
This work was significantly supported by the Universiti Putra Malaysia Research
University Grant Scheme (RUGS) 05-01-09-0719RU, which also allowed me to
work as a research assistant for two years. The RUGS scheme also made it possible
for Mr. Zulfikar and Mr. Radin to repair the CM4 whenever it broke down, and for
whom I am highly indebted to. I am also extremely grateful for the friendships that
had formed since the project began. To list down all of them would take the whole
length of this thesis. However, special mention goes to Mr. Helmey Ramdhaney
Mohd. Saiah, whose guidance, patience and insight has been invaluable. Similarly, I
would like to thank Mr. Saffairus Saleh for his technical and moral support. I am also
grateful for the friends that I had retained since before this project began.
I feel that no acknowledgment would be complete without giving due to my beloved
family. Through all of the easy and hard times they have been there for me, and so I
thank my parents, Gires Usup and Asmat Ahmad, as well as my brother Adrian, his
wife and son Ainul and Alfie, and my sister Jasmine. I only hope that I can one day
fully repay their love and support beyond putting my thanks in writing.
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 29 January 2013 to conduct the final examination of Ezanee bin Gires on his thesis entitled "Title of thesis" in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the degree of Master of Science.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Harijono Djojodihardjo, PhDProfessor IrFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)
Kamarul Arifin Ahmad, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Internal Examiner)
Surjatin Wiriadidjaja, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Internal Examiner)
Mohammad Nazri Mohd Ja'afar, PhDProfessorFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MalaysiaMalaysia(External Examiner)
SEOW HENG FONG, PhD Professor and Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 21 March 2013
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The
members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Abd Rahim Abu Talib, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Chairman)
Mohamed Tarmizi AhmadAssociate Professor Lt. Col. (R)Faculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Member)
______________________________ BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any other institution.
________________________
EZANEE BIN GIRES
Date: 29 January 2013
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACTABSTRAKACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAPPROVALDECLARATIONLIST OF TABLESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF SYMBOLS
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CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Historical Context1.2 Scope of Study1.3 Aims, Significance and Hypothesis of Study1.4 Thesis Outline
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2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE2.1 The Need for Alternatives to Fossil Fuels2.2 Alternative Fuels2.3 Test Flights and Aero-Engine Tests Using Biofuel2.4 Engine Tests Using Biofuels and Other Alternative Fuels 2.4.1 Gas Turbine Engine Tests 2.4.2 Diesel Engine Tests2.5 Summary and Discussion of Previous Research Findings 2.5.1 Effect of Alternative Fuels on Engine Performance 2.5.2 Effect of Alternative Fuels on Emissions
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3 METHODOLOGY3.1 Description of Apparatus3.2 Instrumentation3.3 Test Facility3.4 Test Fuels3.5 Experimental Procedure3.6 Jet Engine Cycle Analysis and Performance Parameters
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4 ARMFIELD CM4 EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE USING Jet A-1 AND A BIODIESEL BLEND4.1 Operational Observations
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4.2 Temperature and Pressure Properties Across Engine Stations4.3 CM4 Measured Thrust Values for Jet A-1 and B204.4 Mass Flows Through CM4 Engine4.5 Performance Analysis of CM4 Turbojet4.6 CM4 Core Engine Efficiencies4.7 CM4 Turbojet Component Analysis 4.7.1 Inlet 4.7.2 Compressor 4.7.3 Burner 4.7.4 Turbine Performance and Mechanical Efficiency 4.7.5 CM4 Turbojet Efficiency Overview4.8 CM4 Thermodynamic Analysis4.9 Conclusions Regarding CM4 Performance on Jet A-14.10 Summary of Armfield CM4 B20 Performance
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5 SIMULATION OF ARMFIELD CM4 PERFORMANCE FOR FURTHER BIODIESEL BLENDS5.1 Design of the Simulation Model5.2 Comparison of GasTurb and Experimental Results for Jet A-1 and B20 5.2.1 Temperature and Pressure Distribution 5.2.2 Thrust 5.2.3 Mass Flows and Initial Engine Performance Parameters 5.2.4 Engine and Component Efficiencies 5.2.5 Summary of Comparison of GasTurb Results to Experimental Results 5.3 GasTurb 11 Simulation Results for all PME Biodiesel Blends 5.3.1 Thrust 5.3.2 Mass Flows 5.3.3 Specific Thrust, Fuel-Air Ratio, and Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption 5.3.4 Engine Efficiencies 5.3.5 Component Efficiencies 5.4 Conclusions From GasTurb 11 Simulation
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6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS6.1 Findings6.2 Limitations and Recommendations
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REFERENCES 155
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APPENDICES
A Detailed Calculation Methodology for Jet Engine Cycle Analysis
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B Verification of Load Cell Thrust Measurement 175
C Additional Notes Regarding the JFS100-13A Gas Turbine Engine
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BIODATA OF STUDENTLIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS
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