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Università degli studi di Torino

Dipartimento di Fisica Sperimentale

Title:

“Test of front-end electronic read-out for detectors to monitor and measure Hadron’s

therapeutical beams”

Authors:

M. Borri, F. Rivero

2

INDEX

PART 1 – GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 60 TERA 06 BOARDS 1 – Introduction 2 – General characterization of the front-end electronics cards 2.1 - DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM 2.2 – TESTS 2.3 - RESULTS

PART 2 – IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF FE_062_004 AND FE_093_087 TERA 06 BOARDS 3 – Characterization of the FE_062_004 and FE_093_087 cards

3.1 – THE EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

3.2 – DATA ANALYSIS 3.2..1 – LINEARITY

3

3.2..2– PEDESTALS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE 3.2..3– CHARGE QUANTUM TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE 3.2..4– STABILITY IN TIME

4 – APPENDIX – Single chips-analysis

5 – Summary

6 – Bibliography

7 – Greetings

4

PART 1 – GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 60 TERA 06 BOARDS 1 – Introduction

The TERA06 Integrated Circuit (IC) is a 64-channel charge measurement ASIC (Application

Specific Integrated Circuit) designed in a CMOS 0.8 µm technology by INFN Torino Division. The

ASIC is intended to serve as front-end electronic read-out for detectors to monitor and measure

radiotherapeutical beams at CNAO (Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica).

Figure 1 - The top face of the board

The detectors are pixel or strip parallel plate ionization chambers described in [1] and [2] , similar

to the one in the picture:

Figure 2 - The TERA 05 mounted on Figure 3 - The MOPI detector

5

Figure 2 shows a kind of structure that will substain the boxes of the detector (that is an old-

fashioned picture, wich evidences the progresses done to minimize the boards dimensions), while

Figure 3 shows how will the structure be (that is the detector – MOPI - mounted at the Institute

Curie, in Paris, similar to the one to be mounted at the CNAO. of Pavia).

Every board has two chips TERA06 housed on the top:

they have been designed by the INFN Torino Division , while

been materially produced by the IBA Group, as shown from the

face of the chip.

The chips are used as reading devices of the pixel chambers, and

are equipped with 64 channels each, which every one works

independently from the others.

Figure 4 - The TERA 05 mounted on

To have an idea of how the chips work, here it is an electronic scheme (every channel works this

way):

Figure 5 - Circuital scheme of one channel of the chip

6

It consists of :

- an Operational Amplifier (OTA), set as integrator with a feedback capacity Cint = 600 fF;

- a Comparator (CMP), kept at Vth = 2,5 V;

- a Pulse Generator (P.G.), that gives a pulse of 100 ns every level transiction of the input

signal (from bottom to top);

- a quantum charge subtraction circuit, that generates a fixed charge of 400fC every times

a pulse arrives from the P.G.;

- a digital counter (CN), of 16 bits, that adds the pulses generated from the P.G.;

The principle of working is based on the count of the number of times in which an input charge,

charged by the current coming from the detector and uncharged of a precised charge quantum by

the circuit itself, reaches a prefixed value. In fact, in order to obtain the integrated total charge, it

only needs to multiply the counts obtained from the capacity charge with the charge subtracted.

In this way the circuit is called a “recycling integrator circuit”.

In sistesis, the entire circuit does the following thing:

Figure 6 - Bloc scheme of the chip

Every channel has:

- a converter, that converts current into frequency;

- a counter, of 16 bits;

- a latch, that allows the saving of the counts of every channel at the same time;

- a multiplexer, that unify all the 64 channels in order to allow the reading of the selected

channel (from 0 to 5);

7

2 – General characterization of the front-end electronics cards

2.1 - DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

To acquire data from the electronic card, called FrontEnd_TERA06, a data acquisition system

(DAQ) has been used. It is based on PCI DAQ card National Instrument (PCI 6534) and Lab View

software (see Picture 7).

Figure 7 - Setup scheme

The data flux between the PCI DAQ card and the FrontEnd_TERA06 card is bidirectional, because

the main task of the DAQ consists of sending commands of control and also to manage the data.

Moreover, the experimental setup consisted of:

- Power supply (6 V.);

- two comunication boards LA TxRx (the first to convert the TTL signal in RS422 long-

distance standard, the second to convert RS422 in TTL);

- a computer with the necessary LabView software

8

Figure 8 and 9 show respectively the block diagram and the bottom of the FrontEnd_TERA06 card:

Figure 8 - Bloc diagram of TERA 06 Figure 9 – Bottom of TERA 06

It has two connectors (PMC) to collect the analogic signal out from the detector on the longest side,

while opposite it has a SCSI connector that manages the input digital signals (CONTROLS), sent

from the DAQ, and the output datas (DATA), coming out from the chip.

DATA contains information on counters (16 bits).

CONTROLS (16 bits) are rstD rstA Latch A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0, that consist

of:

- A0 – A5: address of the channel;

- A6 : address of the chip;

- A7 – A10 : address of the board;

- rstA : analogical reset signal;

- rstD : digital reset signal;

- Latch : Latch signal.

9

2.2 – TESTS

The performance of the front-end electronics card has been studied by measuring:

1. the pedestal (TEST PED LabView program);

2. the charge quantum value (TEST QUANTUM Labview program);

To characterize the sixty front-end electronics cards the experimental setup described in subsection

2.2 has been used with the following reference voltages:

- Power supply card voltage fixed at 6 V;

- Vota = 2.05 V, fixed reference voltage;

- V th = 2.5 V, threshold comparator voltge;

- V p+ = 3.12 V

- V p- = 2.12 V

( V p = V p+ - V p- = 1.0 V, that is the voltage that gives the amplitude of the signal coming to the

subtraction capacity, Q = Csub x Vp ).

Before the card’s characterization, each card was cleaned by ultrasounds cleaner . This was done in

order to avoid dirty on the components of the chips to make them work correctly (the dust could

change potentials and connections at the scale that the silicon components are built, corrupting the

precise measurements at such little dimensions).

Figure 10 - The ultrasounds cleaner

10

Once cleaned (15 minutes time every 6 board) they where disposed onto a table to make them dry

from alcohol:

Figure 11 - The cleaned boards drying

11

2.3 - RESULTS There had to be tested 60 boards: 57 of them worked out correctly, while the following showed

problems:

- FE_068_085 has both chips broken;

- FE_118_097 has the trimmer of Vota broken;

- FE_022_065 shows some problems.

Moreover, FE_048_031 has only one broken channel, so it can be used for a strip chamber with 127

working channels.

For other details see the Summary [chpt. 5].

Table 1 shows the summary of the test result on 57 FrontEnd_TERA06 “working cards”:

12

PEDESTAL QUANTUM ELECTRO

NIC BOARDS

MEAN (counts)

SIGMA (counts)

SIGMA/MEAN

MIN. (count

s)

MAX. (coun

ts)

MEAN (counts)

SIGMA (counts)

SIGMA/MEAN

MIN. (counts

)

MAX. (counts

)

002_013 1,254375 0,07289 0,05811 1,12 1,62 170,420625 0,861314 0,00505 168,35 172,3 003_053 1,113125 0,061372 0,05513 0,93 1,42 171,574063 1,050115 0,00612 169,26 173,32 005_050 0,902422 0,086377 0,09572 0,75 1,1 173,641172 1,248159 0,00719 171,35 177,15 010_009 1,067578 0,073267 0,06863 0,85 1,33 170,689453 0,801876 0,0047 168,39 172,31 012_ 011 0,959844 0,1243 0,1295 0,53 1,27 170,678281 0,872747 0,00511 168,36 172,49 020_056 1,301016 0,056802 0,04366 1,17 1,52 172,177344 0,929037 0,0054 169,67 173,77 030_037 1,109531 0,042922 0,03868 1,02 1,3 173,460859 1,337611 0,00771 170,47 175,47 032_071 1,071094 0,057933 0,05409 0,93 1,27 171,765625 1,158716 0,00675 168,68 173,98 035_021 0,937344 0,059559 0,06354 0,7 1,12 176,645547 2,153966 0,01219 172,52 181,16 036_025 0,997656 0,042639 0,04274 0,9 1,17 173,437734 1,030468 0,00594 171,01 176,1 038_059 1,104766 0,047802 0,04327 0,98 1,28 173,069297 1,306267 0,00755 170,3 175,29 041_045 1,224063 0,071777 0,05864 1,08 1,62 172,492344 0,722399 0,00419 170,41 174,18 042_028 1,258594 0,069495 0,05522 1,12 1,52 173,207188 0,917789 0,0053 171,19 175,12 044_024 0,941719 0,04714 0,05006 0,85 1,07 177,488672 1,551109 0,00874 174,43 180,77 047_016 1,259922 0,065718 0,05216 1,13 1,52 173,773125 1,015539 0,00584 171,18 176,25 049_075 1,202031 0,051181 0,04258 1,1 1,42 173,785156 1,225332 0,00705 171,02 176,47 051_039 1,228359 0,056802 0,04624 1,12 1,43 172,511016 1,220929 0,00708 168,94 174,32 052_046 1,117969 0,075455 0,06749 0,95 1,35 172,756328 0,743321 0,0043 170,84 174,11 055_061 1,220391 0,05784 0,0474 1,1 1,43 171,824922 1,422349 0,00828 169,11 174,13 057_029 1,474375 0,082555 0,05599 1,35 1,87 171,592422 1,082656 0,00631 168,99 173,45 058_014 0,964922 0,065292 0,06767 0,83 1,2 170,982188 0,956281 0,00559 168,97 172,81 060_040 1,105938 0,052187 0,04719 0,98 1,3 172,565859 1,138119 0,0066 170,1 174,49 062_004 1,065234 0,067823 0,06367 0,92 1,32 171,074609 1,29258 0,00756 168,34 173,41 063_001 1,029531 0,059709 0,058 0,9 1,23 171,209531 1,088486 0,00636 169,06 173,3 066_054 1,364688 0,109566 0,08029 1,17 2,27 169,939453 1,476468 0,00869 167,15 172,59 070_077 1,062813 0,053255 0,05011 0,93 1,27 172,717891 1,144496 0,00663 170,47 174,57 072_008 1,182656 0,053234 0,04501 1,07 1,38 173,00375 1,277374 0,00738 169,29 175,34 078_074 1,061484 0,060524 0,05702 0,93 1,23 174,292656 1,227433 0,00704 171,2 177,17 079_104 0,9825 0,069792 0,07103 0,82 1,23 172,661484 1,147619 0,00665 169,34 174,6 080_069 1,181719 0,06683 0,05655 1,05 1,45 173,764453 1,323867 0,00762 170,8 176 083_007 1,240859 0,047951 0,03864 1,15 1,47 175,402422 0,965678 0,00551 172,78 177,63 084_015 1,202031 0,051181 0,04258 1,1 1,42 169,500391 0,955085 0,00563 166,5 171,19 089_026 1,064453 0,05955 0,05594 0,95 1,28 174,958047 0,645615 0,00369 172,99 176,41 090_076 1,046719 0,042614 0,04071 0,93 1,2 173,289766 1,15822 0,00668 171,04 175,61 091_018 1,287734 0,062308 0,04839 1,13 1,6 171,99625 0,861525 0,00501 169,85 174,28 093_087 1,010234 0,060137 0,05953 0,88 1,2 174,365938 1,269287 0,00728 171,95 176,77 094_081 0,943984 0,052696 0,05582 0,82 1,15 173,721328 1,664855 0,00958 170,72 177,53 095_073 0,983828 0,046889 0,04766 0,88 1,15 174,170703 1,103357 0,00633 171,56 176,01 098_064 0,985859 0,042953 0,04357 0,87 1,12 175,030625 0,8868 0,00507 172,09 176,58 099_088 1,168203 0,050046 0,04284 1,05 1,3 175,496172 2,575256 0,01467 171,36 180,08 100_034 0,937578 0,049941 0,05327 0,8 1,15 176,365156 1,762101 0,00999 173,1 180,87 101_019 1,061484 0,057495 0,05416 0,95 1,32 172,144219 1,194532 0,00694 169,28 174,68 102_092 1,203984 0,064653 0,0537 1,05 1,42 172,736094 1,044315 0,00605 170,38 175,07 103_027 1,124375 0,057078 0,05076 1 1,42 172,085 1,145333 0,00666 169,54 174,52 106_105 1,216328 0,051982 0,04274 1,12 1,42 173,339297 0,693638 0,004 170,54 175,53 108_017 1,090078 0,052128 0,04782 0,97 1,3 172,136797 1,117643 0,00649 169,99 174,52 109_043 1,330313 0,058806 0,0442 1,17 1,5 176,583438 2,822774 0,01599 171,98 180,68 110_082 0,963672 0,078518 0,08148 0,57 1,15 176,559609 1,232487 0,00698 174,2 179,36 111_086 1,222266 0,047723 0,03904 1,12 1,42 173,629141 1,010252 0,00582 171,67 176,02

13

112_067 1,317656 0,052833 0,0401 1,22 1,52 172,370938 1,466924 0,00851 170,25 174,73 114_123 1,134063 0,080044 0,07058 0,98 1,42 174,933047 2,407288 0,01376 171,33 179,76 115_033 1,127656 0,084271 0,07473 1 1,68 175,011484 2,046969 0,0117 171,85 178,38 116_113 1,151172 0,08471 0,07359 0,98 1,48 175,512656 3,181877 0,01813 171,34 179,46 117_006 0,973438 0,049413 0,05076 0,85 1,17 175,958438 1,626297 0,00924 172,28 179,18 119_096 1,259375 0,07763 0,06164 1,13 1,55 173,12875 1,435781 0,00829 170,65 175,74 120_107 1,160469 0,049036 0,04226 1,05 1,37 173,846719 1,10621 0,00636 171,98 176,21

total: 1,124205 173,276348

048_031 1,086535 0,099693 0,09175 0 1,37 172,313228 1,302333 0,00756 0 174,85

Table 1 – Results of the tests

Here follows the search for:

- the board with the highest pedestals;

- the board with the middle pedestals;

- the board with the lowest pedestals;

- the board with the highest charge quantum;

- the board with the middle charge quantum;

- the board with the lowest charge quantum;

- the board with the highest background current;

- the board with the middle background current;

the chip with the lowest background current. Pedestals spread for 200 fC

Pedestal Spread

0,60

0,80

1,00

1,20

1,40

1,60

1,80

2,00

0 50 100

Channel

Pede

stal

(Hz)

FE_057_029FE_111_086FE_005_050

14

Charge Quantum spread for 200 fC

Background Current spread for 200 fC

Charge Quantum Spread

164166168170172174176178180182

0 50 100Channel

Cha

rge

Q.(f

C)

FE_044_024FE_090_076FE_084_015

Background Current Spread

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 50 100Channel

I(fA

)

057_029052_046005_050

15

TABLE 2: THE CHIPS BEHAVIOUR DURING THE TESTS

Electronics Board FE_003_053 Pedestal

Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_003_053

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_003_053

Test Mode FE_003_053

7090

7290

7490

7690

7890

8090

8290

8490

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_003_053

Charge Quantum FE_003_053

169169,5

170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173173,5

174

0 50 100

Channel

Cha

rge

quan

tum

(fC

)

FE_003_053

16


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_005_050

0.70.75

0.80.85

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_005_050


6000

6500

7000

7500

8000

8500

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_005_050


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

0 50 100Channel

Cha

rge

Qua

ntum

(fC

)

FE_005_050

17

Electronics Board FE_010_009 Pedestal Not steligraphated on the bottom side

Quantum

Test Mode

The FE_010_009 is NOT steligraphated on the bottom side.


7310

7510

7710

7910

8110

8310

8510

8710

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_010_009


168168,5

169169,5

170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

. (fC

)

FE_010_009

Pedestal FE_010_009

0,8

0,9

1

1,1

1,2

1,3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_010_009

18

Electronics Board FE_012_011 Pedestal Not steligraphated on the bottom side

Quantum

Test Mode

The FE_012_011 is NOT steligraphated on the bottom side.

Pedestal FE_012_011

0.520.620.720.820.921.021.121.22

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_012_011


7020

7220

7420

7620

7820

8020

8220

8420

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_012_011


168168,5

169169,5

170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_012_011

19


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_020_056

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_020_056


7000

7500

8000

8500

9000

9500

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_020_056


169169,5

170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173173,5

174

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_020_056

20


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_030_037

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_030_037


6277

6477

6677

6877

7077

7277

7477

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_030_037


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_030_037

21


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_032_071

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.3

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_032_071


6438

6638

6838

7038

7238

7438

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_032_071


167168169170171172173174175

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_032_071

22


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_035_021

0.650.7

0.750.8

0.850.9

0.951

1.051.1

1.15

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_035_021


6780698071807380758077807980818083808580

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_035_021


170

172

174

176

178

180

182

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_035_021

23


Quantum

Test Mode


170,5

171,5

172,5

173,5

174,5

175,5

176,5

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_036_025

Pedestal FE_036_025

0,85

0,9

0,95

1

1,05

1,1

1,15

1,2

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_036_025


6550

7050

7550

8050

8550

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_036_025

24


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_038_059

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_038_059


6500

6700

6900

7100

7300

7500

7700

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_038_059


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_038_059

25


Quantum

Test Mode


7250745076507850805082508450865088509050

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_042_045

Pedestal FE_041_045

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_041_045


170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173173,5

174174,5

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_042_045

26


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_042_028

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

1.41.45

1.51.55

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_042_028


6920

7120

7320

7520

7720

7920

8120

8320

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_042_028


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_042_028

27


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_044_024

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_044_024


732075207720792081208320852087208920

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_044_024


173174175176177178179180181

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_044_024

28


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_047_016

1.121.171.221.271.321.371.421.471.52

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_047_016


7120

7620

8120

8620

9120

9620

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_047_016


171

172

173

174

175

176

177

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_047_016

29


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_049_075

1.09

1.14

1.19

1.24

1.29

1.34

1.39

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_049_075


6600

6800

7000

7200

7400

7600

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_049_075


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_049_075

30


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_051_039

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_051_039


6600

6800

7000

7200

7400

7600

7800

8000

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_051_039


168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_051_039

31


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_052_046

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

1.4

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_052_046


615063506550675069507150735075507750

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_052_046


170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173173,5

174174,5

175

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_052_046

32


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_055_061

1.09

1.14

1.19

1.24

1.29

1.34

1.39

1.44

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_055_061


6895

7095

7295

7495

7695

7895

8095

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_055_061


169

170

171

172

173

174

175

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_055_061

33


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_057_029

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_057_029


6651

6851

7051

7251

7451

7651

7851

8051

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_057_029


168

169

170

171

172

173

174

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_057_029

34


Quantum

Test Mode


6350

6850

7350

7850

8350

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_058_014

Pedestal FE_058_014

0.80.85

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_058_014


168,5169

169,5170

170,5171

171,5172

172,5173

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_058_014

35


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_060_040

0.971.021.071.121.171.221.271.321.37

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_060_040


6220

6420

6620

6820

7020

7220

7420

7620

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_060_040


170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173173,5

174174,5

175

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_060_040

36


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_062_004

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_062_004


6680688070807280748076807880808082808480

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_062_004


166167168169170171172173174

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_062_004

37


Quantum

Test Mode


6630

6830

7030

7230

7430

7630

7830

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_063_001

Pedestal FE_063_001

0.850.9

0.951

1.051.1

1.151.2

1.25

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_063_001


168

169

170

171

172

173

174

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_063_001

38

Electronics Board FE_066_054 Pedestal Channel 64

Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_066_054

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.3

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_066_054


7200740076007800800082008400860088009000

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_066_054


166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_066_054

39


Quantum

Test Mode


6990

7190

7390

7590

7790

7990

8190

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_070_077

Pedestal FE_070_077

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.3

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_070_077


170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173173,5

174174,5

175

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_070_077

40


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_072_008

1

1.051.1

1.151.2

1.251.3

1.351.4

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_072_008


7400

7900

8400

8900

9400

9900

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_072_008


168169170171172

173174175176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_072_008

41


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_078_074

0.92

0.97

1.02

1.07

1.12

1.17

1.22

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_078_074


6382

6582

6782

6982

7182

7382

7582

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_078_074


171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_078_074

42


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_079_104

0.80.85

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_079_104


6495

6695

6895

7095

7295

7495

7695

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_079_104


168

169

170

171172

173

174

175

176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_079_104

43


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_080_069

1.041.091.141.191.241.291.341.391.44

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_080_069


755077507950815083508550875089509150

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_080_069


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_080_069

44


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_083_007

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

1.4

1.451.5

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_083_007


7150

7650

8150

8650

9150

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_083_007


172

173

174

175

176

177

178

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_083_007

45


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_084_015

1.09

1.14

1.19

1.24

1.29

1.34

1.39

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_084_015


6640

7140

7640

8140

8640

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_084_015


165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_084_015

46


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_089_026

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.3

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_089_026


6210

6410

6610

6810

7010

7210

7410

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_089_026


172172,5

173173,5

174174,5

175175,5

176176,5

177

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_089_026

47


Quantum

Test Mode


5933

6133

6333

6533

6733

6933

7133

7333

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_090_076

Pedestal FE_090_076

0.92

0.97

1.02

1.07

1.12

1.17

1.22

1.27

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_090_076


171171,5

172172,5

173173,5

174174,5

175175,5

176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_090_076

48


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_091_018

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

1,8

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_091_018


169,5170

170,5171

171,5172

172,5173

173,5174

174,5175

0 50 100

Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_091_018


71507350755077507950815083508550875089509150

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_091_018

49


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_093_087

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_093_087


6703

7203

7703

8203

8703

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_093_087


173

173,5

174

174,5

175

175,5

176

176,5

177

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_093_087

50


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_094_081

0.80.85

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.2

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_094_081


6050

6550

7050

7550

8050

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_094_081


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_094_081

51


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_095_073

0.80.85

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.2

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_095_073


6410

6610

6810

7010

7210

7410

7610

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_095_073


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_095_073

52


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_098_064

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_098_064


6200

6700

7200

7700

8200

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_098_064


172172,5

173173,5

174174,5

175175,5

176176,5

177

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_098_064

53


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_099_088

1.06

1.11

1.16

1.21

1.26

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_099_088


7192

7692

8192

8692

9192

9692

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_099_088


170

172

174

176

178

180

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_099_088

54


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_100_034

0.750.8

0.850.9

0.951

1.051.1

1.151.2

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_100_034


5750

6250

6750

7250

7750

8250

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_100_034


173

174

175

176177

178

179

180

181

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_100_034

55


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_101_019

0.90.95

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_101_019


6600

6800

7000

7200

7400

7600

7800

8000

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_101_019


168

169

170

171172

173

174

175

176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_101_019

56


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_102_092

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

1.41.45

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_102_092


6300

6500

6700

6900

7100

7300

7500

7700

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_102_092


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_102_092

57


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_103_027

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

1.41.45

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_103_027


6690

6890

7090

7290

7490

7690

7890

8090

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_103_027


169

170

171

172

173

174

175

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_103_027

58


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_106_105

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_106_105


6830

7030

7230

7430

7630

7830

8030

8230

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_106_105


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_106_105

59


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_108_017

0.951

1.051.1

1.151.2

1.251.3

1.35

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_108_017


6700

6900

7100

7300

7500

7700

7900

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_108_017


168169170171172

173174175176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_108_017

60


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_109_043

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

1.41.45

1.51.55

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_109_043


67206920712073207520772079208120

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_109_043


171172173174175176177178179180181

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_109_043

61


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_110_082

0.56

0.66

0.76

0.86

0.96

1.06

1.16

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_110_082


7110731075107710791081108310851087108910

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_110_082


174

175

176

177

178

179

180

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_110_082

62


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_111_086

1.11

1.16

1.21

1.26

1.31

1.36

1.41

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_111_086


7130

7630

8130

8630

9130

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_111_086


171

172

173

174

175

176

177

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_111_086

63


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_112_067

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_112_067


677069707170737075707770797081708370

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_112_067


170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173173,5

174174,5

175

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_112_067

64


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_114_023

0,971,021,071,121,171,221,271,321,371,42

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)


171172173174175176177178179

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)


7400760078008000820084008600880090009200

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

65


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_115_033

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_115_033


7450

7950

8450

8950

9450

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_115_033


171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_115_033

66


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_116_113

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.45

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_116_113


9100

9600

10100

10600

11100

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_116_113


170171172173174175176177178179180

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_116_113

67


Quantum

Test Mode


6431

6931

7431

7931

8431

8931

9431

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_117_006

Pedestal FE_117_006

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_117_006


171172173174175176177178179180

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_117_006

68


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_119_096

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

1.41.45

1.51.55

1.6

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_119_096


6450

6650

6850

7050

7250

7450

7650

7850

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_119_096


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

,(fC

)

FE_119_096

69


Quantum

Test Mode

Pedestal FE_120_107

11.05

1.11.15

1.21.25

1.31.35

1.4

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_120_107


6590

6790

6990

7190

7390

7590

7790

7990

0 50 100

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_120_107


170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_120_107

70

Electronics Board FE_048_031 with problems at the channel 17 Pedestal Channel 17 doesn’t count

Quantum

Test Mode Also from the test mode there is evidence that the channel 17 doesn’t count

This board will be used with a channel broken, for a strip chamber.

Pedestal FE_048_031

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_048_031


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 50 100Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

FE_048_031


170170,5

171171,5

172172,5

173173,5

174174,5

175

0 50 100Channel

Chr

g Q

.(fC

)

FE_048_031

72

PART 2 – IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF FE_062_004 AND FE_093_087 TERA 06 BOARDS 3 – Characterization of the FE_062_004 and FE_093_087

cards

The measurements done were:

- LINEARITY TEST, in order to verify the existence of a linear dependence between the

frequency of acquired counts and the current injected into every channel (done injecting

current into one channel, changing the current from 1 nA to 1.5 uA )

- PEDESTALS, to verify the dependence from temperature (done by acquiring the pedestrals

with the board into a oven, changing the inner temperature from 30 to 15 degrees)

- CHARGE QUANTUM, to verify the dependence from temperature (done by acquiring the

charge quantum with the board into a oven and changing the inner temperature from 30 to

15 °C)

- STABILITY IN TIME, acquiring the usual measurements on the same board at different

time

73

3.1 – THE EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP This series of measurements were done in a clean laboratory, with the ambience mainteined at the

same temperature by air conditionned.

In this working area it had to be mounted the same setup as the routine measurements, but

connecting it with a scientific oven.

The oven was colded or warmed by a chiller system and a peltier system, and the entire apparat was

commanded by a LabView

software.

It was connected by cables to a

tension generator, because the

warm was generated by given

tension to the peltiers, and to the

computer.

Figure 12 - The oven used

There were two computers on: one to

manage the oven, and the other to take

the measurements of pedestrals, charge

quantum and thest mode.

Figure 13 – The set-up mounted

74

3.2 – DATA ANALYSIS

3.2..1 - LINEARITY

In order to do this test it has been used the same experimental set-up described for the

measurements done before.

To verify the linearity the FE_062_004 has been used injecting current into the channel 14.

The goal of the measure was to verify the following relation:

I = f * q

where I stands for current, f stands for frequency, q stands for charge.

The values obtained are shown into Table 3 and graphicated in Figure 14. It results that from the

current of 800 nA there is a saturation, and the linearity is confirmed:

Figure 14 – Current and Counts

Table 3 – Current and Counts

I (nA) f (Hz) 1 6052,07 5 29707,2

10 59302,8 50 295538,6

100 590720,3 150 885381,4 200 1179257 250 1474598 300 1769005 350 2062060 400 2354501 450 2646200 500 2938269 600 3501663 650 3790941 700 4079621 750 4368024 800 4657167 850 4945376 900 4997121 950 4997117

1000 4997119 1050 4997247 1500 4997118

0,00E+00

1,00E+06

2,00E+06

3,00E+06

4,00E+06

5,00E+06

6,00E+06

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Input Current (nA)

Out

put f

requ

ency

(Hz)

75

Concentrating on the zone in wich the chips are going to operate at C.N.A.O., it’s veryfied that the

relative deviation is under 1,2% of error by fitting the datas from100nA to 850nA and using the

formula:

│Exp – Th │*100/Th

where Exp are the experimental values obtained, Th are the theorical values obtained from the fit,

as it is shown in Figure 15 and Figure 16:

Figure 15 – Current and Counts from 100nA to 850nA

Figure 16 – Current and Relative Deviation from 100nA to 850nA

0E+00

1E+06

2E+06

3E+06

4E+06

5E+06

6E+06

0E+00 1E+02 2E+02 3E+02 4E+02 5E+02 6E+02 7E+02 8E+02 9E+02

I (nA)

f (H

z)

0,00E+00

2,00E-01

4,00E-01

6,00E-01

8,00E-01

1,00E+00

1,20E+00

1,40E+00

0E+00 1E+02 2E+02 3E+02 4E+02 5E+02 6E+02 7E+02 8E+02 9E+02

I (nA)

Rel

ativ

e D

evia

tion(

%)

76

3.2..2– PEDESTALS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE

It has used the FE_093_087 board for the test.

The following values were obtained:

15 °C 16 °C 17 °C 18 °C 19 °C 20 °C 21 °C 22 °C 23 °C 24 °C 25 °C 26 °C 27 °C 28 °C 29 °C 30 °C0 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,25 1,35 1,5 1,7 1,75 1,95 2,15 2,31 0,65 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,65 1,75 1,852 0,65 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,75 0,85 0,95 1 1,15 1,2 1,35 1,4 1,5 1,65 1,75 1,93 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,854 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,9 0,95 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,35 1,5 1,55 1,75 1,8 1,955 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,8 1,956 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,85 1,957 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,9 28 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,959 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,85 0,9 1 1,05 1,15 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,75 1,9 2,05

10 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 1 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,9511 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,9512 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,4 1,45 1,55 1,7 1,8 1,913 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,35 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,85 1,9514 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,9 1,9515 0,75 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,4 1,55 1,65 1,75 1,9 216 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,85 1,9517 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,85 0,9 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,55 1,75 1,85 1,9518 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,5 1,65 1,75 1,9 219 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,85 0,9 1 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,9 220 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,9521 0,75 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,85 222 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,9 223 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,5 1,55 1,7 1,8 1,95 2,0524 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,65 1,8 1,9 225 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,6 1,75 1,85 226 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 227 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,9 228 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,95 0,95 1,1 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,8 1,9 229 0,65 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,95 2,0530 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,9 1 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,9 1,9531 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,9 0,95 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,85 2,05 2,2 2,3532 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,9 2,15 2,35 2,533 0,65 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,4 1,5 1,65 1,75 1,8534 0,65 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,15 1,25 1,4 1,45 1,6 1,7 1,8535 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,836 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,75 1,937 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,5 1,55 1,7 1,8 1,938 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,85 0,9 1,05 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,85 1,9539 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,9540 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,95 1,1 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,941 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,85 0,85 0,95 0,95 1,1 1,2 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,7 1,85 1,942 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1 1,1 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,9 243 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,6 1,8 1,9 244 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 245 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,9 1 1,15 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,75 1,9 2,0546 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,7 1,85 1,947 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,25 1,35 1,4 1,55 1,6 1,8 1,9 248 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,9 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 249 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,9550 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,9 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,9551 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,9552 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,85 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,6 1,75 1,85 253 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,55 1,7 1,85 1,9554 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,9555 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,9 2,0556 0,7 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 1 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,7 1,8 1,9557 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 1,9558 0,75 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,9 259 0,75 0,75 0,85 0,85 0,9 1 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,95 2,0560 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,9 1 1,15 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,55 1,65 1,8 1,9 2,0561 0,75 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,75 1,85 262 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 1 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,8 1,9563 0,75 0,8 0,8 0,85 0,95 0,95 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,6 1,65 1,8 2 2,15 2,364 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,7 1,9 265 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,5 1,6 1,7566 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,6 1,7 1,867 0,55 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,868 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,95 1,1 1,2 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,869 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,4 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,970 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,4 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,8571 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,9 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,7 1,8

Channel TEMPERATURE

77

71 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,9 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,7 1,872 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,9 1 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,8573 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,4 1,45 1,65 1,75 1,974 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,9 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,35 1,45 1,65 1,75 1,8575 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,8576 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,8577 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,25 1,35 1,4 1,55 1,7 1,878 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,7 1,8 1,9579 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,65 1,8 1,980 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,8581 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,8582 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,8583 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,9 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,4 1,6 1,75 1,8584 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,7 1,8585 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,8586 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,65 1,75 1,8587 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,7 1,8588 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,7 1,8589 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,95 1 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,7 1,8590 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,4 1,6 1,75 1,8591 0,55 0,55 0,55 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,4 1,55 1,7 1,892 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,25 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,7 1,8593 0,5 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,85 1 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,65 1,894 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,7 1,8595 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,35 1,5 1,65 1,8 1,9596 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,9 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,6 1,8 2 2,1597 0,45 0,45 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,15 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,85 298 0,45 0,45 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,65 1,8 1,9599 0,45 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,65 1,85 2

100 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,75 0,8 0,9 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,8 1,95101 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,8 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,7 1,85 2102 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,75 1,9 2,05103 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,55 1,75 1,9 2,1104 0,5 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,9 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,85 1,95105 0,45 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,85 2106 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,65 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,7 1,85 2107 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,8 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,55 1,75 1,9 2,1108 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,75 1,9 2109 0,5 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,9 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,7 1,85 2110 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,85 2,05111 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,95 1,1 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,8 1,95 2,05112 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,9 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,85 2113 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,5 1,7 1,9 2114 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,9 2115 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,7 1,9 2116 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,45 1,55 1,75 1,9 2117 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,9 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,35 1,5 1,55 1,75 1,9 2,05118 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,85 2119 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,6 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,1 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,75 1,85 2120 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,45 1,55 1,75 1,9 2121 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,75 1,9 2122 0,55 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,9 2,05123 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,1 1,2 1,35 1,45 1,6 1,75 1,9 2,05124 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,65 0,65 0,7 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,15 1,3 1,45 1,55 1,75 1,85 2,05125 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,55 1,7 1,85 2126 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,8 0,95 1 1,15 1,3 1,35 1,5 1,65 1,85 1,95127 0,5 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,7 0,75 0,85 1 1,1 1,25 1,4 1,5 1,65 1,85 2 2,2

mean: 0,7265630,6796870,6324220,607813 1,708594 1,840234 1,9621090,763672 0,833984 0,919922 1,013281 1,116406 1,227344 1,341016 1,450391 1,546094

Table 4 – Pedestrals measurements at different degrees

Once with all datas it was possible to evaluate the mean value of pedestral at every degree in order

to see the behaviour of the boards at different temperature.

It can be seen from both graphics (single channel and mean value) that there is a depence with the

temperature, as it was expected to be.

78

From datas of Table 4 it is obtained the following graphics:

Figure 15 – Pedestrals measurements at different degrees

Table 4 – Mean values Figure 16 – Mean values graphicated

15 0,60781316 0,63242217 0,67968718 0,72656319 0,76367220 0,83398421 0,91992222 1,01328123 1,11640624 1,22734425 1,34101626 1,45039127 1,54609428 1,70859429 1,84023430 1,962109

Temp (°C) MeanCounts (Hz)

Pedestral's Mean Counts in Termic Stress

0,5

0,7

0,9

1,1

1,3

1,5

1,7

1,9

14 19 24 29Temperature (°C)

Cou

nts

(Hz)

MeanCounts (Hz)

Termic Stress Pedestal

0,4

0,9

1,4

1,9

2,4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

15°C

16°C

17°C

18°C

19°C

20°C

21°C

22°C

23°C

24°C

25°C

26°C

27°C

28°C

29°C

30°C

79

From Figure 16 it is noticeables that there is a grow in the curve due to the increasing temperature.

From Table 4 it is calculables the variation of pedestals values per degree (1 °C): it is almost 0,09

Hz.

80

3.2..3– CHARGE QUANTUM TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE

It has used the FE_093_087 board for the test.

The following values were obtained:

From Figure 17 it could be noticed that there effectivly is a trend caused by

the change of temperature!

It is in small values, but it is consistent over the standard deviation of the

charge quantum (taken of 0.02 for every measurement):

Figure 17 – Temperature and Quantum

Table 6 – Minimum and maximum values with degree variation

Table 5 – Temperature and Quantum

The chip has a total variation of 1.5 % per degree, and it can be considered as constant in the range

of temperature in which the boards will be used (around 23 degrees).

Channel 76 Charge Quantum

Termic Stress T

(°C) c.q. (fC)

30 174,349 29,5 174,35 29 174,342

28,5 174,351 28 174,319

27,5 174,342 27 174,349

26,5 174,318 26 174,316

25,5 174,31 25 174,324

24,5 174,3 24 174,268

23,5 174,252 23 174,296

22,5 174,225 22 174,235

21,5 174,268 21 174,24

20,5 174,236 20 174,255

19,5 174,215 19 174,207

18,5 174,215 18 174,209

17,5 174,221 17 174,199

16,5 174,178 16 174,122

15,5 174,157 15 174,224

max 174,351min 174,122

var per degree 0,013

termic stress

y = 0,013x + 173,97R2 = 0,879

174,1

174,15

174,2

174,25

174,3

174,35

15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

T (°C)

C.Q

. (fC

)

Serie1Lineare (Serie1)

81

3.2..4– STABILITY IN TIME

The test was done measuring pedestals and charge quantum on the same three boards after different

times of activity (just by letting the board fed with tension or by repeating the measurements

different times).

The test showed a perfect constancy of measurements in time, fact that suggests that problems of

stability aren’t sited in the boards.

Here follow the results.

The first board taken was the FE_010_009.

The first values of charge quantum (A) were taken on 12/07/07, the seconds (B) were taken on

17/07/07 at 14:50 in the afternoon, the thirds (C) on the 17/07/07 at 16:12 in the afternoon, the

fourths (D) on the 18/07/07 at 14:12 in the afternoon.

For those values there has been done ratio A/B and the corrispondent percentual standard deviation,

and the same has been done for A/C and for A/D.

Figure 18 shows the results:

Figure 18 – Deviation between the repeated measurements

% Deviation FE_010_009

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,35

0,4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Channel

% D

evia

tion

FE_010_009 AB% deviation

FE_010_009 AC% deviation

FE_010_009 AD% deviation

82

The second board taken was the FE_062_004.

For this board there has been made only the comparison between a old measurement of charge

quantum and a new measurement of charge quantum.

In Figure 19 there are the ratio deviation values:

Figure 19 - % deviation

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0 50 100Channel

%D

evia

tion

% deviation

83

The third board taken was the FE_101_019.

Also for this board there has been made only the comparison between a old measurement of charge

quantum and a new measurement of charge quantum.

In Figure 20 there are the ratio deviation values:

Figure 20 - % deviation

The percentual deviation has always remained minimal for all the boards chosen: this allows it to

conclude that there is no evidence of charge quantum instability in time.

For this board it has also been calculated the single-chip charge quantum stability:

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0 50 100Channel

% D

evia

tion

Chip 101

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0 20 40 60 80

Input Current (nA)

Rel

ativ

e D

evia

tion

84

Chip 019

00,020,040,060,08

0,10,120,14

64 84 104 124

Input Current (nA)

Rel

ativ

e D

evia

tion

85

4 - APPENDIX – Single-chip analysis

In this section there are shown the comparisons made between the results of every chips with each

other, either for pedestals, for charge quantum or background current.

The first comparison made was the one with the pedestral measurements for every first 64 channels

of every boards: as the graphic shows quite perfectly, they all have the same behaviour on counting.

Figure 21 – 64 channel chips on board behaviour comparison (in colour the different 57 boards)

Ped Chips Vs Channel

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

86

Then a mean value count was done, obtaining the result of a complexively good behaviour for the

channels as a hole, as it it shown from the following elaborations:

Figure 21 – Pedestral Mean Value

Pedestal Mean Value

0,80,9

11,11,21,31,4

0 20 40 60Channel

Cou

nts

(Hz)

MeanValue

87

The same was done with the background current values found for every chip:

Figure 22 – Background current comparison (in colour all the different 57 boards)

Figure 23 – Background current mean value

I_back Mean Value

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Channel

Cur

rent

(fA

)

MeanValue

I_back Chips vs Channel

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Channel

Cur

rent

(fA

)

88

Then the same with the charge quantum: Figure 24 – Charge quantum comparison (in colour the different 57 boards)

Figure 25 – Charge quantum mean value

CQ Chips vs Channel

164

166

168

170

172

174

176

178

180

182

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Channel

CQ

(fC

)

MeanValue

171

171,5

172

172,5

173

173,5

174

174,5

175

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Channel

Cha

rge

Qua

ntum

(fC

MeanValue

89

Here follows the search for:

- the chip with the highest pedestals;

- the chip with the middle pedestals;

- the chip with the lowest pedestals;

- the chip with the highest charge quantum;

- the chip with the middle charge quantum;

- the chip with the lowest charge quantum;

- the chip with the highest background current;

- the chip with the middle background current;

- the chip with the lowest background current.

Pedestals spread for 200 fC Charge Quantum spread for 200 fC

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2

0 20 40 60

Channel

f(Hz)

29865

164166168170172174176178180182

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Channel

CQ

(fC)

449015

90

Background Current spread for 200 fC

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Channel

I(fA)

29465

91

5 - Summary We analysed 60 TERA 06 front-end boards, all with couples of chips mounted in order of same

performance, so numbered in a non-order way.

Of the 60, 55 boards worked properly during our tests.

In the 5 remaining we discovered that:

- the FE_012_011 had a pin unsoldered (we saw it when the tests on Labview showed that the

channel 95 wasn’t counting the current);

- the FE_118_097 had the Vota trimmer broken (we couldn’t regulate the Vota trimmer to the

right value;

and we confirmed that:

- the FE_068_085 had both chips unworking because broken inside (the board didn’t passed

any test);

- the FE_022_065 had the 022 chip broken while the 065 chip working correctly (the 065

good to be used wasn’t expected from precedent measurements done on the chips);

- the FE_048_031 had the channel 17 of the chip 048 uncounting anything.

We could in this way have the FE_012_011 repaired, that worked out correctly, while for the

FE_118_097 the problem could not be solved in such a soon way.

The FE_068_085 could not be used in the detector, while FE_022_065 could be used for a strip-

chamber connecting only the working chip. Also the FE_048_031 can be used in a strip-chamber,

with 127 working channels.

The measurements done on rapresentative boards showed that:

- the linear behaviour with the increase of current is confirmed, with a saturation after at least

850 nA of current;

- there is a dependence with temperature: the increasing of themperature influences either the

pedestrals or the charge quantum, making them also increasing;

- there is not instability of measurements with time.

The comparisons made with all the boards showed that they have all the same behaviour.

In the end, the working chips on board for the TERA 06 electronic front-end tested are ready to be

mounted on the detector.

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6 - Bibliography [1] A. La Rosa et all.. A pixel ionization chamber used as beam monitor at the Institut Curie –

Centre de Protontherapie de Orsay (CPO). Nuclear Instrument and Method in Physics Research A

565 (2006) 833-840.

[2] N. Givhechi et all., Online monitor detector for the protontherapy beam at the INFN Laboratori

Nazionali del Sud - Catania. Nuclear Instrument and Method in Physics Research A 572 (2007)

1094-1101) .

94

7 – Greetings We have had such great time during our thesis period that would like to thanks all the group we

were involved in, from our Prof. Cristiana Peroni, that introduced us into the biomedical ambience

to our supervisor Alessandro La Rosa, who patiently and enthusiastically explained all the project to

us and followed us with the habit of a friend, passing through the friendship of Marco Donetti, who

also explained us the facts of Tera Group and CNAO Foundation and some about LabView, of

Adelaide Garella, who explained us how to use the oven, of Simona and Marco Piovano, who

worked near us and had lunch together (and Raoul, the kind student from India that spoke English

his way).

A thanks goes also to the entire group of Medical Physics of the University of Torino, which

involved us into their weekly meeting, making us feel as a part of the team, as much as we could.

We really appreciated everything, made an useful work for the rest of the world, were involved into

an avant-guard researching work and made some friends...the best we could have for a thesis!

Fabio and Marcello,

August 2007

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