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Unit 6 Notes Pedigree charts, human heredity, and gene6c engineering

Transcript of Unit6%Notes% Pedigree%charts,%human%heredity,% …

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Unit  6  Notes    

Pedigree  charts,  human  heredity,  and  gene6c  engineering  

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Pedigree  Charts  

•  Shows  the  ____________________________    

__________________________________________    

•  Gene6c  counselors  analyze  pedigrees  charts  to  __________________________________  

 _________________________________________  

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Pedigree  Charts  

•  Can  be  used  to  make  predic6ons  about  how  traits  will  be  passed  on.  

•  On  a  pedigree:  – A  circle  represents  a  ______________________    – A  square  represents  a  _____________________    

•  What  do  you  think  the  lines  represent?    Let’s  take  a  look  at  the  pedigree  on  the  next  slide…  

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Pedigree  Charts  

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Pedigree  Charts  

•  A  shaded  circle  or  square  means  that:  

   

•  A  non-­‐shaded  circle  or  square  means  that:  

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Pedigree  Charts  –    Summary  of  Symbols  

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Pedigree  Charts  –  What  can  we  study?  

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Pedigree  Chart  Example  1  

Let’s  use  this  pedigree  for  a  family’s  history  of  albinism  (having  no  pigment)  to  answer  the  ques6ons  on  the  next  slide,  and  explore  what  we  can  learn  from  these  charts!    Albinism  is  a  recessive  trait.    What  is  the  dominant  trait  then?  

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Pedigree  Chart  Example  1  •  What  is  the  phenotype  of  the  individuals  with  shaded  shapes?  

 •  What  must  their  genotypes  be?    •  What  must  the  phenotype  and  genotype  be  of  individual  #7?    How  do  you  know??  

   •  How  can  #6  be  an  albino  is  both  her  parents  did  not  express  this  trait?  

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Pedigree  Charts  Example  2  

•  Is  this  trait  dominant  or  recessive?    Why?    •  What  must  be  the  genotypes  for  the  original  grandparents?  How  do  you  know?  

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Changing  the  Living  World  &  

Manipula6ng  DNA  

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Selec6ve  Breeding  

•  Takes  advantage  of  ___________________  _____________________________________          in  plants,  animals,  and  other  organisms  to                  pass  on  ____________________________  

   to  the  next  genera6on  of  organisms.  

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Selec6ve  Breeding  

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Hybridiza6on  

•  Crossing  ____________________________    bring  together  the  best  of  both  organisms.  

 Hybrids  are  o_en  hardier  than  either  of  the  parents.    Why  might  this  be?  

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Gene6c  Engineering  

•  Altering  the  _______________________  of  an  organism.  

•  How  do  we  do  this?  1.    2.    3.    

•  How  do  we  change  a  DNA  sequence?  

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Gene6c  Engineering  

•  How  do  we  get  the  recombinant  DNA  back  into  a  living  cell?  

•  Bacteria  can  be  ______________________  using  recombinant  DNA.  

•  New  DNA  is  joined  with  the  ______________  of  the  bacteria  cell.  

•  What  is  a  plasmid?  

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Transforma6on  

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Transforma6on  

•  We  use  this  process  to:      •  When  organisms  contain  genes  from  another  species,  they  are  called:  

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Transgenic  Organisms  and    Their  Applica6ons  (uses)  

•  Mice:    •  Cable:    •  Plants:    •  Bacteria:  

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Transgenic  Organisms  

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Transgenic  Organisms  

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Cloning  •  A  clone  is  a____________________________      _____________________________________  

 •  Cloned  colonies  of  bacteria  are  simple  to  grow….but  more  complex  organisms  are  a  much  bigger  challenge!  

 •  First  complex  species  cloned:  –  In  1997...  

   

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Cloning  Dolly…  

Poten6al  applica6on  of  cloning:      -­‐  Saving  endangered  

species  -­‐  Making  copies  of  

transgenic  organisms  

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Human  Molecular  Gene6cs  

•  Tes6ng  for  alleles:      •  DNA  fingerprin6ng:      •  The  Human  Genome  Project:  

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Gene  Therapy  

•  An  absent  or  faulty  __________________  is        replaced  by  a  _________________________  

 •  Viruses  are  o_en  used  because  they    have  the  ability  to  enter  a  cell’s  DNA.      

 

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Gene  Therapy  

•  How  does  this  work?  – 1.      – 2.      – 3.  

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Gene  Therapy  

•  Unfortunately,  these  experiments  have  not  been  very  successful.      

 •  Gene  therapy  remains  a  high-­‐risk,  

experimental  procedure.    •  Ethical  considera6ons??