Unit6%Notes% Pedigree%charts,%human%heredity,% …
Transcript of Unit6%Notes% Pedigree%charts,%human%heredity,% …
Unit 6 Notes
Pedigree charts, human heredity, and gene6c engineering
Pedigree Charts
• Shows the ____________________________
__________________________________________
• Gene6c counselors analyze pedigrees charts to __________________________________
_________________________________________
Pedigree Charts
• Can be used to make predic6ons about how traits will be passed on.
• On a pedigree: – A circle represents a ______________________ – A square represents a _____________________
• What do you think the lines represent? Let’s take a look at the pedigree on the next slide…
Pedigree Charts
Pedigree Charts
• A shaded circle or square means that:
• A non-‐shaded circle or square means that:
Pedigree Charts – Summary of Symbols
Pedigree Charts – What can we study?
Pedigree Chart Example 1
Let’s use this pedigree for a family’s history of albinism (having no pigment) to answer the ques6ons on the next slide, and explore what we can learn from these charts! Albinism is a recessive trait. What is the dominant trait then?
Pedigree Chart Example 1 • What is the phenotype of the individuals with shaded shapes?
• What must their genotypes be? • What must the phenotype and genotype be of individual #7? How do you know??
• How can #6 be an albino is both her parents did not express this trait?
Pedigree Charts Example 2
• Is this trait dominant or recessive? Why? • What must be the genotypes for the original grandparents? How do you know?
Changing the Living World &
Manipula6ng DNA
Selec6ve Breeding
• Takes advantage of ___________________ _____________________________________ in plants, animals, and other organisms to pass on ____________________________
to the next genera6on of organisms.
Selec6ve Breeding
Hybridiza6on
• Crossing ____________________________ bring together the best of both organisms.
Hybrids are o_en hardier than either of the parents. Why might this be?
Gene6c Engineering
• Altering the _______________________ of an organism.
• How do we do this? 1. 2. 3.
• How do we change a DNA sequence?
Gene6c Engineering
• How do we get the recombinant DNA back into a living cell?
• Bacteria can be ______________________ using recombinant DNA.
• New DNA is joined with the ______________ of the bacteria cell.
• What is a plasmid?
Transforma6on
Transforma6on
• We use this process to: • When organisms contain genes from another species, they are called:
Transgenic Organisms and Their Applica6ons (uses)
• Mice: • Cable: • Plants: • Bacteria:
Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Organisms
Cloning • A clone is a____________________________ _____________________________________
• Cloned colonies of bacteria are simple to grow….but more complex organisms are a much bigger challenge!
• First complex species cloned: – In 1997...
Cloning Dolly…
Poten6al applica6on of cloning: -‐ Saving endangered
species -‐ Making copies of
transgenic organisms
Human Molecular Gene6cs
• Tes6ng for alleles: • DNA fingerprin6ng: • The Human Genome Project:
Gene Therapy
• An absent or faulty __________________ is replaced by a _________________________
• Viruses are o_en used because they have the ability to enter a cell’s DNA.
Gene Therapy
• How does this work? – 1. – 2. – 3.
Gene Therapy
• Unfortunately, these experiments have not been very successful.
• Gene therapy remains a high-‐risk,
experimental procedure. • Ethical considera6ons??