Teamworklalitandteam 13052685459695 Phpapp01 110513013625 Phpapp01 (1)
unit1tekimetri01-130717221154-phpapp01 (1)
Transcript of unit1tekimetri01-130717221154-phpapp01 (1)
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Article I.
Article II.
0
MODULE
MALAYSIAN
POLYTECHNICS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
UNIT 1UNIT 1
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TACHYMETRY
OBJECTIVES
General Objective : To know and understand the bas! !on!e"ts o# dstan!e
$easure$ent%
Specific Objectives : &t the end o# the unt 'ou shou(d be ab(e to :)
E*"(an the bas! !on!e"ts o# +"t!a( ,stan!e
-easure$ent%
,s!uss the s'ste$ that has been use n ta!h'$etr'%
Ca(!u(ate the dstan!e b' usn. the ta!h'$etr' s'ste$%
E*"(an the "ro!edure to $"(e$ent the #e(d work
E*"(an the ste"s to "ro!ess the obseraton data%
st errors n ta!h'$etr' sure'%
1
UNIT 1
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(en.th o# ths base% I# the base (en.th and "ara(a!t! an.(es are known9 then the (en.th o#
the "er"end!u(ar bse!tor !an be !a(!u(ated% 34.ure 1%2
4.ure 1%2 Isos!e(es Tran.(e Geo$etr'3Sour!e : Ukur 6 ? 3Cd * Cot @/2
I# dstan!e &> 6 ,9 dstan!e Cd 6 S 9 so
Ahereb'
, 6 dstan!e between two "ont
S 6 base (ne@ 6 "ara(a!t! an.(e
#.( TACHYMETRY SYSTEM
The a(ternates o# the ta!h'$etr' s'ste$ are !(ass#ed based on the bas!
"rn!"(es9 wh!h are:
a 4*ed an.(e:
1 The stada s'ste$
In!(ne S.hts Ath The Sta## Vert!a(
B
, 6 ? S Cot @/2
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In!(ne S.hts Ath The Sta## Nor$a(
b Varab(e an.(e
1 tan.enta( s'ste$ ert!a( sta##
2 subten!e s'ste$ horDonta( sta##
The theodo(te s a standard nstru$ent n ea!h !ase% It s $od#ed to sut the !ondtons%
#.(.# T)e Sta*ia S+ste,
The da"hra.$ n ths s'ste$ !ontans two addtona( horDonta( (nes known as
stada hars% It s "(a!ed eudstant aboe and be(ow the $an horDonta( !ross har
34.ure 1%B% The dstan!e between these stada har s !a((ed the stada ntera( 34.ure
1%1% Ths stada ntera( s usua((' a !onstant9 "rodn. #*ed)har ta!h'$etr'% Ths
ntera( $a' be a(tered on so$e nstru$ents and the $oe$ent ben. $easured on a$!ro$eter%
4.ure 1%B The Vew In The Te(es!o"e
3Sour!e: Ukur
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#.(.#.# T)e Sta*ia '-r,la
The stada $ethod o# "rodn. the horDonta( dstan!e between nstru$ent andsta## s shown n 4.ure 1%F% Ths te!hnue s a(wa's used n stada ta!h'$etr' #or
en.neern. sure'% The te(es!o"e !onssts o# two !entrn. tubes% The e'e"e!e and
da"hra.$ are bu(t at the end o# tube% -oe the ob=e!t .(ass wh!h s bu(t at the other
sde when don. #o!usn.%
Ahen the te(es!o"e s n #o!us9 the $a.e o# the sta## &> w(( be #or$ed at abn
the "(ane o# the da"hra.$% Then a ra' o# (.ht w(( e$er.e "ara((e( to the o"t!a( a*s
s$(ar(' wth the ra' #ro$ > as shown% The ra's here w(( #or$ two s$(ar tran.(es
ea!h wth ther a"e* at 49 the base o# the s$a((er tran.(e at the ob=e!t .(ass ben. eua( tothe stada ntera( i%
E'e"e!e
,a"hra.$
Vert!a(a*s
!ket
4.ure 1%F Stada rn!"(e
3Sour!e and Sure'n.9 Ra$sa' H%% A(son
f))) the #o!a( (en.th o# the ob=e!t .(ass
4 the outer #o!a( "ont o# the ob=e!t .(assi))) the stada ntera( ab
I))) the dstan!e #ro$ the outer #o!a( "ont to the sta##
,)))the horDonta( dstan!e reured
s))) the sta## nter!e"t &>
!)))the dstan!e #ro$ ob=e!t .(ass to nstru$ent a*s
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4ro$ these s$(ar tran.(es:
i
f
s
l=
but l6 D (f + c),
So9 the stada #or$u(a:i
f
s
c)(f-D=
+
The ter$f / is a !onstant n the stada #or$u(a and s known as the stada or
$u(t"('n. !onstant and $a' be denoted b' the (etter K% The ter$ ( f + c)"art(' o# the
!onstant f and "art(' o# the arab(e c9 wh!h ares as the ob=e!t (ens s $oed n
#o!usn.% oweer the araton n ! s s$a((9 es"e!a((' #or s.hts .reater than 10$9 and
#or a(( "ra!t!a( "ur"oses $a' a(so be !onsdered a !onstant% The ter$ 3 f + c9 usua(('
about B00 to F50$$ n ths te(es!o"e9 s known as the addte !onstant and $a' be
denoted b' the (etter C% Ths redu!es the stada #or$u(a to the s$"(e (near euaton:
CKsD +=
#.(.#.% T)e Analactic &ens
Do you know who J. Porro is?
He is the man who invented the analactic lens
in 1840.
In order to sae the (abour o# $u(t"('n. the sta## nter!e"t ea!h t$e and the
addn. the !onstant #or the "art!u(ar nstru$ent9 t wou(d obous(' be s$"(er # < wereto be 100 and CDero% Ths wou(d "rode a stada #or$u(a o# D6 100s and !a(!u(aton
wou(d $ere(' !onsst o# $on. the de!$a( "ont o# the sta## nter!e"t readn. two
"(a!es to the r.ht% -ost o# the erner nstru$ents st(( n use toda' do not hae an
a!!urate K a(ue o# 1009 but $ost $odern ta!h'$eters .enera((' do% In 1F09 the
e($naton o# the addte !onstant was a!heed b' an Ita(an9 H% orro9 when he
nented the ana(a!t! (ens% The n!(uson o# a se!ond !one* (ens #*ed n re(aton to the
7
si
fcfD =+ 3
3 cfsi
fD ++=
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ob=e!t .(ass had the e##e!t o# brn.n. the a"e* o# the $easurn. tran.(e9 the ana(a!t!
"ont9 nto e*a!t !on!den!e wth the ert!a( a*s o# the nstru$ent9 as ((ustrated n
4.ure 1%5%
4.ure 1%5 The ana(e!t! Te(es!o"e
3Sour!e : and Sure'n.9 Ra$sa' H%% A(son
The ter$f / i6 1/100 be!o$eK6 100% ,stan!e #or # and ! be!o$e s$(ar but n the
o""oste sde% There#ore C 6 0% The stada #or$u(a wou(d now be!o$e KsD = 9 the
addte !onstants are e($nated% Ths e*terna((' #o!usn. te(es!o"e s known as an
ana(a!t! te(es!o"e%
#.(.#.( Evalati-n -f Sta*ia C-nstants
In $ost $odern sure'n. te(es!o"es the stada !onstant s des.ned to be 100 and
the addte !onstant 0% To !on#r$ the a(ue o# these !onstants or to estab(sh the stada
o# an o(d or a new nstru$ent9 the #o((own. #e(dwork shou(d be !arred out 34.ure 1%7
4.ure 1%7 Ea(uaton o# Stada Constants9 < and C
3Sour!e: &sas Ukur
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a Choose a #ar(' (ee( .round
b Set out #our "e.s &9 >9 C9 and , on that .round% &> s 100$9 &C s F0$ and &,
s J0$%! Set u" the ta!h'$eter oer the "e. at & and obsere to a sta## that he(d at C%
d Not the sta## nter!e"ts%
e Trans#er the sta## to , and note the sta## nter!e"ts%
$istance Sta*ia Rea*in/ Staff Intercept
F0
J0
1%7209 1%F2091%220
1%8191%F2190%J81
0%F00
0%J00
Tab(e 1 +bseaton ,ata
3 Sour!e: &sas Ukur
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&s he.ht d##eren!es between sta## "ostons and nstru$ent n!rease9 t w((
be!o$e $"ossb(e to use the horDonta( (ne o# s.ht wh!h so #ar has on(' been
!onsdered% In su!h !ase a ta!h'$eter $ust be used to "rode an n!(ned (ne o# s.ht
and the an.(e o# e(eaton or de"resson $ust be re!orded% The stada #or$u(a $ust nowre#(e!t the an.(e o# n!(naton o# the (ne o# s.ht and two su!h !ases arse:
a where the sta## s he(d ert!a((' at the #ar staton
b where the sta## s he(d to the (ne o# s.ht #ro$ the nstru$ent
#.(.#.0.# Incline Si/)ts 1it) T)e Staff Vertical
4.ure 1%8 shows that an obseraton o# an n!(ned s.ht to a sta## he(d ert!a(('%
&9 L and > are the readn.s on the sta## and &9 L and > are those wh!h wou(d haebeen taken had the sta## been swun. about L to "oston t at r.ht)an.(es or nor$a( to the
(ne o# s.ht%
In #.ure 1%89
s6 the sta## nter!e"t &>
h =the (en.th o# the !entre har readn. #ro$ the sta## base
V 6 the ert!a( !o$"onent LY9 the he.ht o# the !entre har readn. aboe
3or be(ow the nstru$ent a*s
, 6 the (en.th o# the (ne o# s.ht IL
=the horDonta( dstan!e reured%
I 6 nstru$ent he.ht
4.ure 1%8 In!(ne S.ht Ath The Sta## Vert!a(
J
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Example 1:
In this example, the value of hicannot be seen on the rod due to some
obstruction. Here, a rod reading of 2.72 with a vertical angle of -6 7! was
boo"ed, along with the h of #.72 and a rod interval of $.2%#., &alculate the
hori'ontal distance and the vertical distance. (hen find the elevation for station .
)igure #
Solution:
H * #$$scos2+
* #$$ x $.2%# x cos26 7!
* 2.m
* #$$/20 s sin 2+
* #$$ scos Msin M
6 #$$ x $.2%# x cos 6 7!x sin 6 7!
* -2.76m
1..* 1..23 H.I 4 5 h
* #.#6 3 #.72 3- 2.76 5 2.72
* ##.%$
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o, the elevation for station is ##.%$,
#.(.#.0.% Incline Si/)ts 1it) T)e Staff -r,al
4.ure 1% shows the obseraton on a sta## he(d nor$a( to an n!(ned (ne o#
s.ht% The sa$e notaton a""(es as n #.ure 1%8%
4.ure 1% In!(ne S.ht Ath The Sta## Nor$a( to The ne o# S.ht
3Sour!e: and Sure'n.9 Ra$sa' H%% A(sonThs t$e the sta## readn. nor$a( to the (ne o# s.ht s the a!tua( readn. and does not
hae to be redu!ed as n the "reous !ase% There#ore
D6KsK C
>ut 6Dkos M 3the dstan!e #ro$ "ont L to the ert!a( throu.h the sta## base
6 3KsK C)!os M hsn M
&s be#ore V 6Dsn M9 there#ore:
V 6 3KsK C)sn M
In nstru$ents where the addte !onstant C s Dero9 < 6 100 and the a(ue o# M s (ess
than 10O 3the assu$"ton s .enera((' $ade that the ter$ h sn M s Dero9 these #or$u(ae
!an be s$"(#ed as :
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6 100s !os M
V 6 100ssn M
To obtan the redu!ed (ee( at the sta## staton9 then the he.ht d##eren!e between the"onts s #rst redu!ed as #o((ows:
,##eren!e n he.ht9 d 6 % I% V h !os M
#.(.%.( C-,paris-n -f Met)-*s
C-n*iti-ns Staff -r,al2Staff Vertical
a Ahen
ho(dn. sta##
Sta## !an be he(d ert!a((' wth .reater ease than n the nor$a(
"oston%
Its s$"(er to "(u$b a sta## wth a sta## bubb(e than ho(d the sta##
nor$a( to a (ne o# s.ht%
4or nor$a( ho(dn.9 t needs to be atta!hed wth a "ee")s.ht
"er"end!u(ar to the #a!e o# the sta##9 so the sta##)$an !an s.ht
towards the nstru$ent%
In bush the "ee")s.ht $a' be obs!ured9 "reentn. nor$a( ho(dn.9
wh(e the u""er "art o# the sta## s st(( aa(ab(e #or s.htn. n the
ert!a((' he(d "oston% The nor$a( "oston $a' a(so be #ound b' swn.n. the sta## unt( the
(owest "ossb(e readn. o# the !entre !ross har s obtaned% oweer9
t s d##!u(t to s.na( to the sta##)$an the !orre!t "oston n the bush%
C-n*iti-ns Staff -r,al2Staff Vertical
b Redu!ton
o#
obseraton
The ert!a( sta## redu!ton #or$u(ae are s$"(er than the nor$a(
sta## redu!ton #or$u(a when the hsn M and h!os M are n!(uded
n the nor$a( #or$u(ae%
! Care(ess
sta## ho(dn.
Errors o# dstan!e and e(eaton are er' $u!h $ore $arked when
there s a deaton #ro$ the nor$a( "oston es"e!a((' on stee"
s.hts%
The nor$a( "oston $a' a(so be #ound b' swn.n. the sta## unt( the (owest
"ossb(e readn. o# the !entre !ross har s obtaned% oweer9 t s d##!u(t to s.na( to
the sta##)$an the !orre!t "oston n the bush%
1B
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#.(.% T)e Tan/ential S+ste,
In ths s'ste$ the "ara(a!t! an.(e subtended b' a known (en.th o# sta## s
$easured dre!t('% 4.ure 1%J shows the $ethod where obseratons are taken to anordnar' (ee((n. sta## he(d ert!a(('%
4.ure 1%J The Tan.enta( S'ste$ o# Ta!h'$etr'
3Sour!e: and Sure'n.9 Ra$sa' H%% A(son
The nstru$ent s set u" and the ert!a( !r!(e s read on both #a!es to .e the
an.(e o# e(eaton 3or de"resson to a who(e sta## .raduaton% Ths "ro!ess s re"eated to
another who(e .raduaton to .e as (ar.e a sta## nter!e"t9 s9 as "ossb(e% 4ro$ the sta##nter!e"t and the two obsered ert!a( an.(es M and 9the horDonta( dstan!e $a' be
!a(!u(ated as:
&Y 6 tan M
>Y 6 tan
&Y >Y 6 s
6 3 tan M tan
tan3tan
=s
ortan3tan
=s
3 #or s.ht down h((s
The d##eren!e n he.ht between the nstru$ent staton and the sta## staton s #ound as
#o((ows :
Vert!a( !o$"onent9 V 6 >Y 6 tan
1F
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4.ure 1%10 The rn!"(es o# orDonta( ,stan!e -easure$ent3 Sour!e : Ukur
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4.ure 1%11 The e.ht ,##eren!e >etween Statons
3 Sour!e : Ukur
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Activit+ #a
1%1 Ahat s $eant b' the ter$ ta!h'$etr'P
1%2 E*"(an the bas! "rn!"(es u"on wh!h ta!h'$etr! $easure$ent are basedP
1%B & ert!a( sta## s obsered wth a horDonta( e*terna( #o!usn. te(es!o"e at a
dstan!e o# 112%FJ$% -easure$ents o# the te(es!o"e are re!orded as :
+b=e!te to da"hra.$ 2B0$$
+b=e!te to ert!a( a*s 150$$
I# the readn.s taken to the sta## were 1%08B9 1%72J and 2%159 !a(!u(ate
a the dstan!e a"art o# the stada (nes 3
b the $u(t"('n. !onstant 3K
! the addte !onstant 3C
1%F Ahat are the $an d##eren!es between the stada s'ste$ and tan.enta( s'ste$P
1
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'ee*bac3 #a
' Ta!h'$etr' $eans sw#t $easure$ent where he.ht and dstan!es between
.round $arks are obtaned b' o"t!a( $eans on('%
' The ta!h'$etr' $easure$ents are based on the !o$$on "rn!"(e o# the sos!e(es
tran.(e% The "er"end!u(ar bse!tor o# the base s dre!t(' "ro"ortona( to the
(en.th o# ths base% I# the base (en.th and "ara(a!t! an.(e are known9 then the(en.th o# the "er"end!u(ar bse!tor !an be !a(!u(ated%
1J
Tr' 'our best toanswer these
uestons%
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,stan!e &> 6 ? 3Cd * Cot @/2
I# dstan!e &> 6 ,9 dstan!e Cd 6 S 9so
, 6 ? S Cot @/2
Ahereb'
, 6 dstan!e between two "ont
S 6 base (ne
@ 6 "ara(a!t! an.(e
' 4ro$ euatonD = Ks + C
6 53 cfsi
f++
3 cfD
fsi
+=
150%02B0%03FIJ%112
08B%11I5%232B0
+
=
BI0%0FI%112
100%132B0
=
6 2%B $$
There#ore9 100B%2
2B0===
i
fK
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I!"T
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
C 6 # K! 6 2B0K150
6 B0$$
1%F
In the stada s'ste$9 the a"e* an.(e o# the $easurn. tran.(e s de#ned b' the
stada hars on the te(es!o"e da"hra.$% The base (en.th s obtaned b' obsern.
the nterse!ton o# the stada hars on the $a.e o# the $easurn. sta## seen n the
te(es!o"es #e(d or ew% The tan.enta( s'ste$ n wh!h the a"e* an.(e subtendedb' a bas! o# known (en.th s a!!urate(' $easured9 usua((' wth the sn.(e)se!ond
theodo(te% In order to obtan the dstan!e between nstru$ent and base9 the
tan.ent o# the an.(e or an.(es obsered $ust be used n the !a(!u(aton%
Well done. You have done a good job!!
#.0 STA$IA 'IE&$ !RACTICE
Stada ta!h'$etr' s $an(' used n sure'n. deta(s n se(e!ted areas% &deuate
horDonta( and ert!a( !ontro(9 su""(ed b' traersn. and (ee(n. s reured to orentate
the sure' and to "rode staton (ee(s% It s best suted to o"en .round where #ew hard
(ee(s are reured%
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
" 4na((' redu!e the notes 3!o$"ute horDonta( dstan!es and e(eaton a#ter
#e(d hours and !he!k the redu!tons%
4.ure 1%12 Stada 4e(d Aorks%
3Sour!e: Ukur aharn -oha$$ad
2B
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C 2005 / 2 /
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2
#.0.% Rec-r*in/ -f Observati-n
Stada ta!h'$etr' s best booked n tabu(ated #or$ as be(ow%
Stati-n an*
Instr,ent
Hei/)t
H-ri5-ntal
An/le 678
Vertical
an/le
Mi**le
Sta*ia
rea*in/
Sta*ia
rea*in/
6a 9pper
rea*in/8
b: l-;er
rea*in/8
H-ri5-ntal
&en/t)
H < 4s
C-s%=:C
Vertical
*ifference
VH < Hi
?V:)
Re*ce*
level -f
stati-n
Re*ce*
level -f
p-int
Re,ar3s
Staton 2
1%5F2$
50 2B 00 K B1 0%7$ a) 0%J0
b) 0%B10
58%J71$ 1%501$ 2%FFB$ 100 102%FFB$ Staton 1)
!ontro( staton
BFB 25 00 )J2 B2 0%5$ a) 0%551
b) 0%FFJ
10%07$ )1%15B$ )0%111$ JJ%J$ a) besde
drana.e
BF2 58 00 ) J7 B7 0%F$ a)0%F5F
b)0%BF7
10%758$ )1%2BB$ )0%0J1$ JJ%J0J$ b) besde
drana.e
B58 00 00 )J7 20 0%$ a)0%B8
b) 0%87B
8%BF0$ )0%11$ )0%07J$ JJ%JB1$ !) road sde
B05 B1 00 )JF 2 1%2$ a)1%2F2
b)1%5F
%B5B$ )0%752$ )0%B10$ JJ%7J0$ d)tree 3radus)
2%8$
21F 17 00 )JF B8 1%2$ a) 1%2B0
b) 1%180
5%J71$ )0%F1$ )0%1BJ$ JJ%71$ e) besde
drana.e
220 B8 00 )JF 05 1%B$ a) 1%B27
b) 1%28F
5%18F$ )0%B7J$ )0%128$ JJ%8B$ #) besde
drana.e
250 B7 00 )JF 07 1%B$ a) 1%BBF
b) 1%277
7%875$ )0%F5$ )0%2FB$ JJ%858$ .) (a$" "ost
255 27 00 )JF 2B 1%B a) 1%B2B
b) 1%288
F%58B$ ))0%B51$ )0%10J$ JJ%J1$ h) road sde
Tab(e1%1 Ta!h'$etr' Stada -ethod >ookn.
3Sour!e: Ukur aharn -oha$$ad
2F
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
wth the (en.th o# s.ht% The obous so(uton s to ($t the (en.th o# s.ht
to ensure a .ood reso(uton o# the .raduatons%
Error n the deter$naton o# the nstru$ent !onstants
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%1B Errors In E(eaton%
3Sour!e : En.neern. Sure'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d
#. !&OTTIG
ter the #e(d obseratons9 the !o((e!ted data $ust now be "ro!essed% The
traerse !(osure s !a(!u(ated and then a(( ad=usted a(ues #or northn.9 eastn. and
e(eatons are !o$"uted $anua((' or b' !o$"uter "ro.ra$s% ter that9 the data s
"ro!essed b' usn. so#tware su!h as TRS and &uto!ad% &(( the deta(s !an be "(otted the
#o((own. wa'%
a (ottn. Contro( Staton%34.ure 1%1F
(a!e the !ontro( staton on a .rd "a"er%
The .rd "a"er s "rnted wth .rd (nes at 1$$ ntera(s%
Ahen "(ottn. on .rd "a"er9 the statons are de#ned b' usn. the
!oordnate s'ste$%
Staton 1 s assu$ed as the or.n whereb' !oordnate * s 1000$ and
!oordnate ' 1000$% The "oston o# staton s "(otted startn. #ro$ the(ower (e#t !orner o# the .rd "a"er%
S!a(n. a(on. the *)a*s #ro$ !oordnate * staton 19 "(ot the !oordnate o#
staton 29 L2% Usn. the sa$e wa' a(so "(ot !oordnate Y2% Re"eat ths
ste" #or staton B and staton F
28
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%1F ,eter$naton +# Staton oston +n Grd a"er%
3Sour!e: Ukur aharn -oha$$ad
b ,eta(n. 34.ure 1%15
Instead o# usn. !oordnates9 "(ottn. !an be done b' s!a(n. the bearn. and
dstan!es o# a deta(%
Nor$a((' a "rotra!tor and a s!a(e ru(er are needed n "(ottn.%
(a!e the !r!u(ar "rotra!tor wth ts !entre staton 2 and the Dero (ned u"
wth the re#eren!e staton 2)1%
-ark the bearn. o# a on the "a"er a.anst the "rotra!tor ed.e%
Re$oe the "rotra!tor and draw the dre!ton o# the (ne 2)a% S!a(e the
dstan!e and "(ot the "oston o# a%
Re"eat the sa$e ste"s when $arkn. o## "ont !)=%
4na(('9 =on the "onts to #or$ the deta(%
2
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%15 ,eta(s (ottn. +n Grd a"er%3Sour!e: Ukur aharn -oha$$ad
! Contours
ter $arkn. a(( the deta(s9 the !ontours need to be "(otted%
Contours are (nes on a $a" re"resentn. a (ne =onn. "onts o# eua(
he.ht on the .round% Ths $ethod s $ost !o$$on(' ado"ted #or (ar.er
areas%
Redu!ed (ee( s "(a!ed besde deta(s and the he.ht o# ea!h "ont s
s"otted%
4na(('9 !ontour (nes are "(otted b' usn. the nter"o(aton $ethod%
d re"araton o# Tt(e >(o!k on Tra!n. a"er%
&(( to"o.ra"h' and en.neern. drawn.s hae tt(e b(o!ks%
Usua((' the tt(e b(o!k s "(a!ed n the r.ht !orner o# the "(an9 wh!h a(so
has the (o.o !(ent9 "ro=e!t na$e9 date o# "ro=e!t and other deta(s%34.ure
1%17%
2J
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Resons to the "(an are usua((' re#eren!ed $$edate(' aboe the tt(e
b(o!k9 shown. the date and a bre# des!r"ton o# the reson%
The tt(e b(o!k s o#ten o# standard sDe and has a #or$at s$(ar to that n
#.ure 2%F%
&(( the drawn.s on tra!n. "a"er are done $anua((' b' usn. the
te!hn!a( "ens wth Indan nk or b' usn. &utoCad so#tware%
The sDe o# the te!hn!a( "en s deter$ned based on te*ts and (nes
reured n a drawn.%
4.ure 1%17 Tt(e >(o!k
3Sour!e: Ukur aharn -oha$$ad
e 4na( drawn.%
ter !o$"(etn. the tt(e b(o!k9 trans#er a(( the drawn.s #ro$ the .rd
"a"er to tra!n. "a"er%
Then9 wrte the addtona( te*t or draw (nes and s'$bo(s n that drawn.%
The te*ts re#er to the na$e o# bu(dn.9 road9 and a(ues o# he.ht and
!ontour ntera(s%
(ot the te*t horDonta((' #or a(( a(ues e*!e"t the a(ue o# he.ht%
Eer' deta( has (nes o# d##erent t'"es and sDes% 34or e*a$"(e9 the root
(ne o# hed.e s shown n b(a!k and the out(ne n .reen
4na(('9 "(ot the deta(s b' usn. a "(otter% 34.ure 1%18%
B0
S!a(e
,re!ton
Grd a(ueo o !(ent
(an nu$ber
(an tt(e
,atu$ e* (anaton
e end
E*"(anaton o# obseraton9 and Sure'
4r$9 Na$e o# sure'or9 date9 "(an re#eren!enu$ber and others%
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%18 ,eta(s That (ot +n & )en (otter%
3Sour!e: Sure'n. Ath Constru!ton &""(!aton9 >%4%
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
At stati-n &
Gri* ref E F009 NB00
1eat)er C(oud'9!oo(
Stn level 6R&8 B0%F$ +,
Ht -f inst 6)i8 1%F2$
ADis level 6R& )i8 B1%J0$3&*
Srve+ Canbur' ark
Srve+-r H% S-IT
$ate 12%12%B
Staffp-int
An/les -bserve* Staff rea*in/s
Staffintercept
H-ri5-ntal$istance
4s c-s%=
VerticalAn/le
42% s sin
% =
Re*ce*level
Re,ar3H-ri:
5-ntal
Vertical
circle
Vertical
an/le
s , V &* V)hR+ 0 00 Staton >
1 FO12 J5O20 )5O20
1%JF2
1%F0F
0%77
1%087 107%78 )J%J7 20%5F Ed.e o#
"ond
2 0O02 JBOF0 )BOF0
0%JJ
0%7F0
0%21
0%818 81%F1 )F%5 27%7 Ed.e o#
"ond
B 108O57 BO20 K7OF0
1%710
1%217
0%22
0%8 88%8F KJ%0J BJ%88 Ed.e o#
"ond
Tab(e 1%2 >ookn. +# 4e(d ,ata
3Sour!e : En.neern. Sure'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d
4.ure 1%1 ,eta( Sure'
3Sour!e : En.neern. Sure'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d
B2
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
#..% C-nt-rin/
Contourn. s !arred out e*a!t(' the sa$e $anner as aboe9 but wth $an' $ore
s"ot shots a(on. ea!h rada( ar$ 34.ure 1%1J% The ar$s are turned o## at re.u(ar an.u(ar
ntera(s9 wth the sta## $an obtann. (ee(s at re.u(ar "a!ed ntera(s a(on. ea!h ar$
and at ea!h dstn!t !han.e n .radent% Subseuent !o$"utaton o# the #e(d data w(( #*
the "oston and (ee( o# ea!h "ont a(on. ea!h ar$9 wh!h $a' then be nter"o(ated #or
!ontours%
4.ure 1%1J Contourn.
3Sour!e : En.neern. Sure'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d
#.F '"RTHER O!TICA& $ISTACE:MEAS"RIG E"I!MET
#.F.# $irect:Rea*in/ Tac)+,eters
,re!t)readn. ta!h'$eters or se(# redu!n. ta!h'$eters as the' are a(so !a((ed9
hae !ured (nes re"(a!n. the !onentona( stada (nes% 4.ure 1%20 ((ustrates one
"art!u(ar $ake9 n wh!h the outer (nes are !ures to the #un!ton !os2and the nner
!ures are to the #un!ton sn!os% Thus the outer !ure sta## nter!e"t s not =ust S but S
!os2% en!e9 one need on(' $u(t"(' and nter!e"t readn. b'
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
There are other $akes o# nstru$ents wh!h hae d##erent $ethods o# dern. at
the so(uton% oweer9 the ob=e!te re$ans the sa$e)to e($nate !o$"utaton% It
shou(d be noted that there s no $"roe$ent n a!!ura!'%
4.ure 1%1J +uter nes o# ,re!t)readn. ta!h'$eters
3Sour!e: En.neern. Sure'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d
#.F.% Vertical:Staff !recisi-n Tac)+,eter.
The ert!a()sta## ta!h'$eter as "rodu!ed b'
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%20 orton o# Vert!a()Sta## re!son Ta!h'$eter%
3Sour!e: En.neern. Sure'n.9 A% S!ho#e(d
#.F.( T-tal Stati-n
Ahen e(e!tron! theodo(tes are !o$bned wth nter#a!ed E,-Is and an
e(e!tron! data !o((e!tor9 the' be!o$e e(e!tron! ta!h'$eter nstru$ents) Tota( Statons%
The tota( statons !an read and re!ord horDonta( and ert!a( an.(es to.ether wth the
s(o"e dstan!es% The $!ro"ro!essors n the tota( statons !an "er#or$ a aret' o#
$athe$at!a( o"eratons9 #or e*a$"(e9 aera.n. $u(t"(e an.(e $easure$ent9 aera.n.
$u(t"(e dstan!es $easure$ent9 deter$nn. L9 Y9 Q !oordnates and others% The data!o((e!ted !an be hand(ed b' a de!e !onne!ted b' !ab(e to the ta!h'$eter but $an'
nstru$ents !o$e wth the data !o((e!tor bu(t nto the nstru$ent%
,ata are stored on board nterna( $e$or' about 31B00)"onts and on $e$or'
!ards 3about 2000 "onts "er !ard% The data !an be dre!t(' trans#erred to the !o$"uter
#ro$ the tota( staton a !ab(e9 or the data trans#erred #ro$ the data stora.e !ards #rst to
a !ard reader)wrter and #ro$ there to the !o$"uter% Ths se!ton w(( be ds!ussed #urther
n Unt 7%
B5
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1%21 Tota( Staton
3Sour!e: Sure'n. Ath Constru!ton &""(!aton9 >%4%
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Activit+ #b
1%5 st down 5 ste"s that are needed to "rodu!e a to"o.ra"h! $a"%
1%7 The #o((own. obseratons were taken wth a ta!h'$eter9 han. !onstants o#
100 and Dero9 #ro$ "ont & to > and C% The dstan!e >C was $easured as 158$%
&ssu$n. the .round to be a "(ane wthn the tran.(e &>C9 !a(!u(ate the horDonta(
dstan!e and ert!a( dstan!e #or &>%
At T- Staff rea*in/s 6,8 Vertical An/le& > 1%F9 2%8B9 B%J K 8B7C 2%09 2%29 B%57 )52F
1%8 In ta!h'$etr' sure'9 the a!!ura!' o# stada obseraton s a##e!ted b' seera(
sour!es o# error% ,es!rbe B o# these errors%
1% ,es!rbe the "ro!edure to $"(e$ent the stada #e(d work n ta!h'$etr' sure'%
B8
Look for the
solutions
now.
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
'ee*bac3 #b
1%5 There are 5 ste"s to "rodu!e a to"o.ra"h! $a"%a (ottn. Contro( Staton
b ,eta(s "(ottn.
! Contoursd re"araton o# tt(e b(o!k on tra!n. "a"er%
e 4na( drawn.
1%7 orDonta( dstan!e &> 6 100 * S !os2
6 100 * 3B%J 1%F !os2 8B7 6 2F7 $
Vert!a( dstan!e &> 6 2F7 tan 8B7
6 KB2%$
1%8 There are three knd o# errors:
a Care(ess sta## ho(dn.% Ths s $n$Ded b' usn. sta## bubb(es%
b Error n readn. the stada nter!e"ts% Ths sour!e o# error w(( n!rease wth
the (en.th o# s.ht% The obous so(uton s to ($t the (en.th o# s.ht to
ensure .ood reso(uton o# the .raduatons%
! E##e!t o# d##erenta( re#ra!ton on the stada nter!e"ts% Ths s $n$Ded b'kee"n. the (ower readn. 1 to 1%5$ aboe the .round%
1% Estab(sh F !ontro( statons 3staton 19 staton 29 staton B and staton F b' usn.wooden "e.s%
I$"(e$ent horDonta( !ontro( networks on ea!h% Re!ord the data n a #e(d book%
ter that9 $"(e$ent the (ee((n. "ro!ess to .et the e(eaton o# ea!h staton%
Re!ord the obseratons n the #e(d book%
Now9 use ether stada ta!h'$etr' $ethod or stada e(e!tron! $ethod to set the
theodo(te oer staton 2%
-easure the he.ht o# the theodo(te at staton 2 as 2wth a stee( ta"e%
Set the horDonta( !r!(e to Dero%
S.ht the re#eren!e staton 3Staton 1 at 0O00%
S.ht the stada "ont to Staton B b' (oosenn. the !(a$" 3!(a$" s t.ht%
S.ht the $an horDonta( har rou.h(' on the a(ue o# h9 then $oe the (ower har
to the !(osest een #oot 3de!$eter $ark%
Read the u""er har9 deter$ne the rod ntera(9 and enter the a(ue n the notes%
S.ht the $an horDonta( har "re!se(' on the h a(ue%
B
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Self Assessment
1 Ta!h'$etr' s used to deter$ne the e(eaton o# the nstru$ent staton > base on
e(eaton o# staton &% E*"(an the ta!h'$etr' stada #or$u(a be(ow b' usn.
((ustratons%
R%%>6 R%%&K %I K V h
Ahere:
R%%> 6 e(eaton o# the nstru$ent staton >
R%%&6 e(eaton o# the nstru$ent staton &
%I%6 nstru$ent he.ht
h =the (en.th o# the !entre har readn. #ro$ the sts## base
V 6 the ert!a( !o$"onent LY9 the he.ht o# the !entre har readn. aboethe nstru$ent a*s
2 & (ne o# thrd order (ee((n. s run b' theodo(te9 usn. ta!h'$etr' $ethods
wth a sta## he(d ert!a(('% The usua( three sta## readn.s o# !entre and both stada
hars are re!orded to.ether wth the ert!a( an.(e 3V&% & se!ond a(ue o# he.ht
d##eren!e s #ound b' a(tern. the te(es!o"e e(eaton and re!ordn. the new
readn.s b' the ert!a( !r!(e and !entre har on('%
The two a(ues o# the he.ht d##eren!es are then $eaned% Co$"ute the d##eren!e
n he.ht between the "onts & and > #ro$ the #o((own. data:
The stada !onstant are :$u(t"('n. !onstant 6100; addte !onstant 6 0%
Bac3si/)ts
VA
Staff '-resi/)ts
VA
Staff Re,ar3s 6all
,easre,ents in ,8
K 0O 02 00W 1%J0
1%F18 ont &
0%JF5
K0O 02 00W 1%J0
)0O 1 00W B%10J ont >
2%0120%J1F
0O 00 00W B%171
3he.ht d##eren!e between the two ends o# theodo(te ra' 6 100s !os M sn M9 where s6
stada nter!e"t and M 6 V&
B The rod readn. $ade to !on!de wth the a(ue o# the hi9 s t'"!a( o# J0 "er!ent
o# a(( stada $easure$ents% In #.ure 19 the ert!a( an.(e s K 1O B7 and the rod
F0
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
ntera( s 0%F01% >oth the rod hiand the rod readn. 3R%R% are 1%82$% Ca(!u(ate
the horDonta( dstan!e and the ert!a( dstan!e% Then #nd the e(eaton #or
staton 2%
%
'i/re %
F & theodo(te has a ta!h'$etr' !onstant o# 100 and an addte !onstant o# Dero%
The !entre o# readn. on a ert!a( sta## he(d on a "ont > was 2%2J2$ when
F1
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'ee*bac3 t- Self Assess,ent
ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
s.hted #ro$ &% I# the ert!a( an.(e was K25and the horDonta( dstan!e &> s
1J0%B27$9 !a(!u(ate the other sta## readn.s and thus show that the two nter!e"t
ntera(s are not eua(% Usn. these a(ues !a(!u(ate the (ee( o# > # & was
B8%J5$ and the he.ht o# the nstru$ent 1%B5$%
5 The tab(e be(ow shows a ta!h'$etr' stada #e(d bookn.% Co$"(ete the tab(e
be(ow and !a(!u(ate e(eaton o# ea!h "ont%
Stati-n
an*
instr:
,ent
)ei/)t
H-ri:
5-ntal
An/le
678
Vertical
an/le
Mi**le
Sta*ia
rea*in/
a 9pper
rea*in/
b: l-;er
rea*in/
H-ri5-nt
al &en/t)
H < #s
C-s%=:C
Vertical
*ifference
Vesde
road
1801)J
F1%120
1%252
1%000a$" "ost
12021 8 F7 2%2022%F85
2%100
Centre
(ne
F2
How to
answer
this???
Try your best
to find thesolution.
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
1
The #.ure aboe shows
R%%>6 R%%&K %I K V h
Ahere:
R%%> 6 e(eaton o# the nstru$ent staton >
R%%&6 e(eaton o# the nstru$ent staton &%
%I%6 nstru$ent he.ht
h =the (en.th o# the !entre har readn. #ro$ the sta## baseV 6 the ert!a( !o$"onent LY9 the he.ht o# the !entre har readn. aboe
the nstru$ent a*s
2 V 6 100s sn M !os M
6 50s sn 2 M
To &9 V 6 50 31%J0 )0%JF5 sn 0O 0F 00W
6 0%055$
,##eren!e n (ee( #ro$ nstru$ent a*s 6 0%550 1%F18
6 )1%B72
Check .ea&in
V 6 50 30%JF5 sn 0O F0 00W
FB
Theodo(te
Sta##
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
6 0%550$
,##eren!e n (ee( #ro$ nstru$ent a*s 6 0%550 )1%J0
6 )1%B5
-ean 6 1%B70$
To >9 V 6 50 3B%10J)0%J1F sn )0O B7 00W
6 )1%1FJ$
,##eren!e n (ee( #ro$ nstru$ent a*s 6 )1%1FJ)2%012
6 )B%171
Che!k (ee( 6 )B%171
-ean 6 ) B%171$
,##eren!e n (ee( &> 6 )B%171K1%B70
6 )1%01$
B 6 100s!os2M
6 100 * 0%F01 * !os21O B7
6 F0%1$
V 6 3100/2s sn 2M
6 100s!os Msn M
6 100 * 0%F01 * !os 1O B7* sn 1O B7
6 K1%12$
R%%26 R%%1K %I V h
6 15%17 K 1%82 K1%12 1%82
6 17%2
So9 the e(eaton #or staton 2 s 17%2%
F
FF
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
4.ure 1
4ro$ bas! euaton9 C, 6 100s !os2M
1J0%B27$ 6 100 s !os225
s 6 2%B17$
4ro$ #.ure 19 H 6 s !os225 6 2%B17 X !os225 6 2%1$
In!(ned dstan!e CE 6 C, se! !os225
U2BRBF0210
1%22 == ra&
U11R180=
Now b' re#eren!e to #.ure 1:,G 6 C, tan 325- 6 1J0%B27 tan 325)0 18 11W 68%5JF
,E 6 C, tan 25 6 1J0%B27 tan 25 6 %8FJ
,4 6 C, tan 325K
6 1J0%B27 325 K 0 18 11W 6 J%J10
It !an be seen that the stada ntera(s are:
GE 6 ,E ,G
F5
-
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
6 S1 6 %8FJ 8%J5F
6 1%115
E4 6 ,4 ,E
6 S2 6 J%J10 %8FJ
6 1%171
4ro$ wh!h t s obous that the a U""er readn. 6 32%2J2 K1%171 6 B%F5B
b ower raedn. 6 32%2J2 1%155 6 1%1B8
Vert!a( e.ht ,E 6 h
6 C, tan 256 1J0%B27 tan 25
6 %8FJ3 as aboe
ee( o# > 6 B8%J5 K 1%B5 K %8FJ 2%2J2
6 125%858 $
5
F7
62%B17
3Che!k
CD = s "os#$%..&'la
bla bla(
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ENGINEERING SURVEY 2 C 2005 / 1 /
Stati-n
an*
instr:
,ent
)ei/)t
H-ri:
5-ntal
An/le
678
Vertical
an/le
Mi**le
Sta*ia
rea*in/
a 9pper
rea*in/
b: l-;er
rea*in/
H-ri5-nt
al &en/t)
H < #s
C-s%=:C
Vertical
*ifference
Vesde
road
1801)J
F1%120
1%252
1%0002F%710 B%10 7%J0F
b )a$"
"ost
12021 8 F7 2%2022%F85
2%100B8%FFB 1%F70 11%0J2 !)Center (ne
Redu!ed (ee( o# "ont a 6 10%F18 K1%F18 )0%210 B%100
6 %52F
Redu!ed (ee( o# "ont b 6 10%F18 K1%F18 )B%10 1%120
6 7%J0F
Redu!ed (ee( o# "ont ! 6 10%F18 K1%F18 K 1%F70 2%202
6 11%0J2
F8
Congratulations,you canproceed to the nextunit.
IN
U