Unit Ten

Section ABeing Honest and Open

Intelligent• 1. an intelligent person has a high level of mental

ability and is good at understanding ideas and thinking clearly

• a group of highly intelligent students• 2. an intelligent creature is able to think and

understand• Are there intelligent beings on other planets?• Some scientists claim that dolphins are more

intelligent than humans

Intellectual • 1. relating to the ability to understand things and

think intelligently• intellectual development/ability/activity etc• 2.an intellectual person is well-educated and

interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science, literature etc

• Appoint• to choose someone for a position or a job,

officials appointed by the government • appoint somebody to something• He's been appointed to the State Supreme

Court.• appoint somebody to do something• A committee was appointed to consider

the plans.• appoint (somebody) as something• O'Connell was appointed as chairman.

• Genuine • 1 a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you

really feel, not one you pretend to feel. ￚsynonym sincere

• genuine interest/concern/desire etc • The reforms are motivated by a genuine concern

for the disabled.• Her surprise seemed genuine.• 2. something genuine really is what it seems to be• ￚ synonym real • We need laws that will protect genuine refugees. • 3. someone who is genuine is honest and friendly

and you feel you can trust them ￚ opposite false

• She is the most genuine person I've ever met

• Preserve• 1. to save something or someone from being harmed

or destroyed• We must encourage the planting of new trees and pr

eserve our existing woodlands.• 2. to make something continue without changing• Norma tried to preserve a normal family life in difficu

lt circumstances• Compare to: reserve• 1. 预留座位、房间、票等• reserve something for somebody/something• I'd like to reserve a table for two. A separate room is reserved for smokers.• N. preserve (for private hunting or fishing) and wildl

ife reserve [for protection of animals and birds]

• At hand /by hand/ on hand/at the hand of sb. • 1. At hand a) likely to happen soon• Recent economic performance suggests that a major crisis

is at hand.• b) close to you and available to be used• Don't worry, help is at hand !• c) needing to be dealt with now• Peter turned his attention to the task at hand.• 2. on hand close by and ready when needed• Our staff are always on hand to help• 3. at the hands of somebody caused or done by a particular

person - used about something bad or unpleasant that someone does

• Anyone who suffered at the hands of care workers will be entitled to compensation.

• 4. in hand (of sb] if something is in hand, it is being done or dealt with

• Lisa seemed to have things in hand by the time he returned.

• The bottom line the most important factor; the main or essential point.

• The bottom line is that recycling isn't profitable.• Headline• I just saw the headline. I didn't have time to read the

article• Account for• 1. to form a particular amount or part of something• Afro-Americans account for 12% of the US population.• 2. to be the reason why something happens ￚ

synonym explain• Recent pressure at work may account for his behavior.• 3. to give a satisfactory explanation of why something

has happened or why you did something ￚ synonym explain

• Can you account for your movements on that night?

• In other words• The tax only affects people on incomes of over $

200,000 - in other words, the very rich• In a word• We are, in a word, busy. Ridiculously busy• In sb’s word• Jones was, in the judge's words, 'an evil man'.• in as many words• [usually negative] in a direct way, or in a way tha

t makes it very clear what you mean• Aunt Fay was angry and said so in as many word

s

Being Honest and Open

• General introduction: • In this passage, the author tells us the trends o

f declining moral standards , the definition of integrity and three key principles to test integrity. In the last paragraph, the writer tells us what makes integrity are self-respect and a clear conscience.

• 生活如雪后初霁的大地。 足之所至， 迹必留之。

• Reading Passage in Detail • 1 ， There were no middle point. 没有折中的方

法• 2 ，” Life is like a field of newly fallen snow.

Where I choose to walk every step will show.”• Where means at the place at which, to any pla

ce that, while or whereas. • Where I live there are plenty of sheep. Go wher

e you like. • They want a house, where we would rather liv

e in a flat.

• 3. Stand firmly for your convictions...(Para. 4)• 1]. hold (an opinion); mean or believe (something such as a p

rinciple) This decision goes against everything I stand for.

• 2]. accept or bear (something bad); bear with I won't stand for any more of her bad manners; I shall ask her to leave my house. Why do you stand for such bad working conditions?

• 3]. represent The letters PRC stand for the People's Republic of China. PRC

• conviction: n. very strong opinion or belief (This word was learned in Unit 4 B.)She will not go against her convictions. 她不会违背她的信念。

• 4... a surgical nurse's assistance during her first day on the medical team ...

• On here means among, or one member of a group• I am on the committee considering new members for our clu

b.

• “Think of the patient” Means: "Have the patient in your mind."

• 1. take into account; have in one's mind Do be careful; think of your poor mother!

• When I said that, I was not thinking of her feelings.

• 2. have thoughts concerning (something or someone) You're very quiet; what are you thinking of?

• On her way to school Sandy was thinking of her brother Bill.

• 3. imagine (something or doing something) 想像Can you think of why she should do such a thing?

• I can't think of living in a place which has no seasons.

• David Ogilvy, ..., clarified this point to his newly appointed office heads by sending each of them a Russian nesting doll ( 套人 ) with five progressively smaller figures inside. (Para. 10)

• Here "this point" refers to what has been said in the last sentence of the previous paragraph.

• progressively: step by step; bit by bite.g. My sight has got progressively worse over the years. Clarify: The man from the foreign affairs office was unable to clarify the situation.

• Appoint: The teacher appointed her to chair the class meeting

• Don't engage in a personal cover-up of areas that are unpleasing in your life. (Para. 13)

• Meaning: Don't do anything to hide things in your life that do not please you.

• cover-up: an attempt to prevent the public from discovering the truth about something

• He accused the government of a cover-up• Engage oneself in: make (oneself) busy in

The old lady engaged herself in making clothes for her neighbours' children.

• "Tough times never last but tough people do," ... • (Para. 13)Meaning: "Hard times will come to an e

nd sooner or later, but strong people will never be defeated by difficulties."tough: a.

• 1. hard, difficult These days are very tough. 这些日子很艰难。It's a tough job. 这是一件难干的活儿。2. strong He is very tough and can carry this huge rock easily. 他很有力气，能轻而易举地抓起这块大石头。

• A life of principle, of not yielding to ...(Para. 14)• yield: v. 1. give up; quit One shall not yield oneself up to the mercy of the en

emy. • 2. produce e.g This investment will yield a big profit.

• ...the tempting attractions of an easy morality, ...• (Para. 14)tempting: a. drawing in ; inviting

Having a lunch is a tempting idea. 吃中饭可是个很诱人的主意。tempt: vt. draw in; inviteYour offer of a job tempts me greatly. 你为我提供的工作机会真让我动心。

• attraction: n.• 1. (figurative) drawing power; pull

Sports have great attraction for most boys. 对多数男孩来说，体育运动很有魅力。2. a thing that delights or attracts people The elephants were the chief attraction at the circus. 马戏中大象最吸引人。

• without having to check your tracks in a rear-view mirror.

• (Para. 14)Meaning: ... without looking back with a regret at what you have done. rear: a. at the back; in the back 后面的He left by the rear door of the house. 他从房子后门走了。

n. the back part; back The kitchen is in the rear of the house. 厨房在房子的后面。

• Key words• link 1 . be linked if two things are linked, they are related i

n some way• be linked to/with something• Some birth defects are linked to smoking during pregnancy.• 2 . [vt] to make a connection between two or more things

or people• link something/somebody to/with something• Exactly how do we link words to objects?• Strong family ties still linked them together.• 3 [vt] to physically join two or more things, people, or place

s• link something/somebody to/with something• The pipe must be linked to the cold water supply.• A long bridge links Venice and the mainland.

Section B Web Site ResourcesThe Best Aid for Cheating

• Fake• 1. made to look like a real material or object in order to

deceive people• fake fur a fake ID card • 2not real and seeming to be something it is not, in

order to deceive people• She was speaking with a fake German accent• a fake smile of friendliness• Compared with artificial• 1. not real or not made of natural things but made to

be like something that is real or natural• ￚ opposite natural ￚ synonym false• artificial flower artificial light artificial

fertilizers• 2. an artificial situation or quality exists because

someone has made it exist, and not because it is really necessary

• artificial barriers of gender and race

• Expense• 1.the amount of money that you spend on

something• legal/medical/living/travel etc expenses (=the

money that you spend for a particular purpose) • He borrowed £150,000 and used the money for

legal expenses.• Julie's parents had spared no expense for her

wedding (=they spent all the money necessary to buy the best things) .

• 2. at the expense of somebody/something • The cars were produced quickly, at the expense of

safety• 3.Compared with Cost

• Cost• a) the money that you must regularly spend in

order to run a business, a home, a car etc• We have to cut costs in order to remain

competitive.• At this rate we'll barely cover our costs (=make

enough money to pay for the things we have bought) .

• b) something that you lose, give away, damage etc in order to achieve something

• at (a) cost to somebody• She had kept her promise to Christine, but at what

cost to herself?• the environmental cost of such mining projects• They need to weigh up the costs and benefits

(=disadvantages and advantages) of regulation.• We must avoid a scandal at all costs (=whatever

happens) .

• fee/fare/toll/fine/tip/• fee: an amount of money that you pay to do something

or that you pay to a professional person for their work• school fees The health club charges an annual

membership fee • Fare: the price you pay to travel somewhere by bus,

train, plane etc• bus/train/air/cab fare half-fare/full-fare• Toll: the money you have to pay to use a particular

road, bridge et • Toll road/bridge• Tip: a small amount of additional money that you give to

someone such as a waiter or a taxi driver• Did you leave a tip ?• Fine: money that you have to pay as a punishment• a £40 fine pay a fine/pay £100/$50 etc in fines• She was ordered to pay £150 in parking fines, plus

court costs.

• Authentic/genuine/real/true• Authentic: • 1. done or made in the traditional or original way• ￚ synonym genuine authentic French food• 2. a painting, document, book etc that is

authentic has been proved to be by a particular person

• ￚ synonym genuine an authentic work by Picasso

• Genuine• a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you

really feel, not one you pretend to feel• ￚ synonym sincere genuine

interest/concern/desire etc • The reforms are motivated by a genuine concern

for the disabled.

• Real.• 1. ▶NOT ARTIFICIAL◀ something that is real is

actually what it seems to be and not false or artificial• ￚ opposite fake a coat made of real fur• Artificial flowers can sometimes look better than the

real thing .• 2. ▶NOT IMAGINARY◀ • The children know that Santa Claus isn't a real

person. • Dreams can sometimes seem very real. • 3. ▶IMPORTANT◀ something that is real exists and

is important• There is a real danger that the disease might spread.• True: ▶NOT FALSE◀• based on facts and not imagined or invented• It's not true that I'm going to marry him.

• issue/business/matter/incident/accident/event/affair/• issue: an important point • Business: what someone should be involved• E.g. Are you going out with Kate tonight? 'That's my

business' • Matter: a subject or situation that you have to think about

or deal with • E.g. She held strong views on religious matters .• Incident: an event, especially one that is unusual,

important, or violent• A spokesman said it was an isolated incident .• Event : something that happens, especially something

important, interesting or unusual• one of the most important events in the history of

mankind• affair: public or political events and activities or that are

impressive and shocking. world affairs the Watergate affair

• Incline/tend• Incline: • 1. to think that a particular belief or opinion is most lik

ely to be correct• incline to do something• E.g. I incline to accept the official version of events.• incline to/towards• E.g. I incline to the opinion that this principle extends t

o cases of religious discrimination.• 2. be inclined to do sth: be likely to do or behave in a p

articular way • Tend:• 1. if sth tends to happen, it happens often and is likely

to happen again• People tend to need less sleep as they get older• 2. tend to sb/sth, (old-fashioned )to look after someo

ne or something• Sofia was in the bedroom tending to her son

• Proof:• adj• a bullet-proof car a wate-rproof jacket • an oven-proof dish (=that cannot be harmed b

y heat)• An idiot-proof camera• N. ▶EVIDENCE◀• [uncountable and countable]facts, informatio

n, documents etc that prove something is true• proof of• proof of the existence of life on other planets

• Hand over/down/in/out/back• Kurt examined the document and handed it back

to her• The ring was handed down to her from her

grandmother.• Tom has handed in his resignation.• Could you start handing these books out please?• On his retirement, he handed the business over to

his son.• Sort of : used to say that something is partly true

but does not describe the exact situation• I sort of like him, but I don't know why. • out of sorts: feeling a little ill or upset• Louise went back to work feeling rather out of

sorts.