Unit IV Study Guide Questions Food and Agriculture, Toxicology, and Microbiology.
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Transcript of Unit IV Study Guide Questions Food and Agriculture, Toxicology, and Microbiology.
Unit IV Study Guide Questions
Food and Agriculture, Toxicology, and Microbiology
Question 1
1. Define health.
• Health - A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
Question 2
2. Define disease.
• Disease - A deleterious change in the body’s condition in response to an environmental factor.
Question 3
3. What are three disease factors?
Diet and nutrition, infectious agents, toxic chemicals, physical factors, and psychological stress all contribute to disease.
Question 4
• Define emergent disease and give two examples.
• An emergent disease is one never known before, or has been absent for at least 20 years.
• Foot and Mouth Disease• Ebola
Question 5
• Give two examples of ecological diseases.– Distemper (Seals)– Chronic Wasting Disease (Deer and Elk)
• Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
– Black Band Disease (Coral)
Question 6
• 6. What are some symptoms of the “sick building” syndrome?
– Headaches, allergies, and chronic fatigue caused by poorly ventilated indoor air contaminated by molds, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and other toxic chemicals.
Question 7
• 7. Define antagonistic reaction (chemical).
• Antagonistic Reaction - One material interferes with the effects, or stimulates the breakdown, of other chemicals. (Aluminum ions remove phosphate ions from solution)
Question 8
• 8. Define: LD50.
– LD50 - Dose at which 50% of the test population is sensitive (dies).
Question 9
• 9. What is the EPA’s definition of “acceptable risk”?
• EPA generally assumes 1 in 1 million is acceptable risk for environmental hazards.
Question 10
10. Contrast acute vs. chronic effects.
• Acute Effects - Caused by a single exposure and result in an immediate health problem.
• Chronic Effects - Long-lasting. Can be result of single large dose or repeated smaller doses.
Question 1
• 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a ____ ______?
Answer 1
• 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a nuclear membrane or nucleus.
Question 2
• 2. ______ are infectious agents or particles, but not “true organisms”.
Answer 2
• 2. Viruses are infectious agents or particles, but not “true organisms”.
Question 3
• 3. _____ are used for bacterial locomotion and ______ are employed for cell to cell attachment.
Answer 3
• 3. Flagella are used for bacterial locomotion and pili are employed for cell to cell attachment.
Question 4
• 4. Identify this cell shape.
Answer 4
• 4. Identify this cell shape.
• Coccus (spherical)
Question 5
• 5. Identify this cell shape.
Answer 5
• 5. Identify this cell shape.
• Bacillus (rod shaped)
Question 6
• 6. Identify this cell type.
Answer 6
• 6. Identify this cell type. spirillum
Question 7
• 7. Name two major types of archaebacteria (there are 3 types).
Answer 7
• 7. Name two major types of archaebacteria (there are 3 types).
• Extreme thermophiles, methanogens, and extreme halophiles (any two)
Question 8
• 8. Describe a typical bacterial “chromosome”.
Answer 8
• 8. Describe a typical bacterial “chromosome”.
• It is composed of a single circular DNA molecule.
Question 9
• 9. What are plasmids?
Answer 9
• 9. What are plasmids?
• Plasmids are very small circular bits of DNA which can be transferred from one cell to another via conjugation.
Question 10
• 10. The “normal” human flora consists of about _____ species of bacteria.
Answer 10
• 10. The “normal” human flora consists of about 200 species of bacteria.
Question 11
• 11. E. coli normally lives in the ______ of vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.
Answer 11
• 11. E. coli normally lives in the intestines of vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.
Question 12
• 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause “______ _______”.
Answer 12
• 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause “necrotizing fasciitis”.
Question 13
• 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,a dangerous form, was associated with ____ __ __ ____ hamburgers as well as the ____ _____ incident in Cobb county, GA.
Answer 13
• 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,a dangerous form, was associated with Jack in the Box hamburgers as well as the White Water incident in Cobb county, GA.
Question 14
• 14. Viruses are composed of an outer ______ coat with an interior core of ________ _______.
Answer 14
• 14. Viruses are composed of an outer protein coat with an interior core of nucleic acid.
Question 15
• 15. HIV is a(n) _______ virus.
Answer 15
• 15. HIV is a(n) enveloped (or RNA) virus.
Question 16
• 16. Identify this type of virus.
Answer 16
• 16. Identify this type of virus. helical
Answer 17
• 17. Identify this type of virus. complex
Question 18
• 18. Name the two modes of viral replication.
Answer 18
• 18. Name the two modes of viral replication. Lytic and lysogenic
Question 19
• 19. Of the two modes which one may have a long “latent” (resting) period?
Question 19
• 19. Of the two modes which one may have a long “latent” (resting) period?
Answer 19
• 19. Of the two modes which one may have a long “latent” (resting) period?
• lysogenic
Question 20
• 20. Hepatitis A infects which organ?
Answer 20
• 20. Hepatitis A infects which organ?
• liver
Question 21
• 21. Which water born virus may attack and kill motor neurons (nerves)?
Answer 21
• 21. Which water born virus may attack and kill motor neurons (nerves)?
• polio
Question 22
• 22. Viroids are “naked” strands or circles of ______.
Answer 22
• 22. Viroids are “naked” strands or circles of RNA.
Question 23
• 23. Viroids are known to only infect _______.
Answer 23
• 23. Viroids are known to only infect plants.
Question 24
• 24. Prions are composed exclusively of ________.
Answer 24
• 24. Prions are composed exclusively of proteins.
Question 25
• 25. ____ ____ _____ is a disease that is caused by a prion. It is found in farm animals and there is a human form.
Answer 25
• 25. Mad cow disease is a disease that is caused by a prion. It is found in farm animals and there is a human form.
Question 26
• 26. Protistans differ from prokaryotes.
• State two differences:
Answer 26
• 26. Protistans differ from prokaryotes.
• State two differences:
• Protistans have: a membrance bound nucleus; organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts; microtubules; mitosis and meiosis
• Prokaryotes lack these structures.
Question 27
• 27. Animal-like protistans are informally known as:
Answer 27
• 27. Animal-like protistans are informally known as:
• Protozoa
Question 28
• 28. Which of the following is (are) mismatched?
• Sarcodina – amoeboid protozoans
• Ciliophora – parasitic heterotrophs such as sporazoans
• Mastigophora – animal-like flagellates
Answer 28
• 28. Which of the following is (are) mismatched?
• Sarcodina – amoeboid protozoans
• Ciliophora – parasitic heterotrophs such as sporazoans
• Mastigophora – animal-like flagellates
Question 29
• 29. Amoeba move by means of cilia/pseudopods/flagella. (Choose one)
Answer 29
• 29. Amoeba move by means of cilia/pseudopods/flagella. (Choose one)
Question 30
• 30. “Shelled” Amoebas have “houses” made from silica/calcium carbonate/ or some silica and others calcium carbonate. (choose one)
Answer 30
• 30. “Shelled” Amoebas have “houses” made from silica/calcium carbonate/ or some silica and others calcium carbonate. (choose one)
Question 31
• 31. True/false. All amoebas are free-living; none are parasitic. (If false, give a counter example)
Answer 31
• 31. True/false. All amoebas are free-living; none are parasitic. (If false, give a counter example)
• False. Some freshwater types can invade the brain and cause death. Others are internal parasites.
Question 32
• 32. What is name for the phylum which contains ciliates such as Paramecium?
Answer 32
• 32. What is name for the phylum which contains ciliates such as Paramecium?
• Ciliophora
Question 33
• 33. Ciliates have two types of nuclei. Name them.
Answer 33
• 33. Ciliates have two types of nuclei. Name them.
• Macronuclei and micronuclei
Question 34
• 34. What is the name for the process where ciliates exchange micronuclei?
Answer 34
• 34. What is the name for the process where ciliates exchange micronuclei?
• conjugation
Question 35
• 35. Ciliates use cilia for both ______ and _______.
Answer 35
• 35. Ciliates use cilia for both locomotion and feeding.
Question 36
• 36. Animal-like flagellates belong to the phylum ________.
Answer 36
• 36. Animal-like flagellates belong to the phylum Mastigophora.
Question 37
• 37. Name two flagellates that may cause health or environmental problems.
Answer 37
• 37. Name two flagellates that may cause health or environmental problems.
• Trypanosomes, Trichamonas, and /or dinoflagellates (red tide organisms)
Question 38
• 38. All of these organisms are parasitic. There are many different species including the malarial organisms. _____
Answer 38
• 38. All of these organisms are parasitic. There are many different species including the malarial organisms. sporazoans
Question 39
• 39. Why should pregnant women avoid contact with cats?
Answer 39
• 39. Why should pregnant women avoid contact with cats? Cats are vectors of the sporazoan, Toxaplasma. Infection of pregnant women can cause harm or even death to the fetus.
Question 40
• 40. Why should pregnant women avoid contact with cats?
Answer 40
• 40. What is the vector of the malarial organism? Female mosquitoes
Question 41
• 41. To what phylum does Euglena and its relatives belong?
Answer 41
• 41. To what phylum do Euglena and its relatives belong?
• Euglenophyta
Question 42
• 42. What type of algae live in “glass houses” and are important primary producers?
Answer 42
• 42. What type of algae live in “glass houses” and are important primary producers?
• diatoms
Question 43
• 43. What major group (phyla) of algae most closely resemble green plants?
Answer 43
• 43. What major group (phyla) of algae most closely resemble green plants?
• Green algae (Chlorophyta)