Barbara J. Baker, MPH Washington State Department of Agriculture Microbiology Laboratory.
Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture
description
Transcript of Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture
![Page 1: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture
11.01: Explain the difference between viruses and prokaryotic organisms in order to distinguish
characteristics of life.
![Page 2: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1. Definition- organism composed of a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a tough protein outer coat.◦ a. NOT CLASSIFIED AS TRUE LIVING ORGANISMS◦ b. Cannot reproduce sexually, only through
division in a HOST (viruses are parasitic).◦ c. Reproduce quickly, mutate often, and can
survive harsh environmental conditions.
Viruses
![Page 3: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why are viruses considered “Nonliving”◦ Viruses, like bacteria, are microscopic and cause
human diseases. But unlike bacteria, viruses are acellular particles
(meaning they aren't made up of living cells like plants and animals are), consisting instead of a central core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a coating of protein.
◦ Viruses also lack the properties of living things: They have no energy metabolism, they do not grow, they produce no waste products, and they do not respond to stimuli. They also don't reproduce independently but must
replicate by invading living cells.
Side note…
![Page 4: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2. Viruses are responsible for some of the most dangerous human ailments can be destroyed by altering DNA.
3. Vectors are the agent used to carry new DNA into a cell. ◦ Viruses or plasmids are
often used as vectors
Viruses
![Page 5: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Vector Examples a. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-
◦ often used as a vector for genetic engineering in plants- 1 long RNA molecule.
b. Bacteriophage- ◦ DNA packaged tightly in a protein head- often
used in genetic engineering. c. Misc. Common Viruses-
◦ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Influenza, Common Cold, Measles, Norwalk, Hepatitis, & Rabies.
Vector Examples
![Page 6: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-◦ TMV was the first virus to be discovered over a
century ago. Research on TMV has also led to major Nobel prize winning discoveries on general principles of life.
Vector Examples
![Page 7: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Bacteriophage
![Page 8: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1. Definition- single celled organisms that have no membrane bound organelles and no distinct nucleus. Usually have very short life spans.◦ a. Contain free-floating DNA.◦ b. Can be autotrophic (produce their own energy)
or heterotrophic (consume other things for energy).
◦ c. Also reproduce quickly and mutate often, but are not as tough as viruses Bacteria are the most common examples
Prokaryotic Organisms
![Page 9: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2. Other Examples include anything in the Kingdom Monera:◦ a. BACTERIA◦ b. Cyanobacteria◦ c. Blue- Green Algae
Prokaryotic Organisms
![Page 10: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Bacteria◦ a. Can be beneficial or harmful to humans.◦ b. Unlike viruses, bacteria are not PARASITES, and
do not need a host.◦ c. MOLDS & FUNGI INCLUDING YEAST ARE NOT
BACTERIA
Bacteria
Escherichia coli
![Page 11: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture11.02: Outline the role of bacteria in agriculture
and the importance of microorganisms in agricultural biotechnology.
![Page 12: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A. Beneficial Bacteria (PROBIOTICS)◦ 1. Provide a benefit to human activity through
normal function or manipulation through biotechnology techniques.
◦ 2. Examples: a. Nitrobactus alkalikus- bacteria occurring naturally
in soil on the roots of legumes, that change nitrogen in the air to a form useful for plants (nitrogen fixing).
b. Lactobaccillius sp.- a genus of microorganisms that have been introduced to foods (often dairy products) to aid in digestion
Bacteria
![Page 13: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1. Pharming- inclusion of cholesterol consuming bacteria in milk products to lower human cholesterol.
2. Bioremediation- use of bacteria that consume contaminants in soil and water. ◦ Ex: bacteria used to “eat” oil from tanker spills, or excess
organic nutrients from animal waste 3. Biocontrol- use of beneficial bacteria in
horticulture to kill harmful bacteria in soil, water, and on plant surfaces.
4. Very few applications in renewable energy or biofuels, but LOTS OF POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS.
Use of Bacteria in Agriscience
![Page 14: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1. Affect agriscience products or processes in a negative manner, affecting both plants and animals.
2. Examples:◦ a. Eescherichia coli (E.coli), ◦ B. Clostridium boutlinum (C.boutlinum), ◦ C. Salmonella enteriditus (S.enteriditus), ◦ D. Pythium spp.
3. Methods of destruction / treatment◦ a. Sterilization- kills all living organisms in or on a
substance.◦ b. Pasteurization- kills most harmful microorganisms,
leaving some beneficial organisms surviving.
Harmful Bacteria
![Page 15: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1. Can be either beneficial or harmful to plants under different circumstances and conditions.
Examples:◦ a. Agrobacterium tumefaciens- naturally occurring
bacteria that penetrates plant cells transmitting its own DNA to the cells and causing the growth of a gall (tumor like mass). i) Used in genetic engineering to transmit genes.
Multiform Bacteria
![Page 16: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture
11.03: Discuss the structure and function of eukaryotic cells and the role of these cells in the
formation of life.
![Page 17: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1. Definition- advanced cells characterized by the presence of membrane bound organelles, and a distinct nucleus.◦ a. Usually occur in multicellular animals, but also
include a few single celled Protists.
Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 18: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Structures of ALL cells◦ Cell membrane◦ Golgi apparatus◦ Mitochondria◦ Nucleus◦ Ribosomes◦ Vacuoles
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
![Page 19: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
a. Cell membrane- ◦ selectively permeable membrane surrounding all
eukaryotic cells. ◦ Protects the cell and controls the movement of
substances into and out of the cell.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
![Page 20: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
b. Golgi apparatus- ◦ center for the distribution of proteins, enzymes,
and other materials through the cell. (like the post office)
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
![Page 21: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
c. Mitochondria- ◦ structures inside the cell that convert simple
sugars to a useful form of cellular energy through the process of respiration.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
![Page 22: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
d. Nucleus- ◦ a large central segment of eukaryotic cells that
contains the cell’s genetic information (DNA).
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
![Page 23: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
e. Ribosomes- ◦ small structures in the cytoplasm of the cell that
utilize RNA to produce proteins for cell functions.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
![Page 24: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
f. Vacuoles- ◦ specialized “bubbles” in cells used for storage,
digestion, and excretion. Much larger in plant cells.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
![Page 25: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
a. Chloroplasts- ◦ specialized structures in plant cells that utilize
chlorophyll to capture light energy for conversion to chemical energy.
b. Cell wall- ◦ structure outside the cell membrane that helps
support and protect cells. Not semi-permeable.
Structures Specific to Plant Cells
![Page 26: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Diploid cells Haploid cells Stem cells
Specialized Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 27: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
1. Diploid cells- ◦ includes all single celled eukaryotes and every
nonreproductive cell in multicellular eukaryotes. (plants and animals) a. Ex: skin cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, etc.
Specialized Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 28: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2. Haploid cells- specialized reproductive cells in Eukaryotes that contain ½ the amount of genetic material of normal (diploid) cells.◦ a. Also called Gametes or sex cells.◦ b. Haploid cells combine during sexual
reproduction to create a fertilized egg.◦ c. 4 distinct types:
i) male- sperm or pollen ii) female- egg or ovum
Specialized Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 29: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
3. Stem cells- ◦ produced from the union of haploid cells, special
cells that differentiate into all diploid cells in the body.
◦ These cells can differentiate into any diploid cell or remain the same (undifferentiated)
Specialized Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 30: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture
11.04: Apply laboratory skills in the culturing of microorganisms and cells.
![Page 31: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
1. Most bacteria prefer warm moist environment, though different species require different culturing conditions.◦ a. Bacteria thrive in the harshest environments on
earth- ex: deep sea ocean vents with no sunlight and little useable oxygen.
Ideal Bacteria
![Page 32: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
1. Bacteria Testing Methods◦ a. Swabbing- method used to test surfaces for
bacteria. i) A sterile cotton swab is dipped in a dilution solution
and rubbed across the surface to be tested. ii) The end of the swab is cut and dropped into the
solution. iii) The infested solution is swirled and .1 ml extracted
for plating.◦ b. Simple Dilution- used to test food and liquids for
the presence of bacteria. Sample should be liquefied and diluted to various concentrations before being plated.
Techniques for Culturing Bacteria
![Page 33: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Techniques for Culturing Bacteria
![Page 34: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
2. Plating- the process of physically spreading bacteria on an agar based culture media.◦ a. To produce agar plates, heat a clear solution in a
water bath. Next, proceed to pour the solution into Petri dishes and immediately seal. (Agar must be heated to be liquefied so that it can be poured.)
◦ b. Bacteria can be spread using an inoculating loop or glass “hockey stick”. i) The slow movement of a cotton swab or inoculating loop
is done to introduce bacteria to a culture plate.◦ c. Plates should be sealed and incubated at 30°C to
avoid the growth of most bacteria harmful to humans. (35°C – 37°C for Salmonella, etc.)
Techniques for Culturing Bacteria
![Page 35: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
1. Different agar mixes can be used to culture specific types of bacteria.
2. Gram staining is used to broadly identify certain types of bacteria.
3. Identifying individual strains is much more difficult.
Identifying-Counting Bacteria
![Page 36: Microbiology in Agriscience and Production Agriculture](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070500/568168f5550346895de00171/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1. Cultures should be placed in a biohazard bag for sterilization in an autoclave set at 121° C and 15psi for 15 minutes.
2. Agar should be disposed of according to lab protocol- not poured down sinks, as liquid agar can quickly solidify and clog drains
3. Individuals should always wear latex gloves and immediately dispose of them after use. This is due to the hands being the most common point of contact.
Cleanup after Culture Labs