UNIT I – UNITY & DIVERSITY OF LIFE

Big Campbell ~ Ch 1, 19, 27, 28, 31Baby Campbell ~ Ch 1, 10, 16, 17

Biology is . . .

I. “THE STUDY OF . . . “ – EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN• Inquiry-Based• The Scientific Process

o Organized means to solve problems, answer questionso Five general steps

1) 2) 3)

Generally based on both observations & inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning Specific → General

4) Deductive reasoning

General → Specific5)

I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, cont• Types of Experiments

o Comparativeo Observationalo Controlled

• Setting up a Controlled Experimento Valid, clear hypothesis

Testable statement or predictionDo not use “I think …”, “My hypothesis is …”, etc!May be written in “If …, then …” format but not required

o Control Group Benchmark or standard for comparison

o Experimental or Test Group(s) Only one factor can be changed in each test Independent (Manipulated) VariableDependent (Responding) Variable

I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, cont• Setting up a Controlled Experiment, cont

o Controlled variables (aka control variables, constants) must be monitoredAdditional factors that could change from one set-up to another

o Sample Sizeo Minimize potential sources of erroro Importance of Repeatable Results

• Presentation of Datao Concise & Organized

Tableso Graphs

Descriptive titleKey Units must be evenly spaced (line break) and labeledUse at least half of available space

I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, conto Graphs, cont

DRY MIX

Continuous Independent Variable (time) → Line GraphDiscrete Independent Variable → Bar GraphPart of a Whole → Pie Graph

• Conclusiono Evaluate data

Statistical AnalysisNull Hypothesis

Statement of “No Effect”o Address hypothesis

Was it supported, refuted, or were results inconclusive?o Assess experimental design

• Theory

II. UNITY OF LIFE

• Form vs. Function

• Characteristics of Life

o All living things are made of

____________.

II. UNITY OF LIFE, cont.• Characteristics of Life, cont

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFEo Organization of Life

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont• Classification of Life

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont

• A Closer Look at Classification Domain ________________

Kingdom ________________________

Domain ________________ Kingdom ________________________

Domain ___________________ Kingdom ________________________ Kingdom ________________________ Kingdom ________________________ Kingdom ________________________

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont

• Viruses . . . Living or Non-living? Discovery of Viruses

First isolated by Ivanowsky in 1890s from infected tobacco leaves

Crystallized by Stanley in 1935 – proved viruses were not cells

Not capable of carrying out life processes without a host cell

Parasites

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont

• Viruses, cont Characteristics

Viral genome may be either single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA.

Protein coat surrounding virus is known as a capsid made up of protein subunits called capsomeres.

Some viruses are also surrounded by a viral envelope Typically derived from host cell membraneException is Herpes virus, synthesized from

nuclear envelope of host cellAid in attachment. Envelope glycoproteins bind to

receptor molecules on host cellMost viruses that infect animals have envelope

Tail – Found in some viruses to aid in attachment

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont

• Viruses, cont. Bacteriophage

Infect bacteria Bacterial Defense Mechanisms

Restriction Enzymes

Coexistence

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont – Viral Cycles

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont – Viral Cycles

Viral Entrance into Host Cell

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont – Viral Cycles

1. Lytic Cycle – Results in death of host cell.

LYTIC CYCLE

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont – Viral CyclesLYSOGENIC CYCLE

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont – Viruses

Retroviruses•Best known example is HIV

Infects WBCs known as Helper T CellsCan reside in lysogenic cycle for yearsActive, symptomatic = AIDS

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont – Viruses• Coronavirus

o RNA o Envelope

• Filoviruso RNA o Envelope

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont – Viruses• Herpesvirus

o DNA o Envelope

Herpes simplex I and II Epstein-Barr virus Varicella zoster

III. HIERARCHY OF LIFE, cont – Viruses• Influenza Virus

o RNAo Envelope

• Papillomaviruso DNA

• Rhinoviruso RNA

IV. THE DIVERSITY OF LIFEKingdom Type of Cell Cell Structures Nutrition Description

Archaebacteria • •

Cell wall not made of _____________

Mostly _______________

“______________ bacteria”; require ______ conditions

Eubacteria • •

Cell wall made of _______________

Mostly _______________

Ubiquitous; __________; may be pathogenic

Protista • •Mostly ________

May have cell wall, chloroplasts, flagella

Auto or hetero “_______________________”; very diverse “kingdom”

Fungi • •Mostly ________

Cell wall made of ____________; no ______________!

Strictly _______________ (______________)

All non-motile; _______________

Plantae • •

Cell wall made of ____________; all have chloroplasts

Strictly _______________(______________)

All non-motile

Animalia • •

Never have _____ ____________; chloroplasts

Strictly _______________(______________)

All ___________ during life cycle; most complex

V. PROKARYOTES – A CLOSER LOOK

V. PROKARYOTES, cont• Archaebacteria

Require ______________________________ Examples include methanogens, thermoacidophiles, halophiles Taq DNA polymerase

V. PROKARYOTES, contEubacteria

Ubiquitous May be pathogenic

• Classification Shape

Cocci Bacilli Spirilla

Gram Stain Reaction Positive

Negative

V. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont

• Nucleoid region • Plasmids• Asexual reproduction

Binary fission

V. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont

• Adaptations Capsule

Adherence Protection Associated with

virulence Pili

Adherence Conjugation

Endospore Bacterial

“hibernation”

V. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont

• Adaptations, cont Quorum Sensing/Biofilms

Fairly recent discovery Bacteria exchange chemical

communication signals Multicellularity???

“Sexual Reproduction”

Transformation

Transduction

Conjugation

V. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont• Adaptations, cont

Motility Flagella

Helical shape Spirochetes

Slime

Taxis

V. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, contNutrition• Photoautotrophs

Photosynthetic Harness light to drive the synthesis of

organics Cyanobacteria

• Chemoautotrophs Oxidation of inorganics for energy Obtain carbon from CO2

• Photoheterotrophs Use light to generate ATP Must obtain carbon in an organic form

• Chemoheterotrophs Consume organic molecules for both

energy and carbon Saprobes - decomposers

Parasites

V. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont

• Metabolismo Nitrogen fixation

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonium (NH4

+)

o Metabolic CooperationBiofilms

o Oxygen relationshipsObligate aerobes

Facultative anaerobes

Obligate anaerobes

V. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, cont

Prokaryotic Ecology• Decomposers

• Nitrogen Fixation

• Symbiosis Commensalism

Mutualism

Parasitism

V. PROKARYOTES – EUBACTERIA, contBacterial Pathogenesis• Koch’s Postulates – Criteria for bacterial disease confirmation

The microorganism is found in all individuals with the disease. The microorganism can be cultured from the host. The isolated organism will produce disease when injected into another host. The organism can be isolated from the newly infected host.

• Opportunistic Normal residents of host; cause illness when defenses are weakened

• Exotoxins Bacterial proteins that can produce disease w/o the prokaryote present

(botulism)

• Endotoxins Components of gram negative membranes (Salmonella)

EUKARYOTES

VI. KINGDOM PROTISTA• Very diverse• All __________________• Mostly _________________• Classified according to eukaryotic

kingdom protist is most like, nutrition Animal-like

Ingestive Protozoa

Plant-like Photosynthetic Algae

Fungus-like Absorptive Slime Molds

VI. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont

Protist Phylogeny . . . For now!

VI. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont• Important Protozoans

Zooplankton Important component of aquatic food

chains Euglena

Protozoan or Algae?? Autotrophic/heterotrophic Pellicle Eyespot; flagella

Entamoeba Intestinal pathogen Associated with dirty, stagnant water Moves, feeds using pseudopods

Giardia Lack mitochondria, cell walls Live in fresh water; flagellated Intestinal pathogens

VI. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont

• Important Protozoans, cont Trypanosoma

Tse-tse fly vector Blood pathogen; flagellated Causes sleeping sickness

Plasmodium Belong to Apicomplexa

All parasitic, non-motile Cause malaria Vector = Anopheles mosquito Resistance seen in _________ ________________________

VI. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont

• Algae Very important aquatic producers Phytoplankton Dinoflagellates

Known as “spinning algae” Red Tides

Diatoms Make up most of Earth’s phytoplankton Have glass-like silicon shells

Foraminiferans Ca Carbonate shells White Cliffs of Dover

Brown Algae Kelp

VI. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont

• Algae, cont Rhodophyta

Red Algae Mostly multicellular Seaweed Also found in coral reefs

Chlorophyta Green Algae

VolvoxSpirogyraChlamydomonas

Unicellular; may be colonial Chloroplasts, cell walls of cellulose Gave rise to land plants

VI. KINGDOM PROTISTA, cont

• Slime Molds

VII. KINGDOM FUNGI

VII. KINGDOM FUNGI, cont

• Absorptive heterotrophs; release exoenzymes Decomposers (saprobes) Parasites Mutualistic symbionts (lichens)

• Cell Walls Made of ____________

• Hyphae Body filaments Network of hyphae known as a

mycelium

• Primarily reproduce asexually • Classified according to

reproductive structures

VII. KINGDOM FUNGI, cont

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Life Cycle

VII. KINGDOM FUNGI, cont• Important Fungi

Rhizopus Food mold

Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi

Yeast Unicellular Reproduce asexually; budding May be pathogenic

VII. KINGDOM FUNGI, cont

• Specialized Fungi Molds

Used to be classified as Deuteromycota or “Imperfect Fungi”

No known sexual stage Penicillium

Lichens Mutualistic relationship with algae,

cyanobacterium Sensitive to air pollution

Mycorrhizae Mutualistic relationship found in 95% of all

plants Increases absorptive surface of roots