Unit 6: Adjustment and

BreakdownCh 15: Stress and HealthCh 16: Psychological DisordersCh 17: Therapy and Change

Ch 15 – Stress and Health • Stress • The anxious or threatening feeling

resulting from _____________ of a situation + our perception of the ___________________.

• Some see it as an ______________ that produces tension or worry. Some see it as a person’s physical + psychological ______________ to such an event. Some see it as a person’s ________________ of the event.

• Components of stress:• A stressor is a ____________

event or situation.• Stress reaction refers to the

body’s _______________ to a stressor.

• Distress is ____________ that comes from anxiety.

• Eustress is ___________ that comes from motivating strivings + challenges.

• The cognitive model of stress refers to how people perceive + evaluate a situation before _______________________.

• Conflict situations

• Occur when a person ____________ b/w 2 or more options that tend to result from ______________.

• Ex. Go to a movie w/ friends or stay home + study for a psychology test?

• __________________ – you want to socialize + do well in school.

• 4 types:1. _______________ conflict: the person must

choose b/w 2 ____________ alternatives.2. __________________ conflict: the person

must confront 2 ____________ alternatives.3. __________________ conflict: the person

_____________________, but has fears + doubts, or is repulsed by it as well.

4. ________________________ conflict: the person must choose b/w 2 or more alternatives, each of which has __________ ___________ aspects.

• Our primary appraisal refers to our ___________ ____________ of a situation. There are 3 types: irrelevant, positive, or negative.

• Our secondary appraisal refers to deciding how to deal w/ a situation + what ______________ to use.

• Environmental stresses

• Noise – Americans regard noise as one of the ______________ in their lives. It’s particularly aggravating when it is loud, irregular, +/or ______________.

• 3rd + 4th graders in the flight path of major airports showed higher _______ ___________ + stress hormones.

• Crowding – It’s a problem when you __________.

• Can lead to ___________.• _______________ – can be positive or negative.

• Death, marriage, divorce, moving, etc…• Hassles – relatively ______________ stressors.

• Lost keys, stuck in traffic, etc…• Can gradually weaken your ___________.

• Uplifts – are small, _______________ that can stress.

End Section 1

• Our reactions to stress

• Many physiological responses to stress are ____________ that probably evolved to cope w/ ____________________.

• But what worked for our remote ancestors isn’t always as ________ in our modern society.

• People’s reactions to stress __________.• Reactions may be physical,

___________, or behavioral.• But these are all __________, + so

problems in one area may lead to ___________________.

• Ex. If you’re having psychological issues, that may trigger a _______________.

• Fight-or-flight response

• Response in reaction to an _______.• Regardless of the stressor, the body

reacts w/ ____________________.• The adrenal glands begin producing:

1. Hormones that the amount of blood sugar for _________.

2. _________ which causes rapid heartbeat + breathing. It also enables the body to _________ _______________.

• Those responses are designed to prepare a person for ____________.

• Necessary in wild animals (+ sometimes humans) for ______.

• If the stress persists for a long time, the body’s resources are used up. The person ___________________ + in extreme cases dies.

• General adaptation syndrome

• Has 3 stages:1. ____ – fight-or-flight response occurs +

person becomes _____________.2. __________ – the person often finds

means to cope w/ the stressor.Ex. Telling yourself to

_________.• Person may suffer psychosomatic

symptoms (_________________ caused by stress or tension).

• If _______________________ continues, the individual reaches the 3rd stage:

3. _________ – the continuous release of hormones during the fight-or-flight response has left the person exhausted + unable to _______________________. He/she may become disoriented + delirious.

• Emotional + cognitive responses to stress

• Emotional reactions include:• Anxiety (a vague, generalized

apprehension or ________________)• Anger (the irate reaction likely to

result from ___________)• Fear (the usual reaction when a

stressor involves ________________ danger) – it directs the person to flee, but in severe cases he/she may panic + be __________________.

• Common examples of emotional stress reactions are overreacting to _______ __________, getting no joy from daily pleasures, + doubting one’s _____________.

• Cognitive reactions include:• Difficulty ____________• Recurring thoughts• Poor ______________• Unjustified _________________

• Prolonged stress

• Prolonged stress can lead to __________. People who are burned out are incapable of doing their job well + are physically + _____________________________.

• Prolonged stress, in combination w/ other factors, adversely affects ____________.

• It doesn’t cause mental illness, but can contribute to the ________ of it.

• Post-traumatic stress disorder is when a person who has experienced a __________ ________ feels severe + long-lasting ____________. It overwhelms a person’s normal sense of reality + ability to cope.

• Behavioral responses to stress

• Behavioral reactions include:• __________________• Overeat or not eat enough• Smoke or drink more• ____________• ____________ for no reason• Develop a shaky voice, tremors, etc…• Changes in _________• Lose interest in grooming, bathing,

etc…• ____________• ______________ may occur at times –

like the people who risk their lives during disasters to help others.

• Severe stress can contribute to the development of an _______________ which can lead to alcoholism, drug addiction, __________________, etc…

• Physical responses to stress

• Our thoughts + emotions can produce ___________ changes in our bodies.

• Physical reactions include:• Initial fight-or-flight response

leads to faster _____________.• _____________________ such as

headaches, stomachaches, + muscle pains.

• Weakens the _________________.• Contributing cause to

illnesses like ulcers, ____________, arthritis, asthma, + _______ disease.

• Factors influencing reactions to stress

• People have _________________ to stress. Some factors that influence their reactions include:

• _________________________.• Some people’s personalities make

them ________________ to stress. • Perceived ______________ stressors.

• Physical disorders are more likely when we don’t have control over stressors. _______________ is also detrimental. People prefer __________ stress over unpredictable stress.

• Social support (information that leads someone to believe that he/she is cared for, ______, respected, + part of a network of communication + ___________________).

• Helps to the effects of stressful situations. Offer 4 types of support – _________, appraisal (_________), informational (advice), + ___________ (assistance). End Section

2

• Coping w/ stress

• Coping w/ stress is a way of trying to _____ _______ over a part of your life.

• People cope w/ stress in ______________.• Sometimes we act in ways that aren’t in

our ____________. When we act in ways that hurt others, those are known as _________ ways of coping.

• Our cognitive appraisal is our ___________ of an event that helps determine its _____ _______.

• If we appraise a situation as a _______ that we can meet, our stress level .

• If we appraise a situation as a _____, our stress level .

• ________ can affect our cognitive appraisal.

• Defensive coping strategies

• Denial – a coping mechanism in which a person decides that the event _________ _________.

• Intellectualization – a coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an ____________________ viewpoint.

• Both denial + intellectualization can prevent ________________ to stress.

• Can lead to failing to deal w/ what could be a ___________________.

• Stress reactions are more likely to occur when ___________________.

• Active coping strategies

• By appraising a situation as a ________ + not a ________, we can adopt an active coping strategy.

• Active coping strategies involve changing our environment or ____________________ to remove stressors or the level of stress.

• ________ – refers to traits of control, commitment, + challenge.

• Controlling stressful situations – escape or withdrawal – if you can’t withdrawal, controlling its _______ can be helpful.

• ________________ – confronting the problem head-on by coming up w/ a rational analysis leading to an appropriate decision. It helps to regard situations as ______________ _________.

• Explanatory style – ________ vs. __________.

• Relaxation – many relaxation techniques were developed to help ___________________.

• Progressive relaxation involves lying down comfortably then tensing + releasing the tension in each _________________.

• Meditation involves focusing attention w/ the goal of clearing one’s mind + producing an _____________.

• Biofeedback (the process of learning to ________________ by monitoring the states to be controlled) – helps to consciously control things like blood pressure + muscle tension.

• Humor – laughing releases the ______ of pent-up feelings.

• _______ – stress by providing an outlet for physical arousal + may burn off ________________.

• Support groups/professional help – specialize in helping people w/ specific ________________________ (ex. therapists, AA, Weight Watchers, etc…).

• _______ – helps to prepare for events which stress. Exposure to moderate stressors in a ___________ ______________ environment helps a person gain ___________.

• Improving ____________________ – developing skills to deal w/ others.

End Section 3

• Stress in your life

• Growing up involves gaining a sense of autonomy (the ability to take care of oneself + make one’s __________).

• Going to college can be personally ________ but requires adjustment.

• Many people approach going to college w/ high + often ___________________________.

• They don’t have the experience to make realistic choices or the ____________________ their own motives + needs.

• College may challenge the ________ a student has established in high school.

• Usually a greater amount of ________ at college.• May lead to the formation of

developmental friendships (friends who force each other to reexamine their _________________ + perhaps adopt new ideas + beliefs).

• Coping strategies include ___________________, avoid doubts by wasting your time, + resynthesis (combining old ideas w/ new ones + reorganizing feelings in order to ______________________).

• Getting a _______• Work experience is different for everyone

+ people _____________ to their jobs based on their ____________.

• ______________ refers to the attitude a worker has towards his/her job. 5 major sources of job satisfaction are:

1. __________ – having enough help + supplies to do the job well.

2. Financial reward – salary + _______.

3. _______ – job is interesting + allows worker to use his/her _________.

4. Relations w/ __________.5. _________ – working conditions are

attractive + comfortable.• Comparable worth is the concept that

____ ______ should receive _______ for jobs of comparable skill + responsibility. End Section

4

Ch 16 – Psychological Disorders • Defining +

identifying psychological disorders

• Just b/c a person is different from the norm doesn’t mean he/she has a _____________.

• So how do we __________ if someone does have a mental illness? There are 3 ways:

1. ____________________ – Acting in a way that is not considered normal.

• What is “_______” may vary in different societies.

• Not always __________. 2. ___________ – Able to get along in

the world, physically, _____, + socially.

• ________, destructive, +/or isolated.

3. _____________________ – • Some psychologists say

that a normal/healthy person is one who is _______________ or who is striving toward ideal functioning.

• Others believe that to be normal/healthy involves full acceptance + expression of one’s own ______________ _________________.

• It’s irresponsible to label someone mentally ill b/c their _______________.

• Minor psychological disorders _________.

• The problem of classification

• The causes + symptoms of psychological disorders + their cures are rarely ___________________.

• Since 1952, the APA (_____________________ _________) agreed upon a system of classifying abnormal symptoms + published it in the DSM. The DSM-5 is the 6th version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

• See p. 452 for major categories of psychological disorders.

• W/in each category, the following descriptions are included:

1. ___________________ – defining characteristics

2. _________________ – additional features that are usually present

3. Differential diagnosis – how to distinguish it from ____________

4. Diagnostic criteria – a list of symptoms that _______________ for a positive diagnosis

• A patient often has more than ________________.• To help w/ diagnoses, the DSM-5 uses 5 major

dimensions or axes to describe a person’s ____________________:

• Axis I: Clarifies _____________________.• Axis II: Describes developmental disorders +

long-standing ______________________.• Axis III: Describes physical disorders or medical

conditions that are potentially relevant to __________________________ for each person.

• Axis IV: Measurement of the ________________ the person is functioning at.

• Axis V: Describes the _____________ of adaptive functioning present w/in the past year.

• Adaptive functioning refers to 3 major areas: social relations (family + friends), ____________________ (work), + leisure time (activities or hobbies).

• The 5 axes help researchers see connections b/w different disorders + other factors like stress.

• Many people develop a ______ at some point, but they are often ____________. End Section

1

• Anxiety disorders

• Anxiety is a general state of ____________ ________ that a person feels in response to a real or imagined danger.

• People w/ anxiety disorders suffer from anxiety that is _________________ to the situation provoking it. The intense anxiety may interfere w/ __________________ in everyday life.

• People w/ these disorders share characteristics like feelings of _____ (duh!), feelings of _______________, + avoidance of dealing w/ problems.

• Their emotional problems may be expressed w/ _______________ like headaches, sweating, fatigue, etc…

• Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, ______________, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, + _____________________ disorder.

• Generalized anxiety disorder

• While fear is a reaction to real + identifiable threats, anxiety is a reaction to ___________________ __________.

• People w/ generalized anxiety disorder experience a continuous, generalized anxiety. They fear __________________ + are unable to make decisions or ___________.

• They may become so preoccupied w/ their internal problems that they neglect their __________________.

• May develop physical symptoms such as muscular tension, an __________ _____, a furrowed brow, + a strained face. Other symptoms include poor appetite, indigestion, diarrhea, + difficulty __________.

• May be partly ___________ +/or influenced by a ____________ as a child.

• Phobic disorder

• A phobia is a ___________ focused on a particular object, animal, activity, or situation that seems _____________ to the ______________ involved.

• 3 types:• ________ phobias – can focus on

anything or situation.• Social phobias – involve

fearing that you will _______________ in a public place.

• Agoraphobia – extreme fear of being in a _____________.

• Phobias range in intensity from mild to extremely ________.

• Phobic individuals develop _________ __________ the situations they fear.

• Panic disorder

• An extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of ______________.

• Panic is a feeling of sudden, _________ _______.

• During a panic attack, a person experiences ____________________ attacks of intense anxiety, leading the person to feel a sense of doom +/or the feeling that he/she is about to _____.

• Symptoms include a sense of __________, choking, or difficulty _______ as well as faintness, dizziness, nausea, + ____________.

• Attacks occur w/o ______ + usually last a couple of minutes, but may last over an hour.

• Panic disorder may be _______ in part. The 1st attack usually occurs after a _________________.

• OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder)

• The obsessiveness is characterized by an ____________________ of thoughts. This may lead to compulsions which are _________ __________ coping behaviors.

• These things don’t always __________________.

• Everyone has obsessions + compulsions. It’s only considered a problem when such thoughts + activities ___________ w/ what a person wants + needs to do.

• Most people w/ OCD realize that their thoughts + actions are irrational, but feel ____________ them.

• Runs in ________.• Examples of compulsions typical

of OCD include _______________ excessively, counting, excessive attention to _________, etc…

• Post-traumatic stress disorder

• A condition in which a person who has experienced a traumatic event feels severe + long-lasting ________________.

• Common among ____________________ _______ as well as survivors of terrorism, natural disasters, ___________, + human aggression.

• The event that triggers the disorder overwhelms a person’s ______________ + ability to cope. The disorder may begin immediately after the event or develop ______________.

• Symptoms are __________, recurring nightmares, insomnia, +/or feelings of ________.

• __________ who experiences a traumatic event develops this disorder.

End Section 2

• Somatoform disorders

• Are physical symptoms for which there is no apparent ________________.

• There are 2 major types:1. Conversion disorders occur when a

person changes emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific _____________________.

• There is no actual ____________, but the person suffers from a real + prolonged _________.

• Might result in temporary ______, loss of speech, etc…

2. Hypochondriasis occurs when a person in good health becomes preoccupied w/ ____________________.

• Constantly looking for signs of illness + misinterprets signs of _______________ + injuries as something ________________.

• Dissociative disorders

• When a person experiences a _______________ in memory, identity, or consciousness.

• They are ___________.• Dissociative amnesia is memory loss w/ no

biological explanation. It’s often caused by a ____________.

• Dissociative fugue is when a person suddenly + unexpectedly ___________ from home or work + is unable to _______________.

• It’s amnesia w/ active flight into a ________ ______________.

• They will establish a new _______________.• May last for days or __________.• When a person comes out of it, they can’t

_____________________ when they were in the fugue state.

• Dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as ___________________ disorder) is when a person exhibits 2 or more personality states, each w/ its own patterns of _____________________.

• These people usually suffered __________ as children. End Section

3

• Schizophrenia • A group of disorders characterized by _______ + disconnected thoughts, emotions, + __________.

• It’s the most complex + severe _________ _________.

• A person w/ schizophrenia __________ w/ reality to a large extent.

• It’s not a single problem; it doesn’t have a ______ ______________ – it’s a collection of symptoms.

• Many people w/ schizophrenia have delusions (false beliefs maintained in the face of contrary evidence) + hallucinations (perceptions that have no direct ____________) such as hearing voices.

• Other symptoms include incoherence (a marked in _________ processes), disturbances of affect (emotions not _________ for the circumstances), deterioration in normal movement, in previous levels of functioning, + diverted attention – their ______________________.

• Affects 1 in ___ worldwide, but if it’s already in a person’s family, their odds to 1 in _____.

• Types of schizophrenia

• Classified into several subtypes:• _________: involves hallucinations + delusions.

• “_______” – believes he/she is a savior.• “____________” – believes he/she is

always being watched.• _______: remains motionless for long periods.• _____________: incoherent language,

inappropriate emotions, generally disorganized motor behavior, hallucinations, + _________.

• ______________: has basic symptoms such as deterioration of daily functioning, delusions, hallucinations, _______________________, + thought disorders.

• _________: symptoms are completely gone or still exist but are ___________ not to justify earning a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

• Treatment is long-term + usually requires ____________. Schizophrenia may go into remission, but symptoms often __________.

• Recovery is possible, but _____________________.

• Causes of schizophrenia

• Usually starts b/w ________________ into the 30’s.• What causes schizophrenia is debated, but it’s

most likely an interaction of _________, biochemical, + _______________ factors.

• Although it tends to ___________, if a twin develops it, his/her identical twin has a _____% chance of developing it – so it can’t just be caused by _______.

• Some researchers believe that the basic problem of schizophrenia is too much or too little of certain __________ interfering w/ how the brain processes information.

• The ___________ of people w/ schizophrenia show signs of deterioration.

• The role of the ___________ is unclear, but present.• Studies have shown a correlation to children

developing schizophrenia w/ their mother being _____ prior to pregnancy, infection during the 2nd trimester, + lack of ________ to the fetus.

• People who develop schizophrenia often come from families of the verge of ____________.

• Mood disorders • Occur when emotions hamper a person’s ability to ____________________.

• In extreme cases, a mood may cause individuals to lose touch w/ ________ or seriously threaten his/her ___________.

• Mood disorders include major depressive disorder, ________________, + seasonal affective disorder.

• People w/ these disorders often have more _____________ + if depressed, feel that their depression will go on forever + there is ______________________ about it.

• Psychological factors contributing to mood disorders including ____________ (ex. self-esteem), amount of social support, + the ability to deal w/ _______________. Biological factors include hormones, neurotransmitters, + __________.

• Major depressive disorder

• A severe form of ____________ in which a person experiences feelings of __________ + diminished pleasure or interest in many activities.

• People w/ this disorder spend at least ____ ______ feeling depressed, anxious, fatigued, agitated, + experience a _____________ to function + interact w/ others.

• To be diagnosed as depression, these feelings can’t be attributed to ______________.

• This disorder is characterized by at least 4 of the following symptoms: problems w/ eating, _______, thinking, concentrating, or decision making; _________; thinking about ________; + feeling worthless or guilty.

• Bipolar disorder • Occurs when a person alternates b/w feelings of ____ (euphoria) + depression.

• They are either excessively + inappropriately _____________.

• During the manic phase, he/she experiences extreme elation, ________, distractibility, + racing thoughts. The person often has an exaggerated sense of ________ + engages in __________ behavior. He/she often needs less sleep + engages in activity.

• This state isn’t as easy to detect b/c the person seems to be in touch w/ reality + ____________.

• During the depressive phase, he/she is overcome by feelings of ________, sinfulness, worthlessness, + despair. The person is _________ + unresponsive like someone w/ major ________________.

• Seasonal affective disorder

• People w/ this disorder struggle w/ annual depressions during ___________________ (usually _______, but can be at other times).

• They tend to sleep + eat __________ during their ________________.

• May be caused by _________ – exposure to less light during winter causes less of the hormone melatonin to be released.

• Many sufferers can be treated by sitting under bright ________________ during the evening or early morning hours.

• Suicide + depression

• Not all people who commit suicide are _______ + not all people who are depressed try to _______ __________.

• But many people who are depressed have _________________.

• People may commit suicide to escape from physical or emotional pain, ______________ for wrongs they think they committed, or to ______ _________.

• Every year over ________ Americans commit suicide.

• More women ________ suicide, but more men ___________.

• Suicide is most common among the ______, but is the 2nd most common cause of death among _________________.

• People who threaten suicide or make unsuccessful attempts __________________! 70% of people who commit suicide threatened to do so w/in 3 months before doing so + an unsuccessful attempt is often a ___________.End Section

4

• Personality disorders

• Are maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing w/ _____ + one’s _____________.

• People w/ these disorders seem unable to establish __________________ w/ other people, to assume social responsibilities, or to adapt to their social environment. They adopt ____________ personality patterns (ex. Excessively shy or aggressive).

• People w/ a personality disorder don’t usually suffer from excessive anxiety nor behave in a ________________.

• Antisocial personality

• Is characterized by irresponsibility, shallow emotions, + a _______________________.

• Formerly called _________________________.• A person w/ an antisocial personality exhibits a

persistent disregard for + violation of __________. They also:

• Treat people as __________.• Live in the moment – constantly seeking

thrills.• Don’t seem to feel any ______.• Are ____________ when caught.

• Many people w/ antisocial personalities get away w/ their behavior b/c they’re intelligent, entertaining, + able to ___________ they don’t feel. They win the affection + confidence from people they later _____ ___________ of.

• How do they become like this?• Some think they imitate their _________

_________.• Could be a lack of or __________________.• Some think it’s due to a ________________

________.

• Drug addiction• It’s covered in the DSM-V b/c many people hurt themselves physically, socially, + _____________ b/c they depend so heavily on drugs.

• Abuse of drugs involves psychological dependence (the use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels _____________ w/o it). When deprived of the drug, they become restless, ______, + uneasy.

• Addiction is a pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming + _______________ to obtain the drug.

• The drugged state becomes the body’s ____________. W/o it, the person is in extreme _________________.

• Tolerance is the physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs ___________ to produce the original effect.

• Withdrawal refers to the symptoms that occur after a person _________________ of a drug to which he/she has become addicted. The symptoms vary by _________________ used.

• Alcoholism• America’s most ________________________.• Factor in about ____% of deaths in car accidents.• In about ___% of murders, the killer +/or victim had

been drinking.• Many think alcohol is a ________ b/c it slows down our

inhibitions + in small amounts can make people feel relaxed + talkative. It’s really a ____________.

• After more drinks, a person’s ______________ + physiological functions begin to shut down. Perceptions + sensations become distorted + __________________.

• _____________ of alcohol can lead to unconsciousness, _______, or even death.

• Effects of alcohol depend on a person’s ____________, body chemistry, how much alcohol is __________ + how quickly, + his/her past experience w/ drinking.

• Can produce psychological ____________, tolerance, + withdrawal.

• There are 3 stages of _____________:1st – The individual discovers that alcohol

tensions + makes him/her ________.2nd – The individual begins to drink so

heavily that the person feels he/she __________ how much alcohol he/she consumes. May begin to suffer from __________.

3rd – The individual drinks compulsively + ___________ when deprived of alcohol – he/she is now an _________.

• May develop from ________ + environmental factors. A person’s risk of becoming an alcoholic is _____________ if a member of his/her family is an alcoholic.

• The 1st step of treating alcoholism is to get help for the violent ____________________.

• Treatment varies from psychotherapy to ______. Antabuse can help - it makes the person _______ when he/she drinks alcoholic beverages.

• There is no certain ________. End Section 5

Ch 17 – Therapy and Change • Psychotherap

y• Is _____________ used by therapists to

help troubled individuals overcome their __________. It involves:

1. _____________ b/w a therapist + clients.2. The development of a supportive + trusting _____________.3. An ________ by the therapist of the client’s problems – including _____________ for overcoming those problems.

• Beliefs about mental illness

• Centuries ago, people often thought that psychological disturbances represented a moral or ______________. People w/ these problems were believed to be possessed by demons + treatment was an ___________.

• W/in the last couple of centuries, views have changed + societies began viewing these people as having a ____________. This was good b/c they were then seen as needing care + ___________.

• However, the term “___________” can create the problem of having the person view their problem as being outside his/her _______. He/she may refuse to ________________ for the situation + working towards change.

• The nature of psychotherapy

• The purpose of psychotherapy is to help people realize that they ______________ for their own problems + that they are the only ones who can really _________________.

• The therapist is there to ______.• There are many different types of therapy

based on different theories + w/ different approaches. We’ll discuss the following: _______________, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, + __________.

• While some psychologists/psychiatrists stick w/ __________, others use an eclectic approach (choosing methods from _____________ kinds of therapy + using the one that works best).

• The primary goal of therapy is to strengthen the patient’s ________________ his/her life.

• It’s important that the patient believes that he/she ________. The influence of a patient’s hopes + expectations on his/her ___________ is called the placebo effect.

• Therapists • There are different types of therapists (p.489), some are:

• ________ may/may not have training in psych, but troubled people turn to them more than any other types of therapists.

• Various groups of ______________.• _____________ are licensed medical

doctors who specialize in abnormal behavior. They can ______________ + perform surgery.

• There are 3 characteristics of effective therapists. He/she must:

• Be ______________________.• Have plenty of empathy (a capacity

for warmth + _____________).• Be experienced in dealing w/ people

+ understanding their _____________.

• Group therapy • Therapy in which patients work together w/ the aid of a leader to resolve _____________________.

• Advantages of group therapy:• The chance to see how other people are

struggling w/ _______________.• Get hope from seeing people ___________

__________ a similar problem.• See how other people view them so they

can overcome the ___________ they have of themselves.

• One therapist can help a large # of people which the _______ of therapy.

• In _____________, the family all attends therapy together + the therapist focuses on how they ________ w/ each other. The therapist can then suggest ways of improving ___________________ w/in the family.

• In ______________, people who share a particular problem voluntarily get together, often w/o the active involvement of a _____________________.

End Section 1

• Psychoanalysis • Therapy aimed at making patients aware of their _______________ so that they can gain control over their behavior.

• It leads to the apparent sudden realization of a ________ to their problem (known as insight).

• Based on the theories of ________________.• It’s a ______ procedure.• Often begins w/ the therapist telling the

patient to talk about ______________________ (free association). The therapist often says nothing for long periods of time – only occasionally making remarks or asking ?s to _______________. The therapist may suggest unconscious motives to explain what the patient is talking about, but most of the work is ______________________.

• Often the patient experiences resistance (the reluctance of a patient either to reveal painful feelings or to examine ____________________ patterns).

• The therapist must help him/her work around this by pointing out what is happening or trying _________________.

• Another technique is dream analysis (__________ the content of patients’ dreams).

• Again, they are looking for ____________ thoughts + feelings causing them.

• The manifest content of the dream refers to what a person __________ about the dream.

• The latent content of the dream refers to the ___________________ represented symbolically in the dream.

• Sometimes the patient experiences transference (a process in which the patient begins to have ______ ________________ similar to the feelings he/she has toward some other _____________ in his/her life – usually a _________).

• The therapist must remain ___________.• Psychoanalysis requires an average of __________

+ years of therapy.• Not beneficial for people who lose touch w/

reality – like people w/ ______________.

• Humanistic therapy

• Focuses on the value, dignity, + worth of each person, + holds that healthy living is the result of realizing _______________________.

• Uses client-centered therapy which is the belief that the client + therapist are __________ in therapy.

• Uses the words “____” instead of “_____” to reflect the equal relationship of the person + the therapist.

• Based on the theories of ______________.• Client-centered therapists assume that people

are ___________ + capable of handling their own lives. Problems occur when the true self is lost + they begin to view themselves according to the _____________________.

• An important goal is to help the person recognize his/her own ________ + confidence, so as to start living by his/her _________________.

• It often begins w/ the client being encouraged to ____________ about any troubling matters. This free flow of images + ideas, w/ no particular direction is known as nondirective therapy.

• The therapist doesn’t direct the ___________ + tries to avoid giving any __________.

• The therapist will restate + clarify the ______ the client has expressed (known as active listening).

• There must be an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard (the therapist’s consistent expression of ______________________, no matter what the client says + does).

• They try to set ____________ + consider the __________________ to reach them.

End Section 2

• Cognitive therapies

• Focus on using ________ to control emotions + behaviors.

• Both cognitive + behavior therapies use behavior modification (the systematic method of changing the way a __________________).

• Cognitive therapies assume that ___________ – irrational or uninformed beliefs, expectations, + ways of thinking – ________ our behaviors, attitudes, + emotions.

• So the patients have to change the way they _______.

• Common techniques in cognitive therapies include disconfirmation (confronting patients w/ evidence that _________________ their existing beliefs), reconceptualization (having the patient work toward an ______________ ______ to explain their experiences or current observations), + ________ (working toward understanding + deriving new or revised beliefs).

• Cognitive therapies: Rational-emotive therapy (RET)

• A form of psychological help aimed at changing unrealistic assumptions about ________ + other people.

• Developed by Albert Ellis. He believed that people behave in deliberate + rational ways, given their ___________ about life.

• Emotional problems occur when a person’s assumptions are _______________

• The goal of RET is to correct the false + ______ __________________ of the patients.

• Techniques include role-playing, ______, humor, + _______________

• Ellis believed behaviors are a result of the ABCs.

• AA___________________• BB___________________• CC___________________

• Taught that B (______!) causes C.• Therapist + patient work together

to ___________.• Patient must learn ___________.

• Cognitive therapies: Beck’s cognitive therapy

• Aaron T. Beck came up w/ a therapy similar to RET. The difference is that his therapy stresses the focus on the _______________________.

• Therapists use persuasion + logic to change the patient’s ____________.

• Very successful w/ people suffering ____________.

• Again, the goal is to change the way ________________.

• Behavior therapies

• Focus on changing ___________________ through conditioning techniques.

• Doesn’t try to spend a large amount of time going over the patient’s ______________. Instead the therapist concentrates on determining what is _________________ the patient + taking steps to modify the behavior.

• The idea is that the patient has learned to behave in an undesirable way + that the behavior _________________.

• The ____________ for the behavior aren’t important.

• Once the behaviors change, the ________ ____________ will change as well.

• Behavior therapies: Counterconditioning

• Involves pairing the stimulus that triggers an unwanted behavior w/ a new, more _________ _________.

• 3 step process:1. The person builds an _______________

w/ the least feared situations on the bottom + most feared on the top.

2. The person learns ________________ _____________.

3. The person imagines or experiences each step in the hierarchy, working from ________________.

• Systematic desensitization is a technique which is used to overcome irrational fears + anxieties. The patient is encouraged to imagine the feared situation while using ______________ ____________.

• Aversive conditioning links an unpleasant state w/ an unwanted behavior in an attempt to _______________________.

• Other techniques used are modeling + flooding (when the therapist exposes the patient to the ________________________________).

• Behavior therapies:

Operant conditioning • Based on the assumption that behavior

that is reinforced _________________.• In contingency management, the

therapist + patient decide what old, undesirable behavior ________________ + what new, desirable behavior needs to appear.

• Used in _______, mental hospitals, ______, army bases, + w/ individual patients.

• They set up token economies (a system in which desirable behavior is reinforced w/ ______________ or points, which can be accumulated + exchanged for various ________).

• Useful in inducing patients to begin leading _________.

• Cognitive-behavior therapy

• Is based on a combination of _______________ thoughts for negative thoughts/beliefs + changing disruptive behaviors in favor of _____________.

• Helps patients differentiate b/w serious, real problems + ____________________ problems.

• Many ______________ use this approach.• Proven ________ for treating a wide range of

problems.

End Section 3

• Biological therapy

• Assumes that there is an underlying _______________ for a person’s disturbed behavior, faulty thinking, + inappropriate __________.

• Uses methods like ________, electric shock, + surgery to help people w/ ____________ __________.

• B/c these treatments are medical in nature, physicians or _____________ usually administer them.

• __________ may help decide if + when a biological approach is necessary for a particular patient.

• Some experts believe that biological therapies should be reserved for people who fail to respond to _____________. Others believe that a combination of psychotherapy + biological therapy _____ for many patients.

• Biological therapy: drug therapy

• A biological therapy that uses _____________.• It’s the most _____________ biological therapy.• Involves 4 main types of psychoactive

medications: antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, lithium, + antianxiety drugs.

• Can only be obtained w/ a _____________.• When patients stop taking the drugs, their

symptoms ____________________.• These drugs often only _______________;

they don’t remove the ____ of the disorder.• Antipsychotic drugs are medications used to

agitation, delusions, + hallucinations by blocking the activity of _________ in the brain. They’re tranquilizers.

• Used on people w/ _______________.• Antidepressant drugs are medications that treat

major depression by the amount of one or both of the ______________ noradrenaline + serotonin.

• Lithium carbonate is a chemical used to counteract the mood swings of ________ __________.

• Antianxiety drugs are medications that relieve anxiety + ______________ by depressing the activity of the ________ __________________.

• Also known as sedatives or mild ___________ which excitability + cause drowsiness.

• Can be helpful for helping normal people cope w/ _____________ in their lives.

• Can also be helpful for _________ withdrawal.

• Biological therapy: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

• Biological therapy that involves administering _______________ to the brain to try to the symptoms of mental disturbance. “______________”.

• Has proven extremely __________ for treating severe _________, acute mania, + some types of schizophrenia.

• Involves administering ______________ of about 70-150 volts for 0.1-1.0 sec over the course of several weeks.

• It induces a _________________ similar to an epileptic seizure that may last up to a minute.

• It’s considered very _____________.• Used too much in the past w/

_____________. Today it involves very little pain as patients are given medication prior.

• Many may suffer minor _____________.

• Biological therapy: psychosurgery

• A medical operation that _______________ _______ to make the patient calmer + freer of symptoms.

• The most common operation is a prefrontal lobotomy, which involves destruction of the ____________ of the brain, just behind the forehead.

• This part of the brain contains the most nerve connections that control _________.

• This surgery used to be ______, but when new drugs were developed. Additionally, lobotomized patients showed an _______________ + often became apathetic + ______________.

• Effects of a lobotomy are _________ b/c destroyed brain tissue never regenerates.

End Section 4