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1. IoT definition and applications

2. Architecture of IoT

3. SimpleLink Wi-Fi network processor CC3100

4. Adding Wi-Fi capability to MCU for IoT apps

5. API for wireless and network applications

5.1. INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) - OVERVIEW

IoT is the internetworking of physical devices (also referred to as connected devices /

smart devices), vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software,

sensors, actuators and network connectivity that enable them to collect and exchange data.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and

digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and

the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-

to-computer interaction.

The IoT refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that feature an IP address

for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between these objects and

other Internet-enabled devices and systems.

IoT refers to physical & virtual objects that have unique identities are connected to internet

to facilitate intelligent applications that make energy, logistic, agriculture & many other

domains smarter.

Smart devices are also called as “connected devices ” which are designed in such a way

that they capture and utilize every bit of data which you share or use in everyday life.

These devices will use this data to interact with you on daily basis and complete tasks.

These devices will bridge the gap between physical and digital world to improve the

quality and productivity of life, society and industries.

Fundamental components that make IOT a reality are :

Hardware- making physical objects responsive and giving them capability to retrieve data

and respond to instructions

Software - enabling the data collection, storage, processing, manipulating and instructing

Communication Infrastructure- which consists of protocols and technologies which enable

two physical objects to exchange data

IoT applications

1. Smart home 6. Industrial internet

2. Smart city 7. Connected health

3. Wearable's 8. Smart retail

4. Smart grids 9. Smart supply chain

5. Connected car 10. Smart farming

UNIT – 5

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1. Smart home :

Smart home is the one in which the devices have the capability to communicate with each

other as well as to their environment.

A smart home gives owner the capability to customize and control home environment for

increased security and efficient energy management.

Smart Home products are promised to save time, energy and money. Some of the Smart

home features are

- switch on air conditioning before reaching home

- switch off lights when we have left home

- unlock the doors to friends for temporary access even when you are not at home

- giving regular notifications about your home

2. Smart cities :

IoT will solve major problems faced by the people living in cities like pollution, traffic

congestion and shortage of energy supplies etc.

Products like cellular communication enabled Smart Belly trash will send alerts to

municipal services when a bin needs to be emptied.

By installing sensors and using web applications, citizens can find free available parking

slots across the city.

Also, the sensors can detect meter tampering issues, general malfunctions and any

installation issues in the electricity system.

IoT solutions in the area of Smart City solve traffic congestion problems, reduce noise and

pollution and help make cities safer.

Traffic management

Water distribution

Waste management

Urban security and environmental monitoring

Smart parking

Smart street lighting

3. Wearables :

Wearable devices are installed with sensors and software which collect data and

information about the users. This data is later pre-processed to extract essential insights

about user.

These devices broadly cover fitness, health and entertainment requirements.

A wireless enabled wearable device can measures data about person such as the no. of

steps walked.

These devices can send data to a cloud based service

The pre-requisite from internet of things technology for wearable applications is to be

highly energy efficient or ultra-low power and small sized.

4. Smart grids :

The basic idea behind the smart grids is to collect data in automated fashion and analyze

the behaviour or electricity consumers and suppliers for improving efficiency, reliability,

and economics of electricity use.

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Smart Grids will also be able to detect sources of power outages more quickly and at

individual household levels like nearby solar panel, making possible distributed energy

system.

Smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operations & energy measures.

Smart meters

Smart appliances

Renewable energy resources

Energy efficiency resources

Power grids of the future will be highly reliable.

5. Connected car :

A connected car is a vehicle which is able to optimize it‟s own operation, maintenance as

well as comfort of passengers using onboard sensors and internet connectivity.

It also sends information about its location to a cloud based service

Most large auto makers as well as some brave startups are working on connected car

solutions. Major brands like Tesla, BMW, Apple, Google are working on bringing the next

revolution in automobiles.

Ex: Google‟s self driving cars are known to all

Latest Locomotive From GE (250 sensors)

6. Industrial IoT :

Industrial Internet is the new buzz in the industrial sector, also termed as Industrial

Internet of Things (IIoT). It is empowering industrial engineering with sensors, software

and big data analytics to create brilliant machines.

The driving philosophy behind IIoT is that, smart machines are more accurate and

consistent than humans in communicating through data.

IIoT holds great potential for quality control and sustainability.

IoT automation solutions for industries from all big names like NEC, Siemens, Emerson

and Honeywell are already in the market.

In the construction industry it is very important to determine the quality of concrete. The

EDC or Embedded Data Collector from Smart Structure helps with this big time.

Smart Structures‟ technology and solutions improve the quality of bridge pilings and deep

foundations while reducing the overall foundation costs

7. Connected health :

Healthcare is one sector which is supposed to be highly boosted with advent of internet of

things applications.

Connected health is a model for healthcare delivery that uses technology to provide

healthcare remotely and maximize healthcare resources

It provides increased flexible opportunities for consumers to engage with clinicians and

better self-manage their care.

IoT in healthcare is aimed at empowering people to live healthier life by wearing

connected devices.

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8. Smart retail :

The potential of IoT in the retail sector is enormous. IoT provides an opportunity to

retailers to connect with the customers to enhance the in-store experience.

A smart store is a term that is commonly used to describe the use of smart technologies

in retail . Smart stores usually deliver their services via the Web, smart phone apps,

and augmented reality applications in real stores.

Smart phones will be the way for retailers to remain connected with their consumers even

out of store.

They can also track consumers‟ path through a store and improve store layout and place

premium products in high traffic areas.

9. Smart supply chain :

A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources

involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer.

Supply chain activities involve the transformation of natural resources, raw materials, and

components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer.

Applications for tracking goods, real time information exchange about inventory among

suppliers and retailers and automated delivery will increase the supply chain efficiency.

10. Smart Farming: - Agriculture for the future

The agricultural sector is going to face enormous challenges in order to meet population

growth, climate change, changing diets, changes to seasonal events in the life cycle of plant

and animals and competition for resources.

One way to address these issues and increase the quality and quantity of agricultural

production is using sensing technology to make farms more “intelligent” and more

connected through the so-called “precision agriculture” also known as „smart farming‟

Smartphone applications can help farmers better manage chemical input, watering, and

machinery. Unmanned aerial vehicles can control crop picking. Geospatial technologies are

currently available to help farmers monitor and increase production.

In practice, smart farming changes the way a farmer works:

Crops are not only harvested, but also mapped using a combination of sensors,

digital photography techniques, and geospatial technologies

Soil sensing systems provide information on the variability in soil productivity

status

Crop sensing technology provides information about canopy characteristics

Fertilizers/chemicals are allocated more strategically/efficiently by exploiting

spatial variations in soil fertility levels according to local demand

Agrochemicals can be sprayed specifically on the crop when they are needed

New techniques, such as variable rate technologies including sprayers, spreaders,

sensors, controllers, electromagnetic induction methods, geospatial technologies,

ultrasonic sensor systems, and remote sensing can be used

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5.2. IoT ARCHITECTURE :

IoT is the internetworking of physical devices (also referred to as connected devices and

smart devices), vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software,

sensors, actuators and network connectivity that enable them to collect and exchange data.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and

digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and

the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-

to-computer interaction.

Internet of things (IoT) can be any object that has a unique identifier and which can

send/receive data over a network. An IOT system comprises of devices that provide

sensing, actuation, and monitoring and control functions. The IoT devices are connected to

the internet and send information about themselves or about their surroundings over a

network.

An IOT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the

Capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management as

shown in above figure.

1. Sensors and Actuators

2. Processors

3. Gateways

4. Management

5. Application

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1. Sensors and Actuators :

These form the front end of the IoT devices. These are the so called “Things” of the system.

Their main purpose is to collect data from its surrounding (sensors) or give out data to its

surrounding (actuators).

These have to be uniquely identifiable devices with a unique IP address so that they can be

easily identifiable over a large network.

These have to be active in nature which means that they should be able to collect real time

data. These can either work on their own (autonomous in nature) or can be made to work

by the user depending on their needs (user controlled).

Sensors can be either on-board the IoT device or attached to the device. The IoT device can

collect various types of information from the on-board or attached sensors such as

temperature, humidity, light intensity, gas sensor, water quality sensor, moisture sensor..

etc. The sensed information can be communicated either to other devices or cloud-based

servers/storage.

IoT devices can have various types of actuators attached that allow taking actions upon the

physical entities in the vicinity of the device. For example a relay switch connected to an

IoT device can turn an appliance on/off based on the commands sent to the device.

2. Processors Analysis & processing :

Processors are the brain of the IoT system. Their main function is to process the data

captured by the sensors to extract the valuable data from the enormous amount of raw

data collected. In a word, we can say that it gives intelligence to the data.

Processors mostly work on real-time basis and can be easily controlled by applications.

These are also responsible for securing the data – that is performing encryption and

decryption of data.

Embedded hardware devices, microcontroller etc are the ones that process the data

because they have processors attached to it.

3. Gateways :

Gateways are responsible for routing the processed data and send it to proper locations for

its (data) proper utilization.

In other words, we can say that gateway helps in to and fro communication of the data. It

provides network connectivity, which is essential for any IoT system to communicate.

Communication module is responsible for sending collected data to other devices or cloud

based servers/storage and receiving data from other devices and commands from remote

applications.

This layer needs to have a consistently trusted performance in terms of public, private and

hybrid networks. Different IoT device works on different kinds of network protocols. All

this protocols are required to be assimilated in a single layer. This layer is responsible for

integrating various network protocols.

The gateway is comprised of embedded OS, Signal Processors and Modulators, Micro-

Controllers etc.

LAN, WAN, PAN etc are examples of network gateways.

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Figure : IOT architecture layers

4. Management :

The Management Service Layer is responsible for Securing Analysis of IoT devices,

Analysis of Information (Stream Analytics, Data Analytics) and Device Management.

It also secures the IoT system and by providing functions Such as authentication,

authorization, message and content integrity and data security.

Data management is required to extract the necessary information from the enormous

amount of raw data collected by the sensor devices to yield a valuable result of all the data

collected. This action is performed in this layer.

This layer is also responsible for data mining, text mining, service analytics etc.

The management service layer has Operational Support Service (OSS) which includes

Device Modeling, Device Configuration and Management and many more.

Also, we have the Billing Support System (BSS) which supports billing and reporting,

IoT/M2M Application Services, Security which includes Access Controls, Encryption,

Identity Access Management, Business Rule Management (BRM) and Business Process

Management (BPM).

5. Applications:

Application layer forms the topmost layer of IoT architecture which are responsible for

effective utilization of the data collected.

IOT application provides an interface that the users can to control and monitor various

aspects of the IOT system. Applications also allow users to view the systems status or

analyze the processed data.

These cloud based applications are responsible for rendering effective meaning to the data

collected. Applications are controlled by users and are delivery point of particular services.

Examples of applications are home automation apps, e-health, e-governance, security

systems, transportation, industrial control hub etc.

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Smart Environment Application Domains

WLAN stands for Wireless Local Area Network which includes Wi-Fi, WAVE, IEEE 802.11

a/b/g/p/n/ac/ad, and so on

WPAN stands for Wireless Personal Area Network which includes Bluetooth, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN,

IEEE 802.15.4, UWB, and so on.

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5.3. Simple Link Wi-Fi Network Processor : CC3100

The CC3100 device is the industry's first Wi-Fi Certified chip used in the wireless networking solution. The CC3100 device is part of the new Simple Link Wi-Fi family that dramatically simplifies the implementation of Internet connectivity. The CC3100 device integrates all protocols for Wi-Fi and Internet, which greatly minimizes host MCU software requirements. With built-in security protocols, the CC3100 solution provides a robust and simple security experience. Additionally, the CC3100 device is a complete platform solution including various tools and software, sample applications, user and programming guides, reference designs and the TI E2E support community.

The Wi-Fi network processor subsystem features a Wi-Fi Internet-on-a-Chip and contains an additional dedicated ARM MCU that completely offloads the host MCU. This subsystem includes an 802.11 b/g/n radio, baseband, and MAC with a powerful crypto engine for fast, secure Internet connections with 256-bit encryption. The CC3100 device supports Station, Access Point, and Wi-Fi Direct modes. The device also supports WPA2 personal and enterprise security and WPS 2.0. This subsystem includes embedded TCP/IP and TLS/SSL stacks, HTTP server, and multiple Internet protocols. The power-management subsystem includes integrated DC-DC converters supporting a wide range of supply voltages. This subsystem enables low-power consumption modes, such as the hibernate with RTC mode requiring about 4 μA of current. The CC3100 device can connect to any 8, 16, or 32-bit MCU over the SPI or UART Interface. The device driver minimizes the host memory footprint requirements requiring less than 7KB of code memory and 700 B of RAM memory for a TCP client application.

Figure (a) CC3100 Hardware (b) CC3100 Software

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Features of CC3100 :

1. CC3100 is a Simple Link Wi-Fi Network Processor with Power-Management Subsystem

2. Dedicated ARM MCU

3. Wi-Fi Driver and Multiple Internet Protocols in ROM

4. 802.11 b/g/n Radio, Baseband, and Access Control (MAC), Wi-Fi Driver and Supplicant

5. TCP/IP and TLS/SSL stacks

6. Industry-Standard Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)

7. Powerful Crypto Engine for Fast, Secure Wi-Fi and Internet Connections with 256-Bit AES

8. WPA2 Personal and Enterprise Security

9. Simple Link Connection Manager for Autonomous and Fast Wi-Fi Connections

10. Host interface : Interfaces with 8, 16, and 32-Bit MCU or ASICs Over SPI or UART Interface

11. ROM Code Memory size is 7KB and Data memory RAM is 700 Bytes.

12. Power Management System :

Integrated DC-DC Supports a Wide Range of Supply voltages

VBAT Wide-Voltage Mode: 2.1 to 3.6 V

Pre-regulated 1.85-V Mode

13. Advanced Low-Power Modes

Hibernate with RTC : 4 μA

Low-Power Deep Sleep (LPDS) : 115 μA

Idle Connected : 690 μA

RX Traffic (MCU Active) : 53 mA

TX Traffic (MCU Active) : 223 mA

14. Clock Source

40 MHz Crystal with Internal Oscillator

32.768 kHz Crystal or External RTC Clock

15. Ambient Temperature Range: –40°C to 85°C

APPLICATIONS:-

Connected appliances

Smart energy

M2M communication

Cloud connectivity

Home automation

Security systems

Smart energy

Access control

Industrial control

Internet gateway

IP Network Sensor Nodes

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5.4. Adding Wi-Fi capability to MCU for IoT applications :

Microcontroller based design can be easily connected to the internet with Wi-Fi using the

TI Simple Link CC3000/CC3100 network processor module.

The TI CC3100 module is a self-contained wireless network processor that simplifies the

implementation of Internet connectivity, and it allows your device to connect on a network

using a smart phone, PC or tablet.

TI‟s SimpleLink Wi-Fi solution minimizes the software requirements of the host

microcontroller (MCU) and is thus the ideal solution for embedded applications using any

low-cost and low-power MCU.

The TI CC3100 module reduces development time, lowers manufacturing costs, saves

board space, eases certification, and minimizes the RF expertise required. This complete

platform solution includes software drivers, sample applications, API guide, user

documentation, and a world-class support community.

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The unit communicates with the host MCU using SPI as the primary interface.

CC3100 technology can pass information between your design and networked PCs, smart

phones, and tablets with just SPI communication connectivity and basic Wi-Fi connectivity

knowledge.

This device supports WPA2 personal and enterprise security and WPS 2.0 and Embedded

TCP/IP and TLS/SSL stacks, HTTP server, and multiple Internet protocols.

The CC3100 device integrates all protocols for Wi-Fi and Internet, which greatly minimizes

host MCU software requirements. With built-in security protocols, the CC3100 solution

provides a robust and simple security experience.

The CC3100 device can connect to any 8, 16, or 32-bit MCU over the SPI or UART Interface.

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Host Interface :

Interfaces over a 4-wire serial peripheral interface (SPI) with any MCU or a processor at a

clock speed of 20 MHz.

Interfaces over UART with any MCU with a baud rate up to 3 Mbps.

Simple APIs enable easy integration with any single-threaded or multithreaded

application.

(a) SPI Host Interface

The CC3100BOOST and the MSP430F5529 are connected via the SPI interface as shown in

below. The device interfaces to an external host using the SPI interface.

The CC3100 device can interrupt the host using the HOST_INTR line to initiate the data

transfer over the interface.

The SPI host interface can work up to a speed of 20 MHz.

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The SimpleLink Host Driver includes a set of 6- simple Application Program Interface

(API) modules:

Device API : Manages hardware-related functionality such as start, stop, set, and get

device configurations.

WLAN API : Manages WLAN, 802.11 protocol-related functionality such as device mode

(station, AP, or P2P), setting provisioning method, adding connection

profiles, and setting connection policy.

Socket API : The most common API set for user applications.

NetApp API : Enables different networking services including the Hypertext Transfer

Protocol (HTTP) server service, DHCP server service, and MDNS

client\server service.

NetCfg API : Configures different networking parameters, such as setting the MAC

address, acquiring the IP address by DHCP, and setting the static IP

address.

File System API :Provides access to the serial flash component for read and write

operations of networking or user proprietary data.

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5.5. Application Program Interface (API) : Application program interface (API) is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software

applications. An API defines data structures and subroutine calls that can be used to extend

existing applications with new feature, and build entirely new applications on top of other

software components.

An API specifies how software components should interact and APIs are used when

programming graphical user interface (GUI) components. A good API makes it easier to develop

a program by providing all the building blocks. A programmer then puts the blocks together.

Network programming :

Network programming is a type of software development for applications that connect

and communicate over computer networks including the Internet. Network APIs provide

entry points to protocols and re-usable software libraries. Network APIs support Web

browsers, Web databases, and many mobile apps. They are widely supported across many

different programming languages and operating systems.

Socket Programming :

Traditional network programming followed a client-server model. The primary APIs used

for client-server networking were implemented in socket libraries built into operating

systems. Berkeley sockets and Windows Sockets (Winsock) APIs were the two primary

standards for socket programming for many years.

Remote Procedure Calls

RPC APIs extend basic network programming techniques by adding the capability for

applications to invoke functions on remote devices instead of just sending messages to

them. With the explosion of growth on the World Wide Web (WWW), XML-RPC emerged

as one popular mechanism for RPC.

Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)

SOAP was developed in the late 1990s as a network protocol using XML as its message

format and HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) as its transport.

SOAP generated a loyal following of Web services programmers and became widely used

for enterprise applications.

Representational State Transfer (REST)

REST is another programming model that also supports Web services that arrived on the

scene more recently. Like SOAP, REST APIs use HTTP, but instead of XML, REST

applications often choose to use a Javascript Object Notation (JSON) instead.