Unit 5: The Industrial Revolution

The Beginnings of Industrialization

Warm-Up:(1) Why do historians consider the

Industrial Revolution a turning point in human history?

(2) Why do you think it is important to be industrialized?

Life Before the Industrial Revolution in England

• Most people make their living as farmers

• Simple hand tools are used

• Most people live in farming villages

• Most people have never traveled beyond their village

• People work long hours that vary by season

• Children work on the farm

• People make their own clothes and grow their own food

• Power is provided by animals, water mills, and windmills

• Transportation is slow- animal drawn wagons and by foot

Industrialization Industrialization: the process of

developing machine production of goods.Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in

England? Water power and coal to fuel the machines Iron ore to build the machines Large Food Supply due to Agricultural Revolution Harbors from which merchants could set sail Strong economy and political stability Strong military/navy to protect trade

England had the factors of production, or land, labor and capital, which were the resources needed to produce goods and services

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

1. Agricultural RevolutionWealthy landowners bought village

farms and made changes to farming techniques Agricultural Revolution Enclosures: large enclosed fields where

landowners experimented with farming methods

Crop rotation: A system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the land

Selective Breeding

Changes in AgricultureOUTCOMES:

Experimentation with farming techniques Seed Drill (Jethro Tull)– planting in rows

Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or move to cities many became factory workers

Increase in food supplies improved living conditions increased population increased demand for food and goods

2. Population increase•More food is available as a result of the Agricultural Revolution

•Declining Death rates.

•Better overall health=healthier babies

•More people are looking for jobs as the enclosure movement and new technology has put farmers out of work

3. New Technology

•Spinning Jenny

•Spinning Mule

•Power Loom

•Steam Engine

Textile industry technologies – the cottage industry could not keep up with demands for cloth

Inventions in the Textile Industry Putting out

system/slow, inefficient

Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) allowed a workers to spin 8 threads at one time

Inventions regarding water power to drive the spinning wheels in the 1770s and 1780s further increased the production of textiles

Spinning Jenny

Cotton GinEngland received

its cotton from the American South and India, who had used slave labor to remove the seeds from cotton by hand

1793 – Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to remove seeds

Production of cotton increased from 1.5 million pounds (1790) to 85 million pounds (1810)

4. Leaving the rural cottage industry

• As population increases and new technologies are invented, people need jobs

•Machines are too big for homes- Factories can produce more/cheaper goods

Factories Large buildings that housed textile machines

Owned by wealthy entrepreneurs: People who

organize, manage and takes on the risks of a business

Originally located on rivers and streams for waterpower

Manchester, England, 1851

German Factory, 1840

New Technology

The Need for Energy:

• Early factories relied on horses, oxen, and water mills

• Steam engine (Thomas Newcomen) evolved in response to the increasing need for power

• Steamboat (Robert Fulton) could move 5 mph.

• Effect of Steam Engine:

• Steam Power, used wherever coal existed, increased textile production

• Improved mining which increased metal which in turn fueled other industries

The Need for Iron:

• Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways

• New process of smelting iron (Abraham Darby) Better quality/less expensive

• Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires carbon

The Need for Coal:

• Carbon necessary for smelting iron

• Steam engines powered by coal

Effect of Iron and Coal:

• Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined

• Coal powered Britain’s enormous navy.

Improvements in TransportationSteam engine (1705)Steamboat (1807) manmade

canals for transportation Improvements in roads in the 1800sRailroad (1820), which would dominate

industrial transportation in England 1st Railroad from Liverpool to Manchester Cheap way to transport materials and

finished products Created jobs as railroad workers and

miners (providing iron for the tracks)

Improvements in Transportation

Importance of Railroads

Spurred industrial growth Cheap method of transportation Created hundreds of thousands of new

jobs Boosted agricultural and fishing

industries, which could transport goods to distant cities.

Distant jobs Nationalism Resorts in country sides

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/ir181x1.jpg

Ticket-Out-the-Door:On a half piece of paper with your name on it answer the following questions. Make sure the TOD ends up in the bin before you leave.

(1) What was society like before the Industrial Revolution? Provide examples.

(2) What piece of technology do you think had the greatest impact?

Create a t-chart and brainstorm as many positive and negative effects of the Industrial Revolution as

you can.

Positive Negative

Slide #1:Urbanization

As fewer workers were needed on the farm, workers moved to the cities to find jobs in factories. Overcrowding and pollution increased.

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE?

Slide #2: Rise of a Working Class In the cities, workers

often found themselves working long hours for low pay and in dangerous factories. Many factory owners became rich while workers did not.

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POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Slide #3: Rise of a Working Class

There was a wide difference in wealth between the factory owners (haves) and the workers (the have nots)

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Slide #4: New Roles for Children

While children used to work on the farm, many now worked in dangerous conditions in factories. They were prized by factory owners because they could fit into tight spots and would not complain.

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POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Slide #5: New Roles for Children

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Slide #6:New Roles for WomenWhile women did chores on the farm,

they were also able to take care of children during the day. During the Industrial Revolution, women would either work in the dangerous factories or stay home and take care of the children, thus becoming very dependent on men.POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Slide #7: New Roles for Women

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Child Labor 10 year boys Spinning machines Barefoot 60 to 72 hour work week Fix broken threads on the

bobbins

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Child Labor9 yrs old4 sides48 cents

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Francis Lane: 8yrs/pneumonia twice

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Coal Miners

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Coal Dust

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

10 – 12 year old miners

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Coal Mine driver: 11 yrs old

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Fishery 3:30am to 5:30pm

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

8 years oldPOSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

London Factory Girls

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Indiana factory 9pm

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Glass factory 10 yrs old

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

5 yrs old / trolley jumper

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Glass factory 2

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

Working ConditionsIndustrialization creates new

jobsLow pay/long hoursFactories dirty and unsanitaryPoor lighting/no heat/poor

ventilationWorkers trying to keep pace with

machines/no safety devicesHarsh and severe disciplineChild labor/women workers

Effects of IndustrializationUrbanization: After 1800 more people

moved to cities rather than rural areas Why?

The growth of the factory system brought people looking for jobs to the cities

This led to a population explosion in industrial cities

Living ConditionsMasses of people migrated to citiesCities not prepared

Tenements: multistory buildings broken into apartments

No running water, no heat, no sewage or sanitation system

Fire hazardFrequent epidemics/poor

ventilation/Cholera

Legislative Reform

Effect

The Factory Act •1833•Made it illegal to hire children under 9•Children 9 to 12 could not work more than 8 hrs. a day•Children 13 to 17 could not work more than 12 hrs. a day

The Mines Act •1842•Prevent women & children from working underground

The Ten Hour Act •1847•Limited workday to 10 hours for women and children who worked in factories

US: The National Child Labor Committee

•1904•Formed in order to end child labor

Employers Disability Act of

1880

•Paid compensation to workers injured on the job

Legislative Reform as a Result of the Industrial Revolution

Impact of IndustrializationGrowth of corporations: business

owned by stockholders who share in the profits but are not personally responsible for debts

Global Inequality: wider gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations imperialism Imperialism: the policy of extending one

country’s rule over many other landsGrowing gap between rich and poor

Upper Class:

rich entrepreneurs, factory owners,

merchants, bankers

Upper Middle Class (Bourgeoisie): Government employees, doctors, lawyers,

managers of factories

Lower Middle Class: factory overseers, skilled workers,

printers

Working Class (Proletariat): Laborers

Industrial Class System

The Working Class Few ties to community in the city/lost,

bewildered Weavers and other skilled craftsmen

resisted the new labor saving machines Luddites: smashed and burned factories Protests meet harsh repression Spread of Methodism: new religious

movement founded by John Wesley/ Sunday School/read and write/moral ways

The New Middle ClassBenefited the most

Lived in solid well built homes

Dressed and ate well

Middle class women were encouraged to become ladies

Lady like activities/maids

Valued hard work/ No sympathy for the poor

CAPITALISM

COMMUNISM

vs.

Philosophers of Industrialization

Adam Smith Laissez-faire economics: “Let people do as

they please” without government interference Believed government regulation

of business interfered with the production of wealth

Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership, in which money is invested in business with the goal of making a profit

Capitalism & Invisible Hand Progress results when individuals follow

their own self-interest (produce what they want to produce)

Successful when businesses compete with one another for the consumer’s money

Producer’s goal: provide goods & services that are better quality and less expensive than their competitors

Consumer’s goal: compete with one another to purchase the best products at the lowest prices

Government should not interfere in the economy (laissez faire)

Philosophers of Industrialization Thomas Malthus

MAIN IDEA: population increased more quickly than food supply, so people would always be poor and miserable

David Ricardo – “Iron Law of Wages” MAIN IDEA: the permanent underclass would

always be poor because if there were many workers, their labor would always be cheap; as population increased, wages would decrease

Against government efforts to help the workers because they believed it would hurt the production of wealth in society

Philosophers of Industrialization

Jeremy Bentham Philosophy of utilitarianism: believed

government interference in business was only useful if they promoted the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Philosophers of IndustrializationSocialism:

Factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all

Believed that the government should plan the economy rather than rely on free-market capitalism

Government control of factories, mines, railroads, etc. to help the workers who were at the hands of greedy employers

Grew out of a concern for social justice Smaller group: Utopians & Robert Owen

Philosophers of IndustrializationKarl Marx

German journalist who introduced radical socialism, or Marxism, to the world

Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels

KEY IDEAS: Human society has always been divided between the haves and have-nots

HAVES: Owners of production or bourgeoisie

HAVE-NOTS: Workers or proletariat

VS.

Communism All great movements in history are a

result of class struggles Rich (Bourgeoisie-merchant class) take

advantage of the poor Belief that workers are exploited by

employers All workers (Proletariat-working classes)

will one day unite against the upper-classes

Capitalism will eventually destroy itself resulting in a classless society

The Future According to Marx1) Small number of manufacturers would

control all the wealth2) Revolt by the proletariat – they would seize

factories and workers would share the profits, bringing about economic equality for all people

3) “dictatorship of the proletariat” would eventually lead to a classless society, or communism: a form of complete socialism in which the means of production is owned by the people, all goods/services are shared equally and private property no longer exists

According to Marx, whoever owns the means of production has always controlled the government and society.

Marx believed that the proletariat in every country faced the same problem – Class struggle with the bourgeoisie.

“…Workers of the World Unite!”

Other Reforms Unions: groups of voluntary

workers who pressed for reforms in the 1800s, such as higher pay and shorter hours Participated in collective bargaining, or

negotiations between workers and they employers for better working conditions

If demands were not met, workers could strike, or refuse to work

Although many unions were initially outlawed, they eventually won the right to strike and picket peacefully, which led to reforms aimed at improving the lives of workers

Compare/Contrast Capitalism and

Communism

Capitalism CommunismBoth

Ticket-Out-the-Door:1. Why do you think the ideas of

capitalism prevailed over communism in Britain during the Industrial Revolution?

2. Why might the ideals of communism be appealing to some?

3. What is one question that you still have about the economic situation during the Industrial Revolution?

Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution Long hours/low wages Child labor Pollution/burning of coal/water pollution Lack of education Unsafe working condition/machines have

no safety devices Poor ventilation/ lack of heat Spread of diseases Fire hazard/ crime/sanitation/sewers Tenements and crowded living conditions

Positive Effects of the Industrial revolution Improved transportation Railway AgeSteam engines railroads/shipsRising standard of livingBetter food Affordability of consumer goods