Unit 5: States of Consciousness
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Transcript of Unit 5: States of Consciousness
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Unit 5:States of Consciousness
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Chapter Overview
• Sleep and Dreams
• Hypnosis
• Drugs and Consciousness
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Introduction
• Consciousness–States of consciousness
• Sleep
• Wake
• Altered states
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States of Consciousness
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Sleep and Dreams
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Biological Rhythms and SleepCircadian Rhythm
• Circadian rhythm–24 hour cycle
–Temperature changes
–Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)• melatonin
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Biological Rhythms and SleepCircadian Rhythm
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Biological Rhythms and SleepSleep Stages
• Stages of sleep–Awake
• Alpha waves
–Stage 1• Sleep
• Hallucinations
• Hypnagogic sensations
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Biological Rhythms and SleepSleep Stages
• Stages of sleep–Stage 2
• Sleep spindles
–Stage 3
–Stage 4• Delta waves
–REM sleep
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Biological Rhythms and SleepSleep Stages
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Why Do We Sleep?
• Variations in sleeping patterns
• Cultural influences
• Sleep debt
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Why Do We Sleep?The Effects of Sleep Loss
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Why Do We Sleep?The Effects of Sleep Loss
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Why Do We Sleep?The Effects of Sleep Loss
• US Navy and NIH studies
• Chronic sleep loss
• Spring and fall
time changes
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Why Do We Sleep?The Effects of Sleep Loss
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Why Do We Sleep?Sleep Theories
• Sleep theories–Sleep protects
–Sleep helps recuperation
–Memory storage
–Sleep and creative thinking
–Sleep and growth
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Larks or Owls
• Handout 5 -5 – For questions 1, 2, 10, and 18: use the numbers
below the time lines to calculate your score– For the remaining questions, the appropriate
score for each response is displayed beside the answer box
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Sleep Disorders
• Sleep disorders–Insomnia
–Narcolepsy
–Sleep apnea
–Night terrors
–Sleepwalking/ sleeptalking
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DreamsWhat We Dream
• Dreams–Manifest content
–Latent content
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DreamsWhy We Dream
• To satisfy our own wishes
• To file away memories
• To make sense of neural static
• To reflect cognitive development–REM rebound
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A Lifetime of Sleep
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Critical Considerations: Does not address the neuroscience of dreams.
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Hypnosis
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Facts and Falsehoods
• Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis?–Postural sway
–Susceptibility
• Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events?–Age regression
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Facts and Falsehoods
• Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will?
• Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic?–Hypnotherapists
–Posthypnotic suggestion
• Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?
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Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis
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Drugs and Consciousness
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Introduction
• Psychoactive drugs
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Dependence and Addiction
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal
• Dependence–Physical
dependence
–Psychological dependence
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Dependence and AddictionMisconceptions About Addiction
• Addiction
• Myths–Addictive drugs quickly corrupt
–Addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily without therapy
–The concept of addiction applies to all pleasure-seeking behaviors
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Psychoactive Drugs
• Three types of psychoactive drugs–Depressants
–Stimulants
–Hallucinogens
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Psychoactive DrugsDepressants
• Depressants–Alcohol
–Barbiturates (tranquilizers)
–Opiates
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Psychoactive DrugsDepressants - Alcohol
• Disinhibition
• Slowed neural processing
• Memory disruption
• Reduced self-awareness and self-control
• Expectancy effects
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Psychoactive DrugsDepressants – Barbiturates and Opiates
• Barbiturate (tranquilizers)
• Opiates–Endorphins
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Psychoactive DrugsStimulants
• Introduction–Stimulants
–Amphetamines
–Methamphetamine (speed)• Crystal meth
–Caffeine
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Psychoactive DrugsStimulants
• Nicotine
• Cocaine–Crack
• Ecstasy–MDMA
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Psychoactive DrugsStimulants - Nicotine
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Psychoactive DrugsStimulants - Cocaine
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Psychoactive DrugsHallucinogens
• Hallucinogens (psychedelics)–LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
• Acid
• Near-death experience
–Marijuana• THC
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Influences of Drug Use
• Biological Influences
• Psychological and Social-Cultural Influences
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Psychoactive Drugs
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Levels of Analysis for Drug Use
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The End
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Definition Slides
BECAUSE MS. DUCO LOVES YOU
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Consciousness
= an awareness of ourselves and our environment.
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Circadian Rhythm
= the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
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REM Sleep
= rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep state during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
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Alpha Waves
= the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
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Sleep
= periodic, natural loss of consciousness – as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
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Hallucinations
= false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
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Delta Waves
= the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
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NREM Sleep
= non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.
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Insomnia
= recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
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Narcolepsy
= a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
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Sleep Apnea
= a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
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Night Terrors
= a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
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Dream
= a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
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Manifest Content
= according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
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Latent Content
= according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).
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REM Rebound
= the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
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Hypnosis
= a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
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Posthypnotic Suggestion
= a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
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Dissociation
= a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
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Psychoactive Drug
= a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.
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Tolerance
= the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
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Withdrawal
= the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
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Physical Dependence
= a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
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Psychological Dependence
= a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.
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Addiction
= compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.
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Depressants
= drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
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Barbiturates
= drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
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Opiates
= opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
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Stimulants
= drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
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Amphetamines
= drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
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Methamphetamine
= a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.
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Ecstasy (MDMA)
= a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.
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Hallucinogens
= psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
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LSD
= a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).
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Near-Death Experience
= an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
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THC
= the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.