States of Consciousness Unit 5. Consciousness & Altered States of Consciousness Awareness of oneself...
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Transcript of States of Consciousness Unit 5. Consciousness & Altered States of Consciousness Awareness of oneself...
Consciousness & Consciousness & Altered States of ConsciousnessAltered States of Consciousness
Awareness of oneself and one’s environment
Altered States:– Sleeping/Dreaming– Hypnosis– Influence of Drugs– Meditation
Body RhythmsBody Rhythms
periodic physiological (physical) fluctuations that can affect functioning (body temperature, blood pressure, effectiveness of medicine)
fall into three main categories:
1. Circadian Rhythms
2. Ultradian Rhythms
3. Infradian Rhythms
Circadian RhythmsCircadian Rhythms
biological rhythms that occur approximately every 24 hours
example:
sleep-wake cycle
Ultradian RhythmsUltradian Rhythms
biological rhythms that occur more than once each day
example:
stages of sleep
throughout the night
Infradian RhythmsInfradian Rhythms
biological rhythms that occur less than once a day (once a month or once a season)
examples: women’s menstrual cyclebear’s winter hibernationbird’s migration south
HypothalamusHypothalamus
sleep control center in the brain
monitors changes in light or dark in the environment
send messages to brain & body which changes levels of hormones (chemical messengers) in the body
MelatoninMelatonin
hormone secreted by pineal gland that helps regulate daily biological rhythms
linked to sleep-wake cycle – makes you drowsy
melatonin levels increase during the night & decreases with exposure to morning light
Why do we need to sleep? Why do we need to sleep?
two theories:– preservation/adaptation: we sleep at times
of the night (or day) that maximize our safety & survival
– restoration: recuperate from the wear & tear of the day (tissues restored, memories consolidated, things learned are reorganized)
rats deprived of all stages of sleep only live 3 weeks, deprived of REM sleep only 5 weeks
(Video Clip – Muscle Memory, Learning in Your Sleep)
Are You Sleep Deprived? QuizAre You Sleep Deprived? QuizJohn B. MaasJohn B. Maas
Answer True or False to each of the following statements:
1. I need an alarm clock in order to wake up at the appropriate time.2. It’s a struggle for me to get out of bed in the morning.3. Weekday mornings I hit the snooze bar several times to get more sleep4. I feel tired, irritable, and stressed out during the week.5. I have trouble concentrating and remembering.6. I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving, and being creative.7. I often fall asleep watching TV.8. I often fall asleep in boring classes or lectures or in warm rooms.9. I often fall asleep after heavy meals.10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner.11. I often fall asleep within five minutes of getting into bed.12. I often feel drowsy while driving.13. I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings.14. I often need a nap to get through the day.15. I have dark circles around my eyes.
Are You Sleep Deprived? Quiz
If you answered “true” to three or more items, you probably are not getting enough sleep
Other Indicators:– If you feel drowsy during the day, even during boring activities, you
haven't had enough sleep– If you routinely fall asleep w/in 5 minutes of lying down, you
probably have severe sleep deprivation Recommendation:
– go to bed 15 minutes earlier than usual every night for the next week
– continue by adding 15 more minutes each week – until you wake without an alarm clock and feel alert all day
Sleep Deprivation EffectsSleep Deprivation Effects
decreases efficiency of immune system functioning increases levels of cortisol (stress hormone) – linked
to damage of brain cells responsible for learning & memory
safety and accident issues:– National Transportation Safety Board considers driver
fatigue a bigger safety problem than alcohol use– Driver fatigue is responsible for an estimated 100,000
motor vehicle accidents and 1,500 deaths each year
Sleep Deprivation Effects (cont.)Sleep Deprivation Effects (cont.)
contributes to: – hypertension (high blood pressure)– impaired concentration & judgment– slower reaction times– irritability– suppression of cancer-fighting immune cells– premature aging
Sleep Debt (you don’t have to write this)
How much sleep do you need?– Infants = 16 hours a day– Teens = 9 hours a day– Adults = 7 – 8 hours a day
Some can function w/ as little as 5, others need 10 hrs
The Sleep Debt – amount of sleep a person needs increases if s/he has
been deprived of sleep in previous days; we don’t adapt to getting less sleep
(Video Clip – The Need for Sleep)
Teens & Sleep Trends
Teens get almost two hours less sleep now than 70 years ago – any thoughts on why?
4 out of 5 students are “dangerously sleep deprived” – William Dement (sleep researcher)
Dement states a large sleep debt “makes you stupid”
Teens & Sleep:Teens & Sleep:Delayed High School Start Times?Delayed High School Start Times?
Background Information:As a group, read and discuss each of the three articles on teens and sleeping.
Create an Informational Poster or Write a Brief Essay Addressing the Following Q: Should Cobb County change the high school start time from 8:30 to 10:30 to better fit teens’ sleep-wake cycles?
Poster Requirements: • minimum of 2 pictures • minimum of 15 sentences • address the opposing viewpoint• use research & facts discussed in class, from textbook, or from the video segment we watched
Essay Requirements: • minimum of 20 sentences • address the opposing viewpoint• use research & facts discussed in class, from textbook, or from the video segment we watched
Electroencephalograph (EEG)Electroencephalograph (EEG)
machine that amplifies & records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface
electrodes are placed on person’s scalp to measure brain waves
Stage 1 SleepStage 1 Sleep
breathing is slowed & brain waves become irregular
easy to wake the person (will insist they are not asleep)
will report having dreamlike sensations (falling)
rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes
Stage 2 SleepStage 2 Sleep
Deeper sleep w/ less sensory awareness
brain wave cycle slows & EEG spindles (small brain wave bursts) develop
first time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes
over the night, ½ of time asleep is spent in this stage
Stages 3 & 4 SleepStages 3 & 4 Sleep
after about 30 minutes move to stages 3 & 4
increase in delta waves (large & slow)
called slow-wave sleep or delta sleep
first time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated
REM SleepREM Sleep
stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (non-REM sleep)
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep- eyes move quickly back and forth under lids
most dreaming & all very vivid dreams occur in REM sleep
REM SleepREM Sleep
complete sleep cycle is 90 minutes
last 4 hours – alternate between Stage 2 & REM
REM sleep makes up about 25% of your nightly sleep (100 minutes/night)
We dream every night of our lives
Paradoxical SleepParadoxical Sleep
during REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake
pulse & breathing quickens
called paradoxical sleep – internally your body is aroused but the brainstem (pons) blocks messages from motor cortex – temporarily paralyzed (sleep paralysis)
Sigmund Freud’s Theory“Dreams are often most profound when they seem the most crazy.”
earliest dream theory
dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts & are expressions of wish fulfillment
practiced dream interpretation (still practiced by some psychologists today)
Information-Processing TheoryInformation-Processing Theory
dreams serve important memory-related function by sorting & sifting through day’s experiences
REM sleep helps memory storage
REM sleep increases during stressful times
Physiological Function TheoryPhysiological Function Theory
neural activity during REM sleep provides stimulation of the brain.
brain develops fast during infancy – spend more time in REM sleep
pituitary gland secretes a growth hormone during delta sleep
Activation-Synthesis TheoryActivation-Synthesis Theory
dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as you sleep
What do you think…
Can dreams be interpreted?
In other words, do dreams have hidden meanings that can provide insight into the motivations and emotions of the dreamer?
Are dreams totally meaningless? Are they just products of an imagination that is finally allowed to run wild since the frontal lobes aren’t active?
InsomniaInsomnia
recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep
sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem
alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem
How to increase the quality of your sleep:How to increase the quality of your sleep:
Don’t consume caffeinated beverages or foods after 3:00 P.M.
Get up at the same time every morning (even on weekends)
Avoid nighttime activities that make you more alert (video games, arguments, running)
Don’t stress when you can’t get to sleep; it’s normal to take 15 minutes or more to fall asleep
Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea
repeated awakenings as a result of not being able to breathe (may happen 400 + times a night)
tend to be loud snorers typically male, overweight, over 40 most common treatment:
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine – helps person breath during night
NarcolepsyNarcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks occurring when the nervous system gets aroused (often from strong emotion)
person goes directly into REM sleep
treatable with prescription drugs
onset of disorder accompanies puberty
SomnambulismSomnambulism
formal name for sleepwalking
starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep
person can walk or talk but remembers nothing of the experience
Night TerrorsNight Terrors
characterized by high arousal & appearance of being terrified (actually asleep)
happens a few hours after falling asleep; occurs during stage 4 sleep
occur mostly in children; seldom remember the event