Unit 5-1 Notes

The Italian

Renaissance

I. Italian City StatesA. Genoa and Venice

1. Early cities that emerged around 1300

2. Dominated Mediterranean trade

3. Venice financed the 4th Crusade

4. Most of Europe remained rural

B. Merchants Gained Power1. Weaknesses in the Holy Roman Empire and

Catholic Church allowed merchants to operate w/out regulation

2. Merchants competed for control of trade routes3. Merchants financed art as a means of social

status

5. The Medici

a. Controlled Florence as traders and bankers

b. Never held an official office

c. Used wealth to beautify Florence

II. Expression Through Art

A. Early Artists and Writers

1. Giotto painted frescoes that displayed human emotion

2. Dante wrote the Divine Comedy

a. Questioned the political and moral culture of the Renaissance

b. Written in the vernacular not Latin

2. Brunelleschi constructed Florence’s cathedral’s dome

The Four Most Famous Artists

3. Donatello sculpted free standing statues – Mary Magdalene and David

5. Machiavelli wrote politics in The Prince

a. Most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt

b. Leaders may have to trick their enemies and their own people for the good of the state

c. Leaders should do what is politically effective not what is morally correct

C. Renaissance Art Spread

1. Popes used the wealth of the Church to beautify Rome

a. Michelangelo hired by Pope Julius II to paint the Sistine Chapel – also sculpted the Pieta and another David

b.Michelangelo also designed a new church for the Pope in Rome – St. Peter’s Basilicai. The Pope was jealous of

Brunelleschi's cathedral in Florence

c. Raphael hired by Julius II to paint the Papal Library

d. Leonardo da Vinci, artist & inventor: Renaissance Man

i. Painted the Mona Lisa and Last Supper

III. Renaissance Ideals

A. The Renaissance saw a return to the ideals of the Greeks and Romans

1. Humanists carried on the ideals of the Classical Period

B. People openly enjoyed worldly pleasures

1. Conflicts with the Church’s ideas on morality and piety

2. The Renaissance’s focus on the individual eventually leads to the rebirth of democratic ideals

Unit 5-2 Notes

TheProtestant

Reformation

I. The Early ReformationA. Problems Within the Catholic Church

1. Popes began to concern themselves with earthly and not spiritual affairsa. Many popes lived a lavish lifestyle

B. The Print Revolution

1. The printing press was imported from China

a. 1455 Johann Gutenberg prints many Bibles

b. Allows more people to READ the Bible

2. Books criticizing the Church were also widely circulated

II. Martin Luther 1483-1546

A. Extremely pious German Monk

1. Studies the Bible at length

2. Receives a revelation that salvation is gained through faith

B. Johann Tetzel began selling letters of indulgence

1. A way to “buy your way into heaven”

C. October 31, 1517 – Martin Luther nails 95 theses to the church door

1. Marks the beginning of the Protestant Reformation

2. Luther’s theses were based on three main ideas:

a. Salvation is achieved by faith alone

b. All people, not just priests, were capable of reading and interpreting the Bible

c. Bible is the final authority for Christians NOT the Pope

3. Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther

D. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

1. Edict of Worms labels Luther a heretic and an outlaw

2. German people ignored the ruling and protect Luther

a. By 1530 many German’s began to call themselves Lutherans

b. Luther encouraged peaceful reform; serfs used violence

c. German princes crushed the revolt

i. Princes favored Lutheranism to avoid Catholic tithes

ii. Signed a “protest” against the Pope = Protestants

III. England Reforms Under Henry VIII

A. Lived most of his life as a devout Catholic

B. Denounced the teachings of Luther

1. Married to Catherine of Aragon – HRE Charles V’s aunt

a. Catherine produced no male heir

b. Pope refused to grant a divorce

C. Parliament stripped the Pope of any power in England

1. Appointed Henry head of the English (Anglican) Church, - The Act of Supremacy

2. Henry seized all Catholic lands in England and redistributed them among his nobles

IV. French Protestants - John Calvin

A. Institutes of the Christian Religion proposed the idea of predestination

1. Those chosen as the elect should rule as a theocracy

2. Became as oppressive as the Catholic Church

3. Followers in France became known as Huguenots

B. John Knox formed the Presbyterian Church in Scotland based on Calvin’s teachings

Unit 5-3 Notes

The Catholic Reformation & The Scientific

Revolution

I. Catholic Reforms

A. Reforming Popes Attempted To:

1. Stop the spread of Protestantism

2. Strengthen and purify the Catholic Church

B. Pope Paul III

1. created the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

a. Jesuits believed in strict discipline

b. Willing to travel around the world to gain converts

c. Built schools that taught the classics and theology

2. Ordered an investigation into Catholic abuses

3. Called the Council of Trent

a. Only the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible is correct

b. Christians could be saved by faith and good works

c. Both the Bible and Church tradition should be used as guides for Christians

4. Selling of indulgences was banned

II. H.R.E. Charles V

A. Wages a war against the Protestant German Princes attempting to stop the spead of Protestantism

1. Catholic German Princes refused to fight for Charles

2. All Princes ordered to meet at Augsburg

a. The Peace of Augsburg: allowed German Princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism

b. Charles views treaty as a failurei. Abdicates H.R.E. throne to his

brother Ferdinandii. Abdicates Spanish throne to his son

Philip II

Phillip II of Spain

III. The Scientific Revolution

A. Nicolas Copernicus

1. Questioned Aristotle’s and Ptolemy’s geocentric theory

a. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies proposed a heliocentric theory

b. Angered both Protestant and Catholic leaders

B. Johannes Kepler

1. Proposed three laws of planetary motion

a. Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits

b. Planets move faster as they approach the sun

c. Time to orbit the sun varies proportionately with their distance from the sun

2. Leads to the creation of the Scientific Method

a. Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

b. Many begin to question Christian faith and values

C. Galileo Galilee

1. Early mathematician and physicist

a. Built several telescopes to study the heavenly bodies

i. Observations prove the heliocentric theory

2. Seen as a threat to the Catholic & Protestant churches

a. Spent the last 9 years of his life under house arrest

E. Invention of the microscope, thermometer, and barometer allowed scientists to make accurate measurements