UNIT 4 BRAIN, BEHAVIOUR & EXPERIENCE AREA OF STUDY 2 MENTAL HEALTH.

UNIT 4UNIT 4BRAIN, BEHAVIOUR & BRAIN, BEHAVIOUR & EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE

AREA OF STUDY 2MENTAL HEALTH

GAMBLING: GAMBLING: PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL

CONTRIBUTING FACTORSCONTRIBUTING FACTORS

LEARNING THEORIES•Modelling through observational learning (modelling)•Role of partial schedules of reinforcement

COGNITIVE THEORIES•Distorted patterns of thinking•Cognitive biases•Distorted reasoning•Errors in judgment


CONTRIBUTING FACTORSCONTRIBUTING FACTORSSOCIAL LEARNING THEORYSOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORYEmphasises observational learning (modelling) and describes it as involving a sequence of processes called:•Attention•Retention•Reproduction•Motivation•Reinforcement

THE ENVIRONMENT(social context in which learning occurs)

VICARIOUS CONDITIONING(indirect experience of rewards and punishments)

COGNITIVE PROCESSES(attention, mental representations of modeled behaviourexpectations of consequences, decision-making)


CONTRIBUTING FACTORSCONTRIBUTING FACTORSSOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: MEDIA PORTRAYALS OF GAMBLINGSOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: MEDIA PORTRAYALS OF GAMBLINGResearchers have demonstrated that media portrayals (including advertising) of gambling can encourage the observer to engage in gambling by providing vicarious reinforcement

These media models generally show the positive consequences of gambling

These messages in the media can be explicit or implicit


CONTRIBUTING FACTORSCONTRIBUTING FACTORSSOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: MEDIA PORTRAYALS OF GAMBLINGSOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: MEDIA PORTRAYALS OF GAMBLING

LIVE MODELSPeople with whom we have direct contact, such as parents, siblings, teachers and friendsConsiderable research shows that many children’s first experience with gambling is from their parents and this can lead to problem gambling later in life. If either parents has, or both parents have a gambling problem, there is an increased risk that their children will

SYMBOLIC MODELSPresented to us in the media such as television, movies, books and YoutubeResearch shows that the higher the status of the model, the more the observer will imitate the behaviour

HOMEWORKHOMEWORK

LEARNING ACTIVITY 16.7 (pg.680)


CONTRIBUTING FACTORSCONTRIBUTING FACTORSSCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENTSCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

OPERANT CONDITIONINGPeople continue to gamble because they become accustomed to the partial schedule of reinforcement under which gambling operates

VARIABLE SCHEDULE = a steady response rate maintained over a long period of time without reinforcement

Much more resistant to extinction

Greater tendency for response to continue

RANDOM RATIO (RR) SCHEDULE


CONTRIBUTING FACTORSCONTRIBUTING FACTORSSCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENTSCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

VARIABLE RATIO (VR) SCHEDULEGiven after an unpredictable (variable) number (ratio) of correct responses, which means there is a mean number of correct responses for giving reinforcement. This is not then truly random

(A variable ratio of 10; VR10, means that over 100 correct responses, 10 reinforcers will be given, but not after every 10

correct responses)

RANDOM RATIO (RR) SCHEDULEOccurs when the reinforcer is given after a random number of responses and each response has an equal chance of reinforcement

(Each response outcome is completely independent of the previous response outcome)

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PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND

TREATMENTTREATMENT

TWO FORMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF PROBLEM GAMBLING INCLUDE:

•Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

•Psychodynamic Psychotherapy


TREATMENTTREATMENTCOGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)

COGNITIVE COMPONENT: the goal is to help the person to develop more balanced and accurate thoughts, beliefs and

attitudes about playing and winning games of chance

COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS:

•ILLUSION OF CONTROL

•GAMBLER’S FALLACY


TREATMENTTREATMENTCOGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS:

ILLUSION OF CONTROL: the mistaken belief (illusion) that the outcomes of random, unpredictable events can be influenced (controlled) by one’s thoughts or actions

•Willing a winning result through mental effort•Talking to and touching a pokie machine in a particular way will influence outcome•Choosing specific ‘lucky numbers’ on Tattslotto•Studying a pattern of numbers and then then placing bets according to a pattern (roulette)•Blowing on dice before throwing them

People overestimate their ability to influence the result on events of chance. They also attribute wins to personal skill and positive thinking


TREATMENTTREATMENTCOGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS:

GAMBLER’S FALLACY the false belief that in a series of independent chance events, future events can be predicted from past ones

•A random event is more likely to occur because it has not happened for a time•A random event is less likely to occur because it has not happened for a time•A random event is more likely to occur because it has recently happened•A random event is less likely to occur because it has recently happened

Mental health professional would assist the gambler to become aware of these cognitive distortions underlying their gambling behaviour. They develop awareness about the real statistics around games of chance, randomness and betting systems


TREATMENTTREATMENTCOGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)

BEHAVIOURAL COMPONENT: assisting the person to use behavioural techniques to manage the tension, anxiety or arousal that is associated with urges to gamble

IMAGINAL DESENSITISATIONExposes the individual to mental images of gambling opportunities whilst they are in a state of relaxation so that over time they learn to associate feelings of relaxation with gambling, rather then tension and anxiety

HOMEWORKHOMEWORK



TREATMENTTREATMENTPSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPYPSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

A type of psychological treatment that aims to help people understand the roots of emotional distress by exploring unconscious conflicts, motives, needs and defences•Based on the theories of Sigmund Freud•Assumes that all mental disorders are caused by unresolved conflicts that occur in the unconscious part of the mind, beneath conscious awareness•Freud proposed that gambling is an addictive way that provides an opportunity to lose and thereby punish oneself for feelings of guilt


TREATMENTTREATMENTPSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPYPSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPYPSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES

•FREE ASSOCIATION: the client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how painful, embarrassing, illogical or irrelevant it may seem (related to gambling)

•DEFENCE MECHANISMS: these are coping skills. These help a problem gambler to deny their problem and prevents exploration and resolution of unconscious problems

•DENIAL: refusal to believe whatever it is that may be causing one’s anxiety or emotional conflict


TREATMENTTREATMENTPSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPYPSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES

•RATIONALISATION: coming up with a number of reasons to justify the negative consequences of gambling as well as reasons why ‘addiction’ does not refer to them

•OMNIPOTENCE: the feeling of being ‘all powerful’ and is a direct defence against feelings of inadequacy and helplessness

•TRANSFERENCE: the client unconsciously responds to the psychotherapist as though they were a significant person and part of their social network

HOMEWORKHOMEWORK


UNIT 4 BRAIN, BEHAVIOUR & EXPERIENCE AREA OF STUDY 2 MENTAL HEALTH.

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