Unit 3 r nr energy sources lecture 1 2 3_4
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| Jul 2012| © 2012 UPES Renewable and Non-Renewable sources Of Energy Arti Jain Assistant Professor HSFE
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Transcript of Unit 3 r nr energy sources lecture 1 2 3_4
| Jul 2012| © 2012 UPES
Renewable and Non-Renewable sourcesOf Energy
Arti JainAssistant ProfessorHSFE
© 2012 UPESJul 2012Jul 2012
RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
© 2012 UPESJul 2012Jul 2012
Energy is vital to our existence on earth. The ability to generate and master the use of energy from his own needs has been the key to man’s survival and development.
Electricity is universal in its application –lighting, heating, working, telecommunications and data processing. Besides its crucial role in providing us, comfort and raising the quality of life.
Energy is very crucial to all development aimed at human welfare covering household, agriculture and transport and industrial sectors.
The consumption and uses of energy in the world is highly concentrated in the industrialized or developed regions like Europe, North America, Japan and Australia.
INTRODUCTION
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The per capita annual consumption of energy in the form of fossil fuel and electricity ranges from very small in some countries to very large, more than one thousands times greater.
Besides fuelling “development” activities energy consumption and its quantitative trends characterize the life styles of country.
More than 80% of total world consumption of energy is by developed countries, which accounts for the 30% of the population.
On the other hand, 20% of the energy is consumed by 70% of the world population of developing countries.
INTRODUCTION cont…
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The energy sources can be divided in to two categories:
Non-renewable
Renewable
TYPES OF ENERGY SOURCES
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RENEWABLE SOURCES
Definition: As discussed in Unit II
This type of energy source can be renewed or can be replenished regularly.
Renewable energy sources are usually less polluting eg. Hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal. Other sources are fuelwood, biomass, biogas and even garbage.
Renewable energy technologies will improve the efficiency and cost of energy systems so that we may not depend on fossil fuel energy.
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WATER : Hydroelectric Power contd…
Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement of the water spins turbines which generate electricity.
In this technique, potential energy of stored river water in high dams is converted to kinetic energy to run the turbines at the bottom that generate electric power.
Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for hydroelectricity. Canada, Brazil and New Zealand produce most of their electricity this way.
In Australia about 8 per cent of electricity is produced from hydroelectricity.
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Hydroelectric Power generation
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WATER : Hydroelectric Power contd…
Between 1950 and 1970 , hydropower generation in the world increased seven times.
The important hydel power projects of India are Bhakra Nangal, Hirakund Dam, Damodar Valley, Thein Dam etc.
In India, hydel power plays a great role in electricity generation and has the potential to generate 10,000 MW of electricity.
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HYDROELECTRIC POWER:
Advantages
It is pollution free and renewable source of energy
Its operational cost is low
It helps in checking floods
Stored water can be used for irrigation, fisheries, drinking water and for recreational purposes.
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HYDROELECTRIC POWER:
Limitations and Environmental Effects
There is problem of planning and construction of dams at suitable sites
Construction of dams may harm the topography and flora and fauna of the area.
Dams can block routes of fish migration required for their survival and reproduction
Problem of silting of water reservoirs of dams due to soil erosion of catchment areas, particularly, by deforestation.
Damage of agricultural lands and forest areas may adversely affect livelihood of local tribal people and farmers even leading to conflits.
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HYDROELECTRIC POWER:
Limitations and Environmental Effects cont…
Conflicts over equitable allocation of water for domestic, agricultural and domestic use.
The use of rivers for navigation and fisheries becomes difficult once the water is dammed to generate electricity
Rehabilitation of displaced persons is a major problem.
Large dams can induce increased seismic activity in certain areas resulting in earthquakes
Because of the environmental impact of traditional hydroelectric schemes, there has been increasing interest in alternative hydro schemes.
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SOLAR ENERGY
In one hour sun pours as much energy on earth as we use in whole year.
Humanity would need no other source of energy if it were possible to harness this tremendous amount of energy.
India receives about 60,000 billion MW of solar energy in a year.
Even 1% of this energy, if harnessed, generates 40 times more electricity than the present electricity generated in India.
There is enough solar radiation striking the surface of the earth to provide all of our energy needs.
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There are two main ways of using solar energy to produce electricity. These are through the use of solar cells and solar thermal technology (flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, solar cooker, solar water heater. etc.)
Using solar technologies to generate electricity is, at present, more expensive than using coal-fired power stations, but it produces much less pollution.
Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity. Solar cells are used in three main ways.
They are used in small electrical items, like calculators, and for remote area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites.
Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar-powered vehicles.
SOLAR ENERGY
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Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight. The best known use of this technology is in solar water heating.
Solar collector and the storage tank are two main parts of solar water heating systems. The solar energy collector heats the water which is then stored in well insulated storage tanks.
Australia is in an ideal position to develop and use solar energy. Some areas in central and western Queensland are among the best sites in the world to develop large scale solar electric generating plants.
SOLAR ENERGY
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Solar CellDevice used to convert solar energy directly into electric energy (photovoltaic effect)
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Flat-plate Solar Collector Device that collects solar radiation and heats a coolant, which in turn will be used in residential settings to heat water or the home.
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Solar-cell SystemUnit that is usually made up of 36 solar cells, each of which produces a voltage of 0.5 V; it is used to power low-voltage devices.
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Production Of Electricity From Solar EnergyHeating the coolant directly with solar rays turns water into steam, which then turns the turbo-alternator to produce electricity.
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Solar FurnacePlant that concentrates solar radiation to reach very high temperatures (over 5,400°F) as part of a research effort to develop experimental materials (including astronautic materials and ceramics).
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Solar HouseSolar energy can be used to heat and supply hot water to a home.
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Advantages
Solar energy is abundantly available inexhaustible source of energy.
It can be used in remote areas to run water pumps and to generate electricity.
PV cells are commonly used in calculators and watches.
PV cells also provide power to satellites, electric lights and small electric appliances like radios, weather stations, highway lights and in remote areas.
They do not release pollutants or toxic material into environment.
SOLAR ENERGY
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Limitations
Large space is required to collect sufficient amount of solar radiations
Solar energy is not available during night.
Some PV cells contain small amount of toxic substances like cadmium which can be released into the environment in case of fire.
Mining of silicon causes environmental problems
PV systems need batteries to store the electricity for use during night or cloudy days.
SOLAR ENERGY
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WIND ENERGY
Wind was one of the earliest energy source used by sailing ships.
Wind mills were developed by China, Persia and Afghanistan to draw water for irrigation and grind grain about 2000 yrs ago.
The early work on generating electricity from windmills was mostly done in Denmark.
At present Denmark and California have large wind turbine cooperatives that sell electricity to government grid.
India is the third largest producer of wind energy in the world.
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WIND ENERGY
Wind pumps and generators have been used in remote areas of Australia and in other countries around the world for many years.
More recently, wind turbo-generators on wind farms have been providing electricity for cities and towns in more than a dozen countries.
The United States of America and Denmark produce most of the world's wind-generated electricity. Australia has some small wind farms.
The largest of these is at Esperance in Western Australia.
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Tower millThe tower mill appeared later than the post mill; it consists of a usually circular, stationary body and a roof that rotates with the help of a fantail.
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Post MillThe mill body pivots on a vertical axis when a tail pole is activated by the miller.
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Vertical-axis Wind TurbineWind turbine whose axis is perpendicular to the wind.
Horizontal-axis Wind TurbineThe most common type of wind turbine; its axis positions itself in the direction of the wind.
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Production Of Electricity From Wind EnergyWind farms contain a group of wind turbines, which are driven by the wind; they produce electricity and carry it along the transmission and distribution networks to which they are connected.
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WIND ENERGYAdvantages
It is a renewable source of energy and causes no pollution
It can generate power in remote areas where other sources are not available.
It is easily manageable and cheap
While wind-generated electricity does not cause air pollution, it does cost more to produce than electricity generated from coal.
It can water pumps, flour mills and electric turbines
Although large area of land is required for setting up wind farms but less than 1% of the total area is covered by the turbine bases, the foundations and the access roads. The rest of the area can be used for farming or grazing.
Setting wind mills offshore reduces their demand for land and visual impact
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WIND ENERGY
Limitations and Environmental impact
Wind does not always blow with required intensity or in desired direction all the year round
Wind energy is not available in all the regions
While wind generators don't produce any greenhouse gas emissions they may cause vibrations, noise and visual pollution.
They also cause bird kills, effect on TV Reception, and aesthetic impact
Wind is an intermittent source of energy and requires some other backup or standby electric source.
High wind speed is needed to power wind generators effectively.
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TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY
Solar energy warms the water and creates ocean currents and wind produces waves.
The movement of waves can also drive air turbines to make electricity.
The energy of waves striking on shores of all the continents is estimated at 2-3 million MW of energy.
The technologies to harness the kinetic energy of oceans are being developed since 1970s. Some of them are discussed below:
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1. Tidal Power
Tidal power is harnessed by placing a barrage across an estuary and forcing the tidal flow to pass through turbines.
In a one-way system, the basin is allowed to fill with the incoming tide through a sluice, and the collected water is used to produce electricity during low tide.
In a two-way system, power is generated from both the incoming as well as the outgoing tide.
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2. Wave Power
Wave power is used to convert the kinetic energy of waves into electric or mechanical energy to drive turbo-generators.
The generated electricity at sea is transmitted to land by cable.
The most potential sites on earth are located between 40 to 60 degrees latitude in both hemispheres, where the winds blow more strongly.
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3. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface ocean waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity.
However, the temperature differential is small and this impacts the economic feasability of ocean thermal energy for electricity generation.
A difference of 20 C or more is required between surface water and deeper cool water of an ocean for effective operation of OTEC
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TIDAL ENERGY
Advantages
It is pollution free
It is renewable
It is continuously available source of energy in coastal regions.
It produces large amount of energy that can be harnessed easily with suitable technology
Coastal areas and islands can become self sufficient for their energy requirements.
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TIDAL ENERGY
Limitations and Environmental Impacts
Oceanic plants can cause disruption in navigation
May cause harm to sea flora and fauna in sensitive ecosystems and interfere with fisheries in coastal regions.
These are costly projects
Sea storms can harm equipments completely.
A tidal power station at the mouth of the river blocks the flow of polluted water into the sea, which may create health hazards in the estuary.
The residual drift current could effect the spawning of some fish and the migratory patterns od surface swimming fish.
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BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass is plant and animal material that can be used for energy. This includes using wood from trees, waste from other plants (for example, bagasse from sugar cane) and manure from livestock. Biomass can be used to generate electricity, light, heat, motion and fuel.
Converting biomass energy into useable energy has many environmental benefits. It uses waste materials that are usually dumped, and uses up methane (a greenhouse gas).
Fuels such as ethanol can be made from biomass and used as an alternative to petrol to power motor cars.
All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass of biological matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy:
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BIOMASS ENERGY
We can get (biomass) energy:
Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cooking and heating.
Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid (alcohol such as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel.
Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainly methane gas) from sewage and manure.
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BIOMASS ENERGY
Most of these use waste products from agriculture, so they solve a waste disposal problem and, at the same time, create energy for use in homes, farms and factories.
Biogas can also be produced from livestock manure and human sewage. Farms where animals graze and sewage plants are ideal places to produce energy from biogas.
Waste peelings from food processing plants can also be used to produce biogas.
An example of agricultural waste being used to produce electricity is the recent Mackay Sugar Cooperative Association bagasse project.
Bagasse (solid waste from sugar production) from four mills will be processed and used instead of coal to produce electricity.
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BIOMASS ENERGY
Limitations and Environmental effects
Fuelwood is obtained mostly from forests and has, thus, played a major role in causing deforestation.
Its use produces smoke, carbon dioxide and other gaseous polutants that harm our environment.
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geo = earth
Thermal = heat
Geothermal energy uses heat energy from beneath the surface of the earth.
The deep molten rock of earth’s crust is called “magma”, which surfaces on some parts of earth’s crust.
The heat rising from the magma heats underground pools of water called geothermal reservoirs or hotspots.
Hot underground water may come to the surface through an opening to form hot springs, or it may boil to form geysers.
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Hot water stream coming out with pressure can be used to run turbines for generating electricity
Altrenatively, holes can be drilled inside the earth’s hotspots through which water can be pumped in and the steam so generated comes out from another hole.
The pressure of this stream can be used to run turbines for generating power.
In 20th century, geothermal energy has been harnessed on a large scale for space heating, industrial use and power generation especially in Iceland, Japan and New Zealand.
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Advantages
It is non polluting, stable and renewable source of energy
Its is as cheap as hydropower
It is independent of weather and can meet the energy demands of certain regions having geothermal reservoirs.
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Limitations
It is available only in selected regions
Its prospects are still to be explored, assessed and investigated, that require lots of funds for drilling
Water from geothermal reservoirs often contains minerals that are corrosive and polluting
Geothermal fluids are a problem which must be treated before disposal.
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NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
This form of energy can not replenished naturally in short span of time.
Nonrenewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids, gases and solids. Right now, crude oil (petroleum) is the only naturally liquid commercial fossil fuel.
Natural gas and propane are normally gases, and coal is a solid. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are all considered fossil fuels because they formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.
Uranium ore, a solid, is mined and converted to a fuel.
Uranium is not a fossil fuel.
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COAL
It is hydrocarbon having high calorific value.
It is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from decomposing plants.
Based on the calorific value, various types of coal are:
Peat (20-30 % calorific value)
Lignite (30-50 % calorific value)
Bituminous (60-70 % calorific value)
Anthracite (80-90 % calorific value)
Methods of harnessing
Power Generation
Synthetic Natural Gas ( combination of CO and Hydrogen)
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Limitations and Environmental Effects
Mining and transportation of coal is costly
Burning of cola produces large quantity of ash
A 200MW power plant emits 1800kg CO, 730 kg HC, 730kg NO, 140 ton of Sulphur dioxide
Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen cause acid rain
Fly ash, unburnt fuel particles, and some metal oxides are also thrown in the atmosphere
Thermal power plants produce hot water which causes thermal pollution
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PETROLEUM
Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal. But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped between layers of rocks.
It is a dark brown viscous liquid containing hydrocarbons.
It is purified and refined in oil refineries by fractional distillation to obtain petrol, diesel, petroleum gas, kerosene, wax etc.
These products are used in homes for heating and cooking and in factories as a source of energy.
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Advantages
Main fuel for transport vehicles, aeroplanes
It is cleaner fuel as compared to coal having no solid wastes except smoke particles
It is easier to transport as compared to coal
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Limitations and Environmental Effects
Its reserves are limited.
Automobile exhaust is the main source of air pollution
Oil spills from oil wells and oil ships cause death of flora and fauna of water bodies.
Oil refineries cause thermal pollution and other types of pollution
The processes of oil drilling, processing, transport and utilization have serious environmental effects. Accidental fires can go on burning for days or weeks.
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GAS Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also trapped
between layers of rock.
Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes to be used in stoves and hot water systems.
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil. It is used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial heating in boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping and caravanning appliances.
LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an engine and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per cent.
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Advantages
It is clean source of energy causing very little pollution
CNG is used in vehicles. It has greatly reduced pollution in delhi
Natural gas is used as industrial raw material in petrochemical industry, fertilizer plants etc.
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Limitations
It has limited reserves in the world.
Gas leakage can cause accidents as it is highly flammable.
Carbon dioxide produces due to burning of fuel causes global warming
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are either split or joined together.
A mineral called uranium is needed for this process. Heat energy and steam produced can drive an electricity generator in a power station, or provide direct mechanical power in a ship or submarine.
Nuclear fission was first discovered by German scientists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman (1938)
First nuclear power plant became operational in 1957 in Pennsylvania, USA
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Advantages
It is a clean source of energy
Small amount of fuel can generate large amount of energy
Nuclear fuel can be used for marine vessels, space crafts and for heat generation in chemical processing plants.
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Limitations Produces hazardous radioactive waste causing radioactive
pollution
Nuclear power plant accidents cause disasters eg. Chernobyl disaster
Uranium reserves are limited
High costs of operation, waste disposal and decommissioning of old plants.
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Energy conservation should be considered from different aspects as follows:
1. Efficiency in Production of energy
2. Efficiency in transportation
3. Efficiency in Utilization of Energy
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
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1. Efficiency in Production of energy
Production of crude oil in India is 32 million tonnes/yr. Oil companies should increase their exploratory drilling operations to discover more oil reserves in the country.
Afforestation, reforestation, social forestry, agroforestry should be promoted to decrease pollution and get more fuel wood to meet the demands of rural people.
Harnessing of solar energy should be bossted.
Tapping of free non conventional sources of energy like wind, tidal, hydel, geothermal energy will help conserve fossil fuels for future.
Reorganization of old coal mines, techniques of development of new mines can boost coal production
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Wide, smooth and multilane roads can decrease oil consumption and reduce air and noise pollution
More use of public conveyance will decrease oil consumption.
Engines should be kept in a good working order by regular servicing
Use of cycles and rikshaws for short distances saves oil.
Continuous improvement in fuel efficiency of automobiles.
Solar battery cars development to provide pollution fee and noise free environment.
2. Efficiency in Transportation
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3. Efficiency in Utilization of Energy Protection of oil installations from fire will prevent the wastage and
damage of property and life.
Encouraging the use of biogas instead of biomass can save energy and environment from pollution.
Using efficient and smokeless chullas will save fuelwood and reduce air pollution.
Wastage of electricity should be avoided.
Using cycles and rickshaws for short distances.
Use of fuel efficient irrigation pumps.
Use of energy efficient appliances and lights.
Use of solar -cooker, heaters and cells
Education on needs and modes of energy saving
Control of population growth will reduce utilization of energy.
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