Unit 3, Part 2 UNIT 3, Part 2 Loves and Losses Click the mouse button or press the space bar to...

Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2

UNIT 3, Part 2Loves and Losses

Click the mouse button or press the space bar to continue

Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2 MAIN MENUMAIN MENU

Loves and Losses (pages 617–644)

Click a selection title to go to the corresponding selection menu.

Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2 SELECTION MENUSELECTION MENU

Before You Read

Reading the Selection

After You Read

Selection Menu (pages 617–621)

http://www.glencoe.com/

Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2 BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

Meet Jimmy Santiago Baca

Click the picture to learn about the author.



The speaker in “I Am Offering This Poem” is a person of few possessions who compensates for a lack of material wealth with an intangible but powerful force: love.

Connecting to the Poem



Before you read the poem, think about the following questions:

• What value do you place on material objects?

• How important is love when compared to these things?




The traditional homes of Navajo Indians, called hogans,

are most often built from logs and mud. Occasionally

constructed from stone, the humble dwellings have no

windows and frame a single entrance facing east.

Usually covered by a blanket, this entrance is one of only

two openings. The other opening, in the dome-shaped

roof, allows smoke to pass from the fire within. With little

or no furniture to border the fire, the residing family

gathers and sleeps on sheepskins placed over the

earthen floor.

Building Background



As you read “I Am Offering This Poem,” observe the speaker’s uncommon demonstrations of love.

Setting Purposes for Reading

Loves and Losses




BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

Simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two otherwise dissimilar objects or ideas by connecting them with the words like or as. Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two seemingly unlike things.

Metaphor and Simile





Unlike simile, metaphor implies the comparison rather than stating it directly and does not use the connectives like or as. As you read, note the author’s use of metaphor and simile and draw inferences from his decisions to use figurative language.

Metaphor and Simile



Previewing and Reviewing

Previewing is looking over a selection before you read it. It lets you begin to see what you already know and what you will need to know to understand the piece. It also helps you set a purpose for reading.




Reviewing is going back over what you have read to remember what is important and to organize ideas so that you will recall them later. Reviewing is especially important when you have ideas and information to remember.



Reading Tip: Scanning Before reading Baca’s poem in its entirety, quickly skim through it. Focus on the lines or stanzas that most interest you. Use a chart like the one on the next slide to jot down the things that attracted you to the words in the first place.




Once you have recorded the lines and why you like them, take your previewing a step further and note the stylistic patterns of the author.




mature adj. having reached a desired state (p.619) The seed has grown into a vast and mature tree.

dense adj. thick (p. 619) The girl’s hair was dense with waves and curls.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.



Loves and Losses As you read, consider the following question. How might this poem change if the narrator were wealthy?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION



Answer: Possible responses: The narrator would not be so dependent on abstract expressions of love; he would have tangible things to help him express his feelings. The poem would not change; although able to purchase material things, he would still understand their limited worth.




Metaphor and Simile Read the text highlighted in purple on page 619. What device has the poet employed here?

Literary Element


Answer: Metaphor; the poem is not literally a pot full of yellow corn.



Previewing and Reviewing Read the text highlighted in blue on page 619. Besides expressing feelings for one person, what else is the speaker expressing in this poem?

Reading Strategy


Answer: That the love he is expressing is sustaining and invaluable.


Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2 AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRespond

1. (a) Who do you think this poem is intended for? Explain. (b) How would you expect the recipient to feel after reading the poem?




Answer: (a) A family member or close friend or the narrator’s girlfriend or wife (b) Most likely grateful for the narrator’s commitment to love despite his inability to provide tangible examples of it.



Answer: (a) Because he has nothing else to give (b) That he is courageous or foolish, honorable or impractical for offering only words

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

2. (a) What reason does the speaker give for offering this poem? (b) What does this suggest about the speaker?



Answer: (a) That it serve as food, clothing, and shelter (b) Because it is a metaphor for love, and love is a powerful, encompassing energy


3. (a) What kinds of things does the speaker advise be done with the poem? (b) Why does the speaker believe that the poem can accomplish these things?



Answer: (a) The poem, which is a symbol for love (b) That he considers love a compelling and necessary force with great capabilities


4. (a) What does the speaker propose is the one thing people require for existence? (b) What can you infer about the poet from this proposal?



Answer: (a) “I love you” is repeated and isolated, indicating its importance. (b) By including “I love you” in the existing stanzas or before each stanza

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

5. (a) How does the poem’s structure help convey its message? (b) How else might the poem be structured and still communicate this message?




6. (a) How does Baca reveal characteristics of the speaker without directly showing his actions? (b) How do these characteristics help communicate the author’s message?



Answer: (a) Examples: financial status by an admission of possessing nothing, self-worth by a willingness to offer himself in place of material things (b) The message of love is communicated by being given a person’s only and most valued possession.





7. (a) How does Baca divide the poem’s stanzas? (b) How does the first stanza compare with the second? With the third and fourth stanzas?



Answer: (a) The first stanza addresses warmth; the second, nourishment; the third, security; the fourth, the poem’s necessity. (b) The first and second stanzas address the specific qualities of clothing and food; the third, security and warmth; and the fourth, all encompassing.




Answer: You may say that Baca’s profound sense of loss and hardship gives him a better appreciation of love’s worth.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyConnect

8. Baca has experienced great loss in his life, including the loss of loved ones and his own freedom. How might these losses have inspired “I Am Offering This Poem”?

Loves and Losses



Metaphor and Simile

A metaphor compares two or more different things by stating or implying that one thing actually is another. A simile emphasizes a specific feature of something by comparing it to a separate object that is characteristic of that feature.



Metaphor and Simile

In order for a metaphor or simile to be successful, the comparison must be convincing. When Sandra Cisneros writes, “I’ve been waiting patient as a spider all these years,” the reader understands the simile because persistence is a quality attributed to spiders.



Metaphor and Simile

1. Identify two or three metaphors or similes in “I Am Offering This Poem.” How does the use of these devices enhance the poem?



Metaphor and Simile

Answer: Examples include: “like a warm coat”, “like a pair of thick socks”, “tucked away like a cabin or hogan.” These devices increase the reader’s understanding and enjoyment of a line or passage.



Metaphor and Simile

2. Change one of the poem’s metaphors to a simile and then change one of its similes to a metaphor. How does the switch affect the descriptions?



Metaphor and Simile

Answer: Examples: “Keep it like a warm coat” to “It is a warm coat”; “so it is a pot full of yellow corn” to “it is like a pot full of yellow corn” Students may notice that these slight changes seriously affect the author’s style.



As you learned on page 611, lyric poetry articulates the private thoughts and feelings of its speaker. Generally, lyric poetry is brief and melodic, yet packed with emotional intensity.

Review: Lyric Poetry



Partner Activity With a partner, read “I Am Offering This Poem” one stanza at a time. After completing a stanza, discuss the thoughts, feelings, and level of emotional intensity conveyed through its lines.




Use a chart like the one on the next slide to track your discussion. Record the ideas and emotions you imagine the author experienced when writing the poem or record the ideas and emotions you experienced while reading it.




By previewing, you can often find clues about the content of a selection before you begin reading. Similarly, reviewing the material will help you to remember important details.





Answer: Responses should express the speaker’s desire to have the person he loves feel comforted, secure, and safe.

1. The speaker compares his or her love to warming things. What does this tell you about the speaker’s frame of mind?




Answer: Responses should include “. . . if you were lost, needing direction” and “. . . and I will answer, give you directions.”

2. Explain how the poem and the speaker are to be used like a compass through life.




Practice with Connotation and Denotation Decide whether each sentence uses the vocabulary word with a positive or negative connotation.




1. The young man’s mature demeanor impressed the interviewer.

A. positive

B. negative




2. The correctional officers leapt into the dense crowd of riotous prisoners.

A. positive

B. negative



Academic Vocabulary

Here are two words from the vocabulary list.

likewise adv. in like manner

nonetheless adv. nevertheless



Academic VocabularyPractice and Apply

1. The first stanza of “I Am Offering This Poem” is comprised of six lines. Likewise, the last stanza contains six lines. Re-examine the stanzas and determine two additional structural similarities.?




Answer: Both stanzas contain lines of no more than eight words, and they consist of mainly nouns and verbs.


Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2 AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READUnit 1, Part 1Unit 1, Part 1


Answer: By giving him a less materialistic view of life

2. The speaker has little of material value; nonetheless, he or she is unselfish and benevolent. How might a person of modest means develop this generous spirit?



Writing About Literature

Apply Form and Style At first glance, Baca’s poem might appear to be a simple collection of love verses. Upon further examination, the poem becomes much more.




A unique arrangement of words filled with emotion, the lyric poem highlights a very personal love story and simultaneously boasts the expert style of its author. Such creative writing is surely challenging, but begins to take shape with practice.




It is possible to strengthen your own creative writing skills through imitation. Write a lyric poem on love or loss that imitates Baca’s style and uses the form displayed in “I Am Offering This Poem.” Be sure to include a refrain, which is a line or set of lines that is repeated throughout a poem or song. “I love you” is the recurring refrain in “I Am Offering This Poem.”




Before you begin drafting, create a Venn Diagram like the one on the next slide that compares and contrasts Baca’s style to your own. By separating the similarities and differences, your diagram should help you determine what stylistic features you share with Baca. Use this likeness to guide your imitation of his style.




Once your draft is complete, exchange poems with a peer reviewer and evaluate each other’s work for style and form. Then edit your draft for errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation.



Literature Group

With a group of students, discuss the importance of communicating feelings to loved ones. Can love be truly expressed through gestures alone or are words needed? Support your views by drawing on your personal experiences.



Before You Read


After You Read



Meet E. E. Cummings



How important are our feelings? In this poem, Cummings reflects on the value of feeling.



Before you read, think about the following questions:

• Is emotion, or feeling, valuable in other areas of life besides romantic relationships?

• Do you ever make a decision based on the way you feel?



E. E. Cummings is known for manipulating syntax, or word order, in his poetry. As critic Richard P. Blackmur wrote, “Cummings has a fine talent for using familiar, even almost dead words, in such a context as to make them suddenly impervious to every ordinary sense; they become unable to speak, but with a great air of being bursting with something very important and precise to say.”

Building Background


Cummings uses familiar words in unexpected places to surprise his readers and call their attention to the flexibility of language. As you read “since feeling is first,” note places where Cummings arranges words in innovative ways.

Building Background


As you read the poem, notice what Cummings considers to be of lesser value than feeling.


Loves and Losses




Juxtaposition is placing two or more distinct items or ideas side by side in order to compare or contrast them. Recognizing juxtaposition can help you understand the layers of meaning that an author intends to convey.

Juxtaposition




As you read the poem, examine how Cummings uses juxtaposition to increase his reader’s understanding of the power of feeling.

Juxtaposition


Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is taking the author’s exact meaning and putting it into your own words. Paraphrasing a poem can help you get past unusual phrasing and punctuation. This will be especially helpful for poems by Cummings since he is known for using an eccentric style. While reading “since feeling is first,” try to paraphrase Cummings’s ideas.


Reading Tip: Listing Important Words To get ready for paraphrasing, you may want to list words from the poem that seem particularly important to the author’s meaning. Use a chart like the one on the next slide to list important words as you read. Note which part of speech each word represents—is the word a noun, a verb, an adjective, or an adverb?

Paraphrasing


Be sure you understand the meaning of each word. Make the chart any length you need. Then try rewriting lines of the poem in your own words.

Paraphrasing


Paraphrasing


syntax n. ordered structure or systematic arrangement; the rules of language (p. 624) Standard English syntax places the subject before the verb in a sentence.

parenthesis n. digression of afterthought; disruption in continuity (p. 624) No parenthesis marred the flow of main ideas in his argument.



Loves and Losses Keep the following questions in mind as you read. How does Cummings feel about feelings, love, or romance?


Answer: The title indicates that the poet believes feelings supersede logic or intellect.


Juxtaposition Read the text highlighted in purple on page 624. Why does Cummings choose to compare kisses and wisdom?

Literary Element


Answer: “Kisses” stand for an emotional response that is being shown as superior to intellectual activity.


Answer: Answers will vary.


1. When you read “since feeling is first,” did it seem like a love poem? Explain.


Answer: (a) Someone who pays attention to the syntax (b) A person concerned with rules cannot fully experience feelings.


2. (a) What kind of person does the poem’s speaker say “will never wholly kiss you”? (b) What do you think Cummings means by this?


Answer: (a) In springtime (b) Spring is traditionally thought of as the season to be in love and of being foolish.


3. (a) In the poem, when is it acceptable to be a fool? (b) Why do you think the speaker limits being foolish to a particular time period?


Answer: (a) “By all flowers” (b) Flowers have romantic and emotional connotations.


4. (a) What does the speaker swear by when he addresses the lady in the second stanza? (b) Why would the speaker choose to swear by this particular image?


Answer: The poem suggests that emotion is of primary importance in all of life.


5. Does the poem suggest that “feeling is first” only in a relationship of love? Explain.


Answer: You may discuss life as an ongoing process, not constrained by “syntax” or logic.


6. Cummings ends the poem with “life’s not a paragraph” and death “is no parenthesis.” Does this ending fit the rest of the poem? Why or why not?


Answer: You should present your opinions, supported by examples.


7. Cummings uses minimal capitalization in his poem. Does Cummings’ disregard for rules of capitalization strengthen or weaken the poem? Explain.




8. What does the poem suggest to you about where feelings should rank in your own life? How much importance do you place on your emotions?

Loves and Losses


Juxtaposition

Writers often use juxtaposition to compare unlike objects, actions, ideas, characters, settings, phrases, or words, creating a particular effect. In “since feeling is first,” Cummings juxtaposes intellectual activity with emotional response.


Juxtaposition


1. Identify examples of juxtaposition in “since feeling is first.” Explain how they support the theme.


Juxtaposition

Answer: They clarify the poet’s overall meaning and encourage readers to connect with the poem.

2. How effective are these juxtapositions in conveying the speaker’s meaning? Support your answer with details.


Analyze Figurative Language Poets often use metaphors to imply a comparison between two seemingly unlike things. Identify the metaphors Cummings uses for both emotion and reason in “since feeling is first.” Write a short analysis in which you identify and explain the metaphors. Include examples from the poem and your personal experience.



What is the difference between paraphrasing and summarizing? When summarizing, you extract only the most essential ideas from the selection and you almost always end up with a shorter text. When paraphrasing, you completely restate the original text in your own words.

Paraphrasing


Paraphrasing

Answer: That a person cannot truly love if he or she is too focused on an intellectual response.

1. What main idea does Cummings try to communicate in “since feeling is first”?


Paraphrasing

Answer: Examples: “who pays any attention / to the syntax of things / will never wholly kiss you”

2. Support your opinion by paraphrasing at least two quotations from the poem.


Paraphrasing

Practice with Analogies Choose the word that best completes each analogy.


Paraphrasing

1. syntax : language :: etiquette :

A. eating

B. grammar

C. behavior


Paraphrasing

2. parenthesis : continuation :: acceptance :

A. rejection

B. welcoming

C. punctuation


Before You Read


After You Read



Meet Gwendolyn Brooks



Some people believe that animals have much to teach people if we pay attention. Before you read the poem, think about these questions:

• What have you learned from observing, interacting with, or hearing about an animal?

• How does the animal world different from the human world? How is it similar?



Horses are hoofed, herbivorous (plant-eating) mammals related to the zebra. They are herd animals well adapted for living on the plains. Horses have wide, flat teeth designed for grinding grasses and other plants, and long foot bones that enable swift running.

Building Background


For centuries, horses were used extensively in warfare, agriculture, and transportation. They also played an important role in literature and art. In cave paintings from the Ice Age, wild horses and cattle were the most prominent images. In ancient Greek and Roman mythology, horses were associated with the sun and heavenly chariots.

Building Background


What is important in life? Do animals know better than we do? As you read, consider what the poem might be saying about human flaws and foibles.


Loves and Losses




Repetition is a literary device in which sounds, words, phrases, lines, or stanzas are repeated for emphasis. Writers use repetition to emphasize an important point, to expand an idea, or to help create rhythm. Repetition increases the unity of a work.

Repetition




As you read Brooks’s poem, notice examples of repetition and think about what ideas they reinforce.

Repetition


Drawing Conclusions About Author’s Meaning

When you draw conclusions, you use a number of pieces of information to make a general statement about people, places, events, and ideas. When you draw conclusions about an author’s meaning, you look at details throughout the work and decide what the author wanted to say through these details.


Reading Tip: Record Details As you read, record details and use them to draw conclusions.



oblivion n. a lack of awareness or memory (p.628) After the song’s popularity passed, the group was consigned to oblivion.

crest n. a peak, high point, or climax (p. 628) Leah’s joy was at its crest; she had never been happier.



affirmation n. positive agreement or judgment (p. 628) As she bent down towards the child, the mother’s face shone with affirmation.



Loves and Losses Consider question as you read. Have we lost something valuable by moving away from our natural instincts?




Repetition Read the text highlighted in purple on page 628. What does the repetition of eat and bowed help the author to stress?

Literary Element


Answer: The repetition of these words helps to stress the steady single-mindedness of the horses and cows.


Personification What human quality is given to horses in line 24?

Literary Element


Answer: speech




1. What image or description in the poem did you find most striking? Explain.


Answer: (a) Horses and cows (b) Humans


2. (a) What animals does the speaker describe in this poem? (b) To whom or what does the speaker compare them?


Answer: (a) Graceful, bowel, oblivious (b) Bowing suggests humility and acceptance; the animals have dignity and greatness because they live in the here and now.


3. (a) How does the speaker describe the animals in lines 7–11? (b) Explain what you think the speaker means by “bowed / in majestic oblivion.”


Answer: (a) “Clean calm eyes” and their lying down in ease (b) The goodness of life and the bounty of earth


4. (a) How do the animals show their gentleness in lines 21–23? (b) What might the animals be affirming?


Answer: (a) That where they stand is real and sufficient and that earth will provide (b) That humans have lost this intuition


5. (a) According to the speaker, what do the animals “know,” and in what way are they “sane”? (b) What might the poet be implying here about people?


Answer: Inflation relates to human pursuit of wealth and sense of self-importance


6. Brooks uses only a few words to describe people. Why, in your view, might she have chosen the word inflation? Explain its meaning in the context of the poem.


Answer: (a) Humility, dignity, gentleness, a centered perspective, contentment (b) Answers will vary.


7. (a) What does the speaker think people could learn from animals? (b) Do you agree? Explain.


Answer: (a) Students may not have considered horses and cows capable of love. (b) Students may not have considered human ambition foolish.


8. (a) Has this poem changed the way you see horses and cows? Explain. (b) Has it changed the way you see people? Explain.




9. (a) What does this poem suggest to you about what is truly important in life? (b) What does it suggest about the things that all people, and all creatures, have in common? Explain your answer.

Loves and Losses


Repetition

In poetry, repetition can emphasize words or ideas, and can add a musical quality.


Repetition

Answer: Graze, they, eat, bowed, oblivious/oblivious, earth, know

1. Identify three examples of repetition in “Horses Graze.”


Repetition


2. For each example, explain what the repetition added to the poem. In your answer, consider these questions: What rhythmic or musical quality does the repetition have? How is it distributed throughout the poem? What ideas or meanings are reinforced by the repetition?


Respond to Tone The tone of a work is a reflection of the writer’s attitude toward the subject. A writer’s tone may convey a variety of attitudes, including sympathy, seriousness, sadness, or humor. What tone do you hear in “Horses Graze”? Write a brief essay in which you explain your ideas about the tone of the poem. Be sure to cite evidence from the poem in your answer.



One rewarding aspect of poetry is the conversation it invites between the poem and the reader. Your own experiences will help you to engage more deeply with the poem each time you read it.




Answer: These lines mean that the animals seem to know that all creatures are equal and that life is much the same wherever one is.

1. Reread lines 24–31. What do you conclude about the meaning of these lines? Explain.



Answer: Answers may vary. You may say that these lines imply that animals—and people too—are the same everywhere.

2. What point did Brooks wish to make in lines 32–40? To answer, consider details from lines 32–40.



Practice with Denotations and Connotations Complete each sentence on the next slide.



1. The denotation of oblivion is _____.

A. lack of awareness

B. infinity

C. sharpness



2. A connotation of affirmation is _____.

A. agreement

B. belief

C. skepticism



3. The denotation of crest is _____.

A. high point

B. achievement

C. downturn


Are material gifts necessary to indicate one’s love for another person?

Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2 BELLRINGERBELLRINGER


since feeling is first


What does this line mean to you?


What other animals are often featured in literary works? What qualities or characteristics do these animals have that inspire people to write about them?


Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2 BELLRINGER OPTION TRANSPARENCYBELLRINGER OPTION TRANSPARENCY

Click on the image to see a full version of the Bellringer Option Transparency.


0%

0%

0%

0%A. shade

B. warmth

C. nourishment

D. light

In the first stanza, what comfort does the speaker suggest the poem might provide?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS


0%

0%

0%

0%A. when a person is mature

B. when a person is an adolescent

C. when a person is a newborn

D. when a person is near death

According to the speaker, when does life become a wilderness?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. it is a fire that needs to be

extinguished.B. it is a parent scolding a child.

C. it no longer cares if one lives or dies

D. it is like a tree that needs to be cut down

According to the speaker, how does the outside world view people?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. tears

B. kisses

C. spring

D. flower

According to the speaker, what is a better fate than wisdom?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. “feeling is first”

B. “pay attention”

C. “don’t cry”

D. “we are for each other”

What does the flutter of the lady’s eyelids say?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. by bowing their heads

B. by grazing with the other farm animals

C. by lifting up their clean, calm eyes

D. by pressing their feet on the earth

How do the horses show their gentleness



0%

0%

0%

0%A. their companions

B. their human masters

C. their pasture

D. their horseback riders

To whom do the horses speak?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. to be otherwhere

B. to be in China

C. to be in Sweden

D. to be in Africa

According to the speaker, what do the horses NOT wish for?



► Literary Terms

Handbook

► Reading Handbook

► Foldables

► Writing Handbook

► Business Writing

► Language Handbook

► Test-Taking Skills

Handbook

► Daily Language

Practice

Transparencies

Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2 REFERENCEREFERENCE

► Grammar and Writing

Workshop

Transparencies


To navigate within this Presentation Plus! product:

Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.

Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.

Click the Section Back button to return to the beginning of the section you are in. If you are viewing a feature, this button returns you to the main presentation.

Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.

Click the Help button to access this screen.

Click the Speaker button to listen to available audio.

Click the Speaker Off button to stop any playing audio.

Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.

Presentation Plus! features such as the Reference Handbook, Literature Online, and others are located in the left margin of most screens. Click on any of these buttons to access a specific feature.

Unit 3, Part 2Unit 3, Part 2 HELPHELP

Unit 3, Part 2 UNIT 3, Part 2 Loves and Losses Click the mouse button or press the space bar to...

Documents

Transcript of Unit 3, Part 2 UNIT 3, Part 2 Loves and Losses Click the mouse button or press the space bar to...