Unit 3 – Lecture 4. Levels of Organization – review Atom Molecule Biomolecule [aka macro-...
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Transcript of Unit 3 – Lecture 4. Levels of Organization – review Atom Molecule Biomolecule [aka macro-...
Unit 3 – Lecture 4
Levels of Organization – reviewAtomMoleculeBiomolecule
[aka macro-molecule]
Organelle
CellTissueOrganOrgan systemOrganism
Biomolecules“molecules of life” – are organic molecules
organic – contains carbon [C]ALL living things contain carbon
inorganic – does not contain carbonare types of macromolecules
a large molecule“macro” – large [opposite of “micro”]
Biomolecules – cont’dare polymers
polymer – many units of a substance joined together“poly” – many
monomer – a single unit /the basic unit of a substance
“mono” – single
Biomolecules – cont’dtypes of reactions
hydrolysis – breaking a bond by adding water“lysis” – to break downmakes smaller molecules from larger ones
Biomolecules – cont’dtypes of reactions
condensation – making a bond by taking out watermakes larger molecules from smaller ones
Biomolecules – cont’dfour types:
carbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acids
CarbohydratesElementscarbon [C – “carbo”]hydrogen [H – “hydr”]oxygen[O – “ate”]come in ratio of ratio of 1:2:1
ex: C6H12O6
Carbohydrates – cont’d Monomermonosaccharide
“saccharide” – refers to a sugar
Examplesglucose, fructose, galactose…etc.
“ose” = sugar
Carbohydrates – cont’d Isomer – cmpds w/ the same chemical
formula but different chem. structures
Carbohydrates – cont’d Examplesdisaccharides:
maltose [glucose + glucose]sucrose [glucose + fructose]lactose [glucose + galactose]
Carbohydrates – cont’d Examplespolysaccharides:
starchesplant energy [abbr: E] storagelinear linkage of glucose molecules
Carbohydrates – cont’d Examplespolysaccharides:
glycogenanimal E storagebranching linkage of glucose molecules
Carbohydrates – cont’d Examplespolysaccharides:
celluloseplant cell walls [rigid, protective]lattice-like linkage of glucose molecules
Carbohydrates – cont’d Usesmain preferred source of energy for animalsprovides structure & supportcell identification
LipidsElementscarbon [C]hydrogen [H]oxygen[O]come in ratio of ratio of 1:2:<1
ex: C12H24O2 = lauric acid; C55H98O6 = triglycerides
MUCH less oxygen than carbohydrates
Lipids – cont’d Monomermost often: glycerol + 3 fatty acids
aka triglycerides: long, LONG carbon-hydrogen chains
Lipids – cont’d Examplesfats, waxes, & oils: cholesterol & vitamin D
[sterols], phospholipids [in cell membrane], olive oil, etc.
Lipids – cont’d Usessecondary source of energysoap [when treated with a strong alkaline
solution]insulationcell boundaryetc.
ProteinsElementscarbon [C]hydrogen [H]oxygen [O]nitrogen [N]most have sulfur [S]
Proteins– cont’d Monomeramino acids [my abbr: a.a]
C-H bond, carboxyl group [COOH], an amine group [NH2], and an “R” group
join together using a peptide bond
Proteins– cont’d peptide bond – formed between H of amine
group of one a.a and the OH of another’s carboxyl…bond formed takes water out
[condensation]
Proteins– cont’d Examplesprotein channels, antibodies, enzymes
Proteins– cont’d Enzymea protein that changes the rate of a chemical
reactionends in “ase”is typically a catalyst
catalyst: increases the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy
Proteins– cont’d
activation E: amount of E it takes for a reaction to occur
can only work under certain environmental conditions
Proteins– cont’d How Enzymes Work:“lock & key” model – a certain enzyme has a
certain shape and will only work with a certain substrate
Proteins– cont’d Usesbuilding up, replacing, and maintaining
tissues,movementgene regulationchemical reception [like for insulin]chemical storage [ferritin]immune system …etc.
Nucleic AcidsElementscarbon [C]hydrogen [H]oxygen [O]nitrogen [N]phosphorous [P]
Nucleic Acids – cont’d Monomernucleotide
3 parts:sugar
(de-oxy)ribosephosphate
phosphorusoxygen
base A, T, C, G, U
Nucleic Acids – cont’d ExamplesDNA
[de-oxy-ribo- nucleic acid]RNA
[ribo-nucleic acid]
Nucleic Acids – cont’d Usescarry genetic information control of ALL body processessome form structures to help in protein synthesis