Unit 3: Decades of Change

JIGSAW PRESENTATION ANSWERS

CHAPTER 6: PROSPERITY AND DEPRESSION

p. 86 – 88

PROSPERITY IN THE 1920’S

1.IN GENERAL, HOW DOES THE TEXT DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 1920’S AND 1930’S?

The text describes the 1920’s as years of economic growth and prosperity, during which newly developed technologies became part of everyday life for many Canadians. During the 1930’s, Canadians experienced sever economic hardship… The Great Depression.

2. WHAT ECONOMIC SURPRISES (2 FACTORS) AWAITED RETURNING SOLDIERS AFTER WORLD WAR I?

The first of two economic surprises that awaited the returning soldiers after World War I was that goods cost as much as 2X the price they had due to goods and services being scarce during the war. The second was that wages hadn’t kept up so people couldn’t afford the necessities. This lowered sales and jobs were cut, so soldiers were unable to find work.

3. WHAT THREE U.S. COMPANIES BUILT BRANCH PLANTS?  WHY?

Ford

General Motors

General Electric

built in Canada to avoid the tariff, or tax, on products imported into Canada.

4. HOW WERE THE MARITIMES DIFFERENT THAN THE REST OF THE COUNTRY?

The Maritimes were different than the rest of the country in that their economy had been based on shipbuilding. This had been on the decline and no other industry was there to replace it. The ports of Halifax and Saint John could not compete with Montreal, which had received federal money to help with its expansion.

5. WHY DID HYDROELECTRICITY DEVELOP SLOWLY IN THE MARITIMES?

Hydroelectricity developed slowly in the Maritimes because less money was available to invest in it.

6. WHY DID THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY DEVELOP SLOWLY IN THE 1920’S?

The pulp and paper industry develop slowly in the 1920’s because the lack of electrical power meant that companies were not able to take advantage of the new technologies.

p. 89 – 94

LIFESTYLE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF AN INSTALLMENT PLAN.

The concept of an installment plan is that people who were not able to fully pay for a product at the time could purchase it on credit then pay later. The payments made at a later date would also gain interest, meaning people had to pay more for a product if they purchased it on credit.

2. HOW DID TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANGE IN THE 1920’S?

Telecommunications changed in the 1920’s with telephones becoming more popular. This allowed for communication between people in isolated areas or in different regions of the country.

3. NAME TWO OF THE GROUPS THAT DID NOT BENEFIT FROM THE PROSPERITY IN THE 1920’S .

Two groups that did not benefit from the prosperity in the 1920’s were the working poor and women.

4. HOW DID CONDITIONS CHANGE FOR WOMEN AFTER THE WAR?

Conditions change for women after the war as they were no longer allowed to work. They were to return to being housewives and mothers. Educated women were to become teachers.

5. HOW DID THE GOVERNMENT MISTREAT THE FIRST NATIONS GROUPS?

The government mistreated the First Nations Groups by trying to assimilate them into mainstream culture.

6. HOW DID THE GOVERNMENT ASSIMILATE THE FIRST NATIONS GROUPS?

The best way for the government to assimilate the First Nations Groups was to make it compulsory for all First Nations children aged 7-15 to attend school. It was believed that residential school would remove children from the influence of their parents. They were uprooted from their homes and forbidden to speak their own languages, wear their own clothes, or participate in their own cultural celebrations.

7 . HOW D ID FRED LOFT ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE CANADIAN F IRST NAT IONS GROUPS AND HOW D ID THE GOVERNMENT RESPOND?

Fred Loft attempted to improve Canadian First Nations Groups by founding the League of Indians in 1918. He wanted to improve the standard of education. He encouraged bands from across Canada to join the league.

The government responded in 1927 by amending the Indian Act to make it illegal for First Nations to organize politically or to hire lawyers to represent them in any claims against the government.

8. WHAT WERE TWO NEW LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN THE 1920’S?

Two new leisure activities in the 1920’s were listening to the electric radio and attending motion pictures.

9. HOW DID SPORTS CHANGE FOR WOMEN DURING THE GOLDEN AGE (1920’S)?   PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE.

Sports changed for women during the 1920’s as women began to take an active role in organized sports.

In 1928, women were able to compete in track and field at the Olympics for the first time.

10. DESCRIBE WHO THE FLAPPERS WERE.

The flappers were one group of women that many considered offensive. These young urban women took pleasure in rebelling against conventions. They did things that were traditionally male activities, like drinking alcohol and smoking.

p. 95 – 97

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

1. WHAT CRITICAL EVENT MARKED THE END OF THE 1920’S?

The critical event that marked the end of the 1920’s occurred on October 29th, 1929. On this date, known as Black Tuesday, New York’s stock market crashed.

2. DEFINE STOCK, SHARE AND DIVIDEND.

Stock: the capital of a company divided into portions or shares of uniform amount that can be bought and sold.

Share: one of the parts into which the ownership of a company is divided. Shares in a company can be bought or sold on the stock market.

Dividend: money to be shared by those to whom it belongs. If a company makes a profit, it declares a dividend to the shareholders, or owners, of the company.

3. WHY DID THE STOCK MARKET CRASH? 

The roots can be traced back to the spending and buying habits during the 1920s.

Manufacturers borrowed money or sold stocks to pay for expensive new equipment.

People became greedy and bought stocks on credit. Companies began to produce more goods than consumers

wanted and farmers continued to grow large crops of wheat even after the demand had peaked.

Canada’s economy was closely linked to the US, so as the US economy slowed, Canada lost much of that trade.

Canada depended heavily upon trade with the rest of the world. By 1932, international trade dropped. Many people around the World had lost their jobs and tariffs on imports had also increased.

Many banks in the US failed, wiping out the savings of thousands of people.

Unemployed workers could not pay for purchases they bought on credit.

4. LIST THE CAUSES OF THE DEPRESSION – CHAIN OF EVENTS

The stock market crash was the initial cause. Also, during the First World War people were encouraged to buy victory bonds. These were guaranteed certificates that were used to raise money for the war. After the war, these bonds could be cashed in for the purchase price plus an additional interest. This experience encouraged people to buy stock. During the good times of the 1920s, stock prices just kept rising. People ignored the risk associated with investing in stocks – the value fluctuates it is not a guaranteed investment.

(continued)

On Thursday, October 24th, 1929 share prices began falling dramatically on the New York Stock exchange. Shares became worth less and less money.

Shares continued to drop on the Friday and the following Monday.

By Tuesday, October 29th, thousands of investors crowded the NYSE frantically trying to sell their stocks before they lost even more money.

No one wanted to buy them, and prices fell even more. Without the confidence of investors, the stock market crashed.

CHAPTER 7 : CANADA AT WAR

p. 104 – 105

THE ROAD TO WAR

1. WHAT WAS ONE INTERPRETATION FOR THE CAUSE OF WWII?

One interpretation suggests that WWII was caused by the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty punished Germany for starting the First World War by taking away land and forcing it to pay reparation to the victors.

2. WHAT PARTY WAS ADOLF HITLER THE LEADER OF?

Adolf Hitler was the leader of the National Socialist Party.

3. WHAT WAS ANOTHER NAME FOR THIS PARTY?

Another name for this party was the Nazis.

4. ON WHAT DAY DID HITLER ATTACK POLAND?

Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.

(background given)

5. WHAT WAS THE RESPONSE OF BRITAIN AND FRANCE?

Britain and France declared war against Germany two days later, September 3, 1939.

6. WHAT WAS THAT DATE THAT CANADA DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY?

Canada officially declared war on Germany September 10, 1939.

p. 105 – 109

PHASES OF THE WAR – PART 1

1. WHAT WERE THE EARLY STAGES OF THE WAR CALLED? WHY?

The early stages of the war has been called the “phony war” because little happened in Western Europe immediately after Germany invaded Poland.

2. WHO WERE THE ALLIES ON EACH SIDE DURING PHASE 1?

France, Britain, and the Commonwealth.

Germany, Italy, and Japan.

3. WHAT WERE THE DATES OF PHASE 1?

The dates of Phase 1 were September 1939 to June 1940.

4. WHAT WAS THE BCATP? EXPLAIN.

The BCATP is the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Canada’s air force would train Allied pilots and air crew in Canada. The program trained over 131 000 aircrew.

5. WHAT WAS THE NRMA? (WRONG ACRONYM IN BOOK!) EXPLAIN.

The NRMA was the National Resources Mobilization Act passed by the Parliament. This moved Canada from a limited role in the war to a total commitment to the war effort. This was after May 1940 when Britain was left alone to face Hitler with only Commonwealth countries as allies.

6. WHAT WERE THE DATES OF PHASE 2?

The dates of Phase 2 were June 1940 to July 1943.

7. DESCRIBE THE TWO DEFEATS THAT THE CANADIAN ARMY SUFFERED.

The first defeat that the Canadian army suffered was in Hong Kong. In November 1941, Canadian forces were sent to reinforce the British garrison. Japan attacked Hong Kong on December 7, 1941. By Christmas Day 1941, the Japanese had defeated the British and Canadians.

The second defeat was the attack on Dieppe in 1942. More than 6000 Allied soldiers took part, including 4963 Canadians. Over 900 Canadians were killed and more than 1900 became POWs.

p. 110 – 115

PHASES OF THE WAR – PART 2

1. WHAT WERE THE DATES OF PHASE 3?

The dates of Phase 3 were July 1943 – June 1944.

2. DESCRIBE CANADA’S PARTICIPATION IN ITALY.

Canada’s participation in Italy were the battle for the city of Ortona in 1943, and the city of Cassino in 1944. The Canadian fighting force had expanded from a single division to a full army.

3. WHAT WERE THE DATES OF PHASE 4?

The dates of Phase 4 were June 1944 to September 1945.

4. WHAT IMPORTANT BATTLE WAS CANADA PART OF ON JUNE 6, 1944?

The important battle that Canada took part in on June 6, 1944 was Operation Overlord. The plan to invade Europe was named Operation Overlord, but the landings in Normandy, France, are often called the D-Day landings.

5. WHAT WAS CANADA’S ROLE THERE?

Canada’s role was to assist the British and US forces in liberating France from the Germans on the coast of Normandy. They aided the Allies in the capture of the city of Caen. Canada’s beach was code-named Juno.

6. WHAT TASK DID CANADA HAVE AFTER THE CAPTURE OF FALAISE?

After the capture of Falaise the Canadian Army was assigned the task of clearing the coastal areas and opening the ports. They captured the port of Antwerp, Belgium, in the battle of Scheldt.

7. WHERE DID THEY GO TO FROM THERE?

From there the Canadian Army was given the task of liberating the Netherlands.

8. WHEN DID THE WAR END IN EUROPE?

The war ended in Europe on May 8th, 1945

9. WHAT WAS THE POPULATION OF CANADA AT THIS TIME?

The population of Canada at this time was 11.5 million.

10. HOW MANY CANADIANS WENT TO WAR?

Over one million men and women from Canada went to war.

p. 116 – 117

WAR IN THE PACIFIC

1. HOW MANY CANADIAN SOLDIERS VOLUNTEERED TO JOIN THE WAR IN 1945?

80 000 Canadian soldiers volunteered to join the war in 1945. Before these soldiers had time to take part in the Pacific war it ended abruptly in September 1945.

2. DESCRIBE THE MANHATTAN PROJECT. EXPLAIN THE BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS OF ITS USAGE.

The Manhattan Project refers to the American project to develop the atomic bomb. This bomb had explosive powers.

The purpose of dropping the atomic bomb was to destroy the ability of the Japanese to continue to wage war. The use of the bomb would save the lives of the thousands of US and Allied soldiers and sailors who would die in battle if Japan had to be invaded.

It was obvious that many Japanese civilians would be killed if it were used.

3 . WHERE WERE THE BOMBS USED? 4 . WHEN?

The atomic bombs were dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The first was on August 6, 1945 and the second was three days later on August 9, 1945.

5. DESCRIBE THE RESULTS.

The cities were devastated, and about 100 000 to 140 000 people died immediately in the initial explosion and firestorm. Approximately the same number died later from exposure to radiation.

p. 117 – 118

THE HOLOCAUST

1. WHICH GROUPS DID THE NAZI’S OPPRESS?

The Nazi’s oppressed the Jewish as well as the “Roma” (gypsies), Slavs, homosexuals, and people who were physically or mentally challenged.

2. DESCRIBE HITLER’S FINAL SOLUTION.

Hitler’s Final Solution was a plan to murder all of Europe’s Jews and any others the Germans wanted to eliminate.

3. IN RELATION TO WWII, WHAT DOES THE TERM GENOCIDE MEAN?

In relation to WWII, the term Genocide is the attempt to eliminate entire groups of people. In the case of WWII the Jews were the targeted group.

4. WHAT WERE THE NAMES OF TWO OF THE DEATH CAMPS?

The names of two of the death camps were Buchenwald and Bergen-Belsen.

5. DESCRIBE WHAT OCCURRED AT THE DEATH CAMPS.

Trains from all over occupied Europe carried people, primarily Jews, to the camps, where they were systematically starved, worked to death, shot or gassed.

6. DEFINE THE TERM HOLOCAUST AS IT APPLIES TO WWII.

The Nazis’ slaughter of an estimated six million Jews during the Second World War has come to be known as the Holocaust.

7. WHAT IMPORTANT EVENT TOOK PLACE AT NUREMBURG?

War Crimes Trials took place at Nuremburg that lasted 9 months. The Allies put people that were responsible for these atrocities on trial after WWII.

8. WHY WAS ADOLPH EICHMANN’S CASE SIGNIFICANT?

Adolph Eichmann’s case was one of the key leaders of the Holocaust. His case was significant as he was captured in the early 1960’s by Israeli agents in Argentina, put on trial in Israel, and executed for his crimes against humanity.

CHAPTER 8: THE HOME FRONT

p. 120 – 125

THE WAR AT HOME

1. WHAT CHANGE HAPPENED AS A RESULT OF WWII IN RELATION TO THE GOVERNMENT?

After the war, the government continued to play a greater role in the economy. Today, the government is expected to manage the economy for the benefit of all Canadians.

2. L IST THE WAYS THAT WOMEN WERE INVOLVED IN THE WORKFORCE AND WAR EFFORT.

In 1941 and 1942 the armed forces created women’s branches in the army, navy, and air force. Between 1941 and 1946, over 46 000 women served overseas as cooks, nurses, welders, and radar operators. One group flew new airplanes from Canada to Britain. They were labourers in war industries, part of the aircraft workforce, and the arms workforce. They worked in BC machinery depots, and in Pictou shipyards.

3. WHAT IS MEANT BY “RATIONING”?

“Rationing” meant that the Government controlled the distribution of products thought to be in short supply.

4. LIST THE PRODUCTS THIS AFFECTED DURING WARTIME.

coffee

tea

sugar

gasoline

rubber

certain metals

5. HOW DID THE AVERAGE CANADIAN HELP PAY FOR THE WAR?

Many Canadians bought Victory Bonds to help pay for the war effort. After the war, when there were goods to buy, people cashed in these bonds. The money helped bring about a post-war economic boom.

p. 125 – 127

THE WAR AT HOME – PART 2

1. WHAT WERE TWO SOCIAL POLICIES ADOPTED BY CANADA IN THE 1940S?

One of the policies was unemployment insurance, which was introduced in 1940. The other was “baby bonus” or family allowance, which was introduced in 1945.

2. DEFINE CONSCRIPTION.

Conscription was the law that compelled people to join the armed forces during wartime.

3. HOW WAS THE NRMA INVOLVED IN THIS?

The NRMA had included conscription, but only for home defence.

4. WHAT ROLE DID NEWFOUNDLAND PLAY DURING THE WAR?

Because of it’s strategic location, Canada and the United States established military bases in Gander and Goose Bay (Canada), and Argentina and Stephenville (United States).

5. DESCRIBE NEWFOUNDLAND’S OPTIONS AFTER THE WAR.

Join Canada.

Responsible Government (self-governing dominion).

Keep the commission government.

6. WHAT WAS THE END RESULT AND ON WHAT DATE DID THIS FINAL ACTION HAPPEN?

Newfoundland became part of Canada on March 31, 1949.

p. 128 – 132

ETHNIC AND CULTURAL RELATIONS

1. AFTER JAPAN BOMBED PEARL HARBOUR, WHAT WAS THE FEAR OF BRIT ISH COLUMBIA RES IDENTS?

After Japan bombed Pearl Harbour, British Columbia residents worried that Japan would try to attack the west coast of North America. They also worried that the many Japanese Canadians who lived in British Columbia might help the Japanese armed forces.

2. HOW DID THEY RESPOND?

After much propaganda and hate-mongering in the media, the federal government decided to intern (hold against their will) Japanese Canadians in internment camps.

3. WHAT WAS FREDERICTON’S CONNECTION TO THE WAR?

The Fredericton Internment Camp, or Camp 70, was built near Minto, to hold various groups considered to be threats to the security of Canada.

4. HOW WERE JEWISH IMMIGRANTS TREATED IN CANADA?

Canada allowed less than 4000 Jewish refugees into Canada from 1931-1939, even after Nazi anti-Jewish policies were well known. Some Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria were interned in Camp 70 because authorities believed that their citizenship made them potential threats.

5 . WHAT WAS ONE POS IT IVE ATT ITUDE ABOUT CULTURAL D IFFERENCES THAT CAME FROM THE WAR?

The war was a positive catalyst for change in Canadian attitudes and values. The war led to a re-examination of Canada’s ethnocentric policies. Gradually, a number of mainstream Canadians began to see that the cultural differences do not indicate either superiority or inferiority – just differences.

6. WHICH TWO CULTURAL GROUPS TOOK PART IN THE WAR DESPITE THE PREJUDICE THEY FACED?

African Canadians and First Nations.

7. WHAT DID THE GOVERNMENT DO IN THE 1950S TO HELP ONE OF THESE SITUATIONS?

The government prohibited discrimination in the 1950s against the African Canadians.

8. WHO VOLUNTEERED TO FIGHT FOR CANADA?

Over 3000 Status First Nations, including over 70 women, volunteered to fight for Canada.

9. WHY DID WE HAVE WAR ARTISTS?

During the First World War, artists were asked to create a visual record of Canada’s war effort. The federal government at the time wanted visual as well as written record, and did not entirely trust the new medium of film. In 1943, the war art program was reactivated for the Second World War.

10. GIVE THE NAMES OF TWO WAR ARTISTS.

Two War Artists are Alex Colville and Charles Comfort.

11. SHOW THE VARIOUS CULTURAL GROUPS IN CANADA AND WHEN THEY WERE GIVEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE.

Cultural Group Date given the right to vote

Non-status First Nations 1939

Chinese 1947

Indo-Canadian 1948

Japanese 1948

Inuit 1950

Status First Nations 1960