Anatomy & Physiology of Cells Chapters 3 & 4 Anatomy & Physiology
Unit 26: Animal Anatomy, Physiology and Nutrition.
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Transcript of Unit 26: Animal Anatomy, Physiology and Nutrition.
Proper health is connected to proper nutrition
Scurvy, anorexia, obesity in humans ration: content of food eaten by an animal in
1 day Balanced ration: a ration that contains all of
the needed nutrients in the proper proportions and amounts
Deficiency diseases: diseases caused by an improper balance of vitamins and minerals
Nutrition in Human and Animal Health
The internal function and vital processes of
animals and their organs are referred to as animal physiology.
The various parts of the body are collectively known as anatomy.
Animal Anatomy and Physiology
The skeletal system is made up of bones
join together by cartilage and ligaments. Provides support for the body Provides protection for the brain and soft organs
Bone is the main component of the skeletal system. It is composed of 26% minerals (mostly
calcium) Bone marrow produces the body’s blood cells
and is found inside the bone.
Skeletal System
The muscular system is the lean meat of
the animal and the part of the body that is used for human consumption. Muscles provide movement in cooperation with
the skeletal system and support life (ex: heart, diaphragm)
Voluntary muscles can be controlled by animals
Involuntary muscles operate in the body without control by the will of the animal
Muscles are mostly composed of proteins which are nutrients made up of amino acids.
Muscular System
The circulatory system is composed of the
heart, veins, arteries , capillaries and lymph system. This system transports food and oxygen to cells
and filters waste from the body Lymph gland secret disease-fighting materials
into the body. Vitamins, minerals, proteins and carbohydrates
are essential for the function of the circulatory system.
Circulatory System
The respiratory system provides oxygen to
the blood of the animal and removes waste gases such as CO2 from the blood. Composed of the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, and lungs
Respiratory System
The nervous system is composed of the central
nervous system and the peripheral nervous system The central nervous system includes the brain and
spinal cord. Responsible for coordinating the movements of animals
and responds to all of the senses (hearing, sight, touch, taste, and smell)
The peripheral nervous system controls the functions of the body tissues, including organs. Nerves transmit messages to the brain from the outer
parts of the body The nervous system is primarily composed of soft tissues,
so proteins are important in maintaining health.
Nervous System
The urinary system removes waste material
from the blood. Includes kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra The kidneys help regulate the makeup of blood
and help maintain other internal systems Abnormal levels of proteins can stress the
system
Urinary System
The endocrine system or hormone system
is a group of ductless gland that release hormones into the body Hormones are chemicals that regulate the
activities of the body. Examples: regulate growth, reproduction, milk
production and breathing rate Hormones are needed in VERY SMALL amounts
Oxytocin stimulates milk let down in female animals
Endocrine System
The digestive system provides food for the
body and for all of it’s systems Three basic types of digestive systems:
Polygastric (ruminant) Monogastric Poultry
Digestive System
Ruminants are animals that have stomachs with
more than one compartment Ex: cattle and sheep The largest compartment is called the rumen and it
can store large amounts of roughage Roughage is hay, grass, silage or other high fiber feed.
Ruminants have the ability to break down plant fibers and use them for food better than non-ruminants.
http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=JSlZjgpF_7g
Polygastic (ruminant)
Monogastric means having a stomach with
one compartment. ex: swine, horses and most all other animals In monogastric systems most of the digestion
takes place in the small intestines. Monogastric animals are unable to break down
large amounts of roughage so their rations must contain more concentrates. Concentrates are composed mostly of grains
that are low in fiber and high in total digestible nutrients.
Monogastric System
Chickens swallow their food whole since they
have no teeth Food is stored in the crop and passed to the
gizzard, which grinds it up. It then passes on to the small intestine for digestion. Poultry do not have true stomachs
Poultry Digestive System
Water
Muscles and internal organs of animals contain 75% water
Water is the solution in which all nutrients are dissolved or suspended for transport in the body
Water reacts with chemicals compounds to help break down food
Water provides rigidity, allowing the body to maintain its shape and also regulates body temperature
Major classes of Nutrients
Protein
Major component of muscle and tissue Made up of amino acids
Monogastic animals need specific amino acids, ruminant animals need more quantity than quality
AMINO ACIDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE!
Major classes of Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Made up of sugars and starches Provide energy and heat to animals Carbs are used for growth, maintenance, work,
reproduction and lactation (milk production) Simple Sugars: fructose and galactose Compound Sugars: sucrose, maltose and lactose Complex forms of carbs: starch and cellulose
Carbohydrates that are not quickly used by the body turn into fat and are stored in the body.
Major classes of Nutrients
Minerals
15 minerals that are essential to health: Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine,
potassium, sulfur, iron, iodine, cobalt, copper, fluorine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc
Supports the skeletal system, endocrine system and soft tissues and fluids in the body
Major classes of Nutrients
Vitamins
Only required in minute quantities Act as a catalyst for other body processes Used in blood clotting, bone formation,
reproduction, maintaining membrane health, producing milk and preventing nervous system disorders
Major classes of Nutrients
Fat
Only small amounts required Mostly used to improve taste of feed Necessary to carry fat-soluble vitamins
Major classes of Nutrients
Proteins
Major sources for animals: soybeans, peanuts, cottonseed and linseed Feed consisting of ground oil seeds with the oil
removed is called oil meal Legume hay (peanut, alfalfa or clover) is a good
plant source of protein Animal protein contains more of the essential
amino acids needed than plant protein Ex: tankage, fish meal, blood meal, skim milk,
whey, feather meal and meat products
Sources of Nutrients
Protein continued…
Urea, a synthetic source of nitrogen made from air, water and carbon, can also be used as a substitute for some protein required by animals.
Sources of Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Major source: cereal grains Other sources: non-legume hay, grass and
molasses
Sources of Nutrients
Vitamins and Minerals
Ruminants manufacture B-complex vitamins in their rumens
Exposure to sunlight provides vitamin D Contact with the soil and feed grown on fertile
land provide most of the v&m needed Supplements are available if needed
Sources of Nutrients
Discuss page 546
Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiencies
Rickets in humans and cattle.
Scurvy in humans and guinea pigs
Feed additives are non-nutritive substances
that are added to promote rapid growth, feed efficiency or to maintain or improve health. Two major groups: growth regulators and
anitbiotics Antibiotics prevent or control diseases Common growth regulators include hormones
like progesterone, estrogen and testosterone Regulated by government
Feed Additives
Concentrates and Roughages
Concentrates are low in fiber and high in total digestible nutrients (TDN) Mostly cereal grains
Roughages are high in fiber and low in TDN 3 types: dry, green and silage green roughages are plant materials with high
moisture contents Silage is the feed that results from the storage
and fermentation of green crops
Classification of Feed Materials